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ANNALS

OF THE

Pee NE Giie NUSE UM

VoLuME VIII.

IQI1I-1912

W. J. HOLLAND: Zatior

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE
BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE

DECEMBER, I91I-MARCH, 1913.

Peale oe

PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Title-page and Table of Contents .

List of Plates

List of Figures in Text

Errata and Corrigenda f ee ae

Editorial Notes. ; I-4; I9I- ee

I. South American Meadidees By Lawrence Bruner
II. On the Species of Hasemania, Hyphessobrycon, and Hemi-
grammus Collected by J. D. Haseman for the Car-
negie Museum. By Marion Durbin Ellis ;
III. New Characins in the Collection of the Carnegie Museum.
By C. H. Eigenmann.
IV. Jurassic Saurian Remains Tagested’ within Fish. oe C R.
Eastman
V. An Autograph hatter of Peurenaae: Gene U. S: Cae
to the Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War.
By W. J. Holand ‘ : : : :
VI. In Memoriam. A.J. Barr.. By W. J. Holland
VII. Descriptions of Seventeen New Neotropical Birds. By
W. E. Clyde Todd eee
VIII. Dr. David Alter, a Nearly Forgotten Baa who
was the First Discoverer of Spectrum Analysis. By
W. J. Holland :
IX. Two Mummy-labels in the ee Meee By Perit
ton Ford Allen . : :
X. Notes upon the Families and eae of the ieee By
Arnold E., Ortmann .
XI. A Group of Stenomylins Recently Pispared a Exhibited
in the Carnegie Museum. By O. A. Peterson
XII. Tertiary Fish Remains from Spanish Guinea in West
Africa. By C. R. Eastman :
XIII. The Plated Nematognaths. By Marion Durbin Ellis.
XIV. A New Species of Cambarus from the Isle of Pines. By
A. E. Ortmann : : : :
XV. Sedum Carnegiei, a New Species of the Fanny eueniiiees

from the Herbarium of the Carnegie Museum. By
Raymond Hamet
ili

DH

ix
379-383
5-147
148-163
164-181
182~187
188-189
196-197

198-214

218-221
218-221
222-365
366-369

370-378
384-413

414-147

418-420

iv ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

XVI. On Two New Species of Fishes Collected by Miss Lola
Vance in Peru. By C. H. Eigenmann . ee . 421-422

XVII. South American Locusts (Acridoidea) II. By Lawrence
Bruner . : : , : : : é E ; - 423-506

XVIII. A Revision of the Genus Chemepelia. By W. E. Clyde
Todd . : ‘ ; : 6 : : : : . 507-603
Index . . ; : : : : : ‘ ‘ : : 605

Da
Sale:

XIII.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

XVII.
XVIII.
Pa B.S
XX.
XXI.
XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.
XXV.

XXVI.

XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.
XXX.

XXXII.

LIST OF PLATES. ACA,

— - ih. ‘ ‘¢

. Hasemania and Hyphessobrycon. [
. Hyphessobrycon.

Hyphessobrycon and Hemigrammus.

’. Probolodus and Psalidodon. :
. Spintherobolus and Glandulocauda. a
. Hysteronotus, Creagrutus, and Phenacogaster.

Vesicatrus and Astyanax.
Astyanax and Deuterodon.

. Astyanax gymnogenys Eigenmann.
. Belonostomus tenutrostris Agassiz.

Cnoscopus elongatus Eastman.

Facsimile of Note Addressed by Gen. U. S. Grant to Hon. Edwin
M. Stanton.

Life-mask of General Robert E. Lee by Clark Mills.

Albert J. Barr.

Prism made by Dr. David Alter, of Freeport, Pennsylvania.

Wooden Mummy-label.

Wooden Mummy-label.

Anatomy of Najades, Sections of Gills.

Glochidia of Najades.

Glochidia of Najades.

Male, Female, and Young of Sienomylus hitchcockt Loomis.

Mounted Group of Stenomylus hitchcocki Loomis.

Diplomysius goodi Eastman.

Enchodus sp. ind. and Diplomystus goodi Eastman.

Scleromystax barbatus (Quoy & Gaimard) and Cascadura maculo-
cephala Ellis.

Decapogon urostriatum Ribeiro, Chenothorax eigenmanni Ellis, and
Aspidoras rochai von thering.

Corydoras juquiae von lhering, Corydoras virescens Ribeiro, and
Corydoras armatus (Giinther).

Corydoras flaveolus von Ihering, Corydoras garbei von Ihering, and
Corydoras kronei Ribeiro.

Corydoras kronet Ribeiro and Corydoras multimaculatus Sceindachner.

Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns), Corydoras agassizit Steindachner, and
Osteogaster (Corydoras) eques Steindachne-.

Corydoras nattereri Steindachner and Decapogon adspersum (Stein-

dachner).
Vv

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LS TOF FIGURES.

Vii

Snout and lower jaw (mouth open) of Probolodus heterostomus ear
mann, from above . 5 eae - oa, 5205
Ventral fins and protruding spines ‘cot (Hegietodin beiesnatites Eigen-
mann . : : - - 5 A ° 5 litsho)
Margartiana Sn ae deasceue' Specimen from the Perl-bach,
Postfelden, Bavaria . : ; : : Pie eC 4 A a oes
Margaritana monodonta (Say). Specimen from the Cumberland River,
Kentucky 5 233
Left gills of Margaritana Be atoita a same (penliey 234
Margaritana hembeli (Conrad). Specimen from Hunter’s Creek, Cone:
cuh County, Alabama . ... : ioe ee: 235
Left gills of another specimen from same locality : 6c 236
Fusconaia rubiginosa (Lea). Male, from South Fork of Tenmile ene
Greene County, Pa. . pee er) e 242
Left gills of Sterile female from same iocality See FTC : sea cee
Crenodonta trapezoides (Lea). Male, from Bayou oats De Soto
Parish, Louisiana. : ; ay iad. esc . 248
- Left gills of Sterile female of GanedGne nines: from Pearl Ree
Hinds County, Mississippi Ni tab rele aid eee ess 2A O
Quadrula metanevra (Rafinesque). Male from Allegheny River, Arm-
strong County, Pa. a ieee Bee : 255
Left gills of Sterile female of Quadrula metanevra ane same ldcality 255
Rotundaria tuberculata (Rafinesque). Sterile female from Allegheny
River, Armstrong County, Pa. : : : : ae asts
Plethobasus esopus (Green). Sterile female from Allegheny River, fess
strong County, Pa. ‘Deere ; sc : ; ; <9 260
Pleurobema clava (Lamarck). Male from Sandy Creek, Mercer County,
Pa , A P F : : ‘ fs 5 , : : 265
Left gills of Pleurobema clava, from Shenango River, Lawrence County,
Pa. ] : : 2 : ‘ é ; : . 265
Elliptio crassidens anarchy). Male from Allegheny River, Armstrong
County, Pa. é 267
Left gills of sterile female fom same ecaity ; a 267
Unio pictorum (Linneus). Male from Saale River, Readcloade: [oneee 274
Left gills of sterile female of Unio piclorum, same locality 274

Vill List OF FIGURES.

Arcidens confragosus (Say). Male from Bayou Pierre, De Soto Parish,
Louisiana ; : . 2 .
Left gill of sterile female from Boal River Hinds Colmer Mississippi .
Anodonta cygnea (Linneus). Male from Obra South Canal, Sepno, Posen,
Germany : : :
Left gills of sterile feniale from Mogelnitas Roe Bronte Boon
Germany ; c : c - : é : é :
Anodonta complanata Reel Male from Weernitz River, Dinkels-
biihl, Bavaria : : ;
Left gills of sterile female fon same sea. 2
Ptychobranchus subtentus (Say). Gravid female from Cumbecend Ree
Pulaski County, Kentucky : : : ; ; : :
Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque. Gravid female from Bayou Pierre, De
Soto Parish, Louisiana : ; zB : ; ; ; ,
Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea). Gravid female from Ohio River, Scioto
County, Ohio : : : : : , : : : :
Dromus dromas (Lea). Gravid female from Cumberland River, Cumber-
land County, Kentucky . : :
Gravid female of same species from Cuber tae Ree Wayne County,
Kentucky ; d : ; , ;
Left gills of gravid female Si same species from Giabedana Race
Russell County, Kentucky é : ‘ 3 : : :
Friersonia iridella (Pilsbry and Frierson). Gravid female from Valles
River, San Luis Potosi, Mexico : :
Obovaria retusa (Lamarck). Gravid sani aoe Ohio River wees
County, Ohio : : : ; : : j :
Nephronaias sapotalensis Ges Sterile female from Hueyapam River,
Vera Cruz, Mexico ; : : 4 : : : ‘ :
Medionidus conradicus (Lea). Gravid female from South Fork of Cum-
berland River, Pulaski County, Kentucky .
Eurynia (Micromya) iris (Lea). Gravid female from pieete Bees
Creek, Lawrence County, Pa.. ;
Eurynia recta (Lamarck). Gravid female from Teale Erie, Erie Coie
Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea). Gravid female from Rio Grande, Hidalgo
County, Texas . ‘ ‘ ; 5 ; : : : : ;
Lampsilis ovaia (Say). Gravid female from Allegheny River, Armstrong
County, Pa. ‘ A . ‘ : : ; 5 : :
Truncilla triquetra Rafinesque. Gravid female from Allegheny River,
Crawford County, Pa. ‘ : : 2 ; : : : .
Truncilla rangiana (Lea). Gravid female from French Creek,
Armstrong County, Pa :
Skull of young specimen of Stenomylus picncoees Tosti

285
285

287
287

288
289

308

310

313

315

316

7317;

319
322
327
336
341
344
346
350
356

358
369

ERRATA AND CORRIGENDA.

Throughout for ‘‘ Corumba’’ read Corumba.

Page 37, for “ stalli”’ read stalit.

Page 107, No. 149, for “furculata” read furcillata.

Page 110, for “Abracis” read Abracris.

Page 132, for ‘‘Pezottix arrogens”’ read Pezolettix arrogans.

Page 187, reverse scale of reduction for figures in plates X and XI.

Page 206, for the last two lines on page read: ‘‘ Apparently confined to higher
elevations; the three examples above listed all coming from the Paramo
de Rosas in the Venezuelan Andes.”

Pages 222-356, in Dr. Arnold E. Ortmann’s Paper upon the Families and
Genera of the Najades, make the following changes throughout:

For ‘“‘Fusconaja’’ read Fusconaia.
For ‘‘Nephronajas” read Nephronaias.
For ‘“‘Amygdalonajas”’ read Amygdalonaias.

Page 265, in legend of figures 9 and ga for ‘‘ Pleurobena”’ read Pleurobema.

Pages 427, 435, 441, for “ borelli” read borellii.

Page 451, for ‘‘Leurocererus’’ read Leurocerus.

Page 479, for ‘“‘ Arnila cylindrodes” read Arnilia cylindrodes.

Page 479, for “Opshomala”’ read Opsomala.

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‘ee may

ANNALS

OF THE

oan: GiE NUSe UM

VOLUME VIII. NO. 1.

EpiIroRIAL NOTES.

Tue Editor was temporarily absent during the month of October,
during which he made a flying visit to the city of Tangier in Morocco.
During his absence the general oversight of the Museum was com-
mitted to Mr. Douglas Stewart, his Assistant, and the Director was
delighted upon his return to find that during his absence Mr. Stewart,
assisted by Mr. Coggeshall, had succeeded in obtaining through the
kindness of the National Limestone Company a valuable series of
stalactites and stalagmites, which had been brought to light in the
workings of the Company at Naginey, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania.
In advancing their quarry the Company opened a cavern resplendent
with a multitude of stalagmitic formations surpassing in beauty any
which have recently been found. A large collection thoroughly rep-
resentative of the contents of the cavern was fortunately secured
before the process of dynamiting was resumed, and the cave dis-
appeared. It is the plan to attempt to re-create in the Hall of Min-
eralogy a miniature representation of the cave with the stalactites
and stalagmites in position.

SEVERAL fine collections of birds from the higher mountain ranges
of the Province of Santa Marta have been recently received from Mr.
M. A. Carriker, Jr., and also some insects—principally lepidoptera—
from great elevations. These prove to be exceedingly interesting.
A large collection representing the fauna of Bolivia, which has been

1

2 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

delayed in transit over a year because of disputes between the Bolivian
and Argentine authorities, has at last reached Hamburg and is ex-
pected shortly to arrive at the Museum.

THE giraffes collected by Mr. Childs Frick have been mounted and
installed. The case containing them is probably the largest, cer-
tainly the tallest, existing in any museum in the new world. The
group is most effective, and has provoked much admiring comment
on the part of those who have seen it. It will shortly be followed
by the installation of a group of African buffaloes, a group of zebras
representing two species, and a group of wildebeests.

Mr. O. A. PETERSON returned in October from the fossil quarry in
Uinta County, Utah. Mr. Earl Douglass is remaining at the quarry
during the fall and winter. The work during the past summer pro-
gressed rapidly, and there are now two carloads of fossil remains
which have been taken up and boxed ready to be transferred to the
Museum. ‘The bones obtained during the past season are reported
to be in remarkably fine condition. As the work has proceeded it
has been discovered that the deposit of dinosaurian remains is much
richer than was anticipated, and we probably will succeed in removing
from the quarry the remains of five or six dinosaurs, large and small.
The specimen which has been designated in our operations as “No. 1”’
represents undoubtedly the largest dinosaur which has as yet been
discovered nearly complete in the new world. While not as long
as the Diplodocus, it is evidently an animal of greater stature and
greater bulk. Almost all of the caudal vertebre have been freed
from the matrix, and it has been definitely ascertained that this
colossal reptile possessed the same remarkable prolongation of the
caudal vertebre which is such a striking feature in the case of Diplo-
docus. It is highly probable that all the sauropod dinosauria were
provided with what has been called the ‘whip tail.”

Specimen ‘‘No. 40,’ which lay alongside of ‘Specimen No. 1
and just below it in the opening, turns out to be a remarkably perfect
skeleton. The ribs were found articulated and in position, and all
of the vertebrzee have been recovered in a continuous series from the
head to nearly the extremity of the tail. While somewhat smaller than
specimen “No. I,” it is a singularly fine skeleton, surpassing in com-

”?

EDITORIAL NOTEs. 3

pleteness any skeleton which has heretofore been unearthed in Amer-
ica. Both the hind limbs and forelimbs, and the feet, were found
practically in position.

VoLuUME V of the Memoirs, being Dr. C. H. Eigenmann’s magnum
opus, upon the Fishes of British Guiana, is rapidly going through the
press, and, in spite of some inevitable delays, will shortly appear.

PRESIDENT D, STARR JORDAN has returned from his visit to Japan,
Korea, and China. The Editor is in receipt of several delightful
letters from him, in which he informs us that he succeeded in securing,
largely through the courtesy of the Japanese authorities in Japan and
Korea, one of the largest, if not altogether the largest, collection of the
fishes of those countries, which has up to the present time been brought
to America. The collections will remain in his possession temporarily
to enable him to study them, and he promises shortly to furnish us
a paper on the fishes of Korea.

PREPARATIONS are being made for the reception and entertainment
of the Archeological! Institute of America and the American Philo-
logical Association, which will be jointly provided for by the University
of Pittsburgh and the authorities of the Institute during the week
intervening between Christmas and the first day of the New Year.

THE installation of the new furniture in the laboratory of Dr.
Ortmann is nearing completion. When finished there will be room
for the arrangement and classification of the great collections under
the care of the curator of recent invertebrates, and they will thus
become accessible to students.

During the summer months Dr. Ortmann made a number of
excursions, reaching the sources of a number of the rivers of West
Virginia and Kentucky. He has made a number of interesting dis-
coveries.

AN unknown donor has recently sent to the Museum a beautiful
specimen of an albino robin, which has been prepared and placed
in the collection. It is to be wished that we could know the name of

4 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

the kind person who sent this interesting and remarkable specimen to
the Museum.

Tue work of completing the sets of scientific periodicals required
in the work cf the naturalists connected with our staff is going forward
continuously. A number of important additions were made during
the summer and fall, and some others are contemplated. The work
of building up a reference library, such as is indispensable in a large
museum, calls for patience and a considerable expenditure of money.

At the request of the President of the Argentine Republic, Dr.
Roque Saenz Pena, Mr. Andrew Carnegie has decided to present to
the Museum at La Plata a replica of Diplodocus carnegiet similar to
the one which he has given to the Kings of England and Italy, the
President of France, and the Emperors of Germany, Austria, and
Russia. The work of assembling the replica and mounting it pre-
paratory to shipment will necessarily consume much time. The task
is long and tedious, but experience has enabled us to solve many of
the greater difficulties, so that this specimen may possibly be prepared
with greater rapidity than those which were originally made. It is
impossible at this moment to tell when the arrangements can be made
for shipping and installing the specimen in the museum for which it is
destined.

IN October, during the absence of the Director, Mr. Childs Frick
visited the Museum, and was assisted by Mr. Stewart in making pre-
liminary arrangements for outfitting his expedition to Abyssinia.
He sailed from New York a couple of days before the Director of the
Museum landed at that port, and, when last heard from, had safely
arrived in Abyssinia, and was about to proceed into the interior.
His friends at the Carnegie Museum follow him with their best wishes
for success, good health, and prosperity in all his undertakings.

I. SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA.
By LAWRENCE BRUNER.

The present paper follows that published in November, 1910, in
the Seventh Volume of these ANNALS entitled ‘‘South American
Tetrigide.’
tensive collection made by H. H. Smith and owned by the Carnegie

’

Both that and this are reports on portions of the ex-

Museum.

While the account of the grouse-locusts here referred to was made
rather complete for the whole continent, it is impracticable to continue
the same style of treatment for the remaining families of South
American Acridoidea. Accordingly with few exceptions only the
actual material at hand will be noted. Nevertheless several synoptical
tables of the species of important genera are included, where it is
thought such additions will prove helpful to orthopterological students,
while studying the insects belonging to the fauna of South America.

The types of the various species now described are, with few excep-
tions, the property of the Carnegie Museum. The others are in the
collection of the writer.

Additional reports on this same collection of Orthoptera are in
course of preparation and will appear later. These include representa-
tives of the Grylloidea and Locustoidea (Phasgoneuroidea).

The arrangement or sequence of the various families and genera
as found in the following pages, while not exactly in accord with my
conception of the classification of these insects, follows rather closely
that of W. F. Kirby as contained in his Synonymic Catalogue of
Orthoptera, Vol. III.

Family EUMASTACID.

But few representatives of the Eumastacide are at hand, although
the group is practically tropical in its distribution. Only two genera
are found in the material before me.

14 Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera, Vol. III, Orthoptera Saltatoria, Part II
(Locustide vel Acridiidz). Printed by order of the trustees of the British Museum,
IQI0.

~

”

6 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Genus EuMASTAX Burr.
1. Eumastax tenuis Perty?

Mastax tenuis PErtTY, Delect. Anim. Brasil., 123, tab. XXIV, fig. 3 (1830).
Eumastax tenuis BurR, Essai sur les Eumastacides, pp. 44, 45 (1899).
Mastax virescens WESTWOOD, Arc. Ent., I, p. 100 (1841).

Mastax minuta Bo.tvar, An. Soc. Esp., X, p. 481 (1881).

The collection now being reported upon contains a single female
specimen, which is doubtfully referred here. It was taken in June
by H. H. Smith.

Habitat.—Para, Brazil.

Genus MAsynTEs Karsch.
Masyntes KarscuH, Ent. Nachr., XV, pp. 26, 31 (1880).

The insects which comprise the genus Masyntes are confined to
tropical America. They appear to have their center of distribution
in Paraguay and southern Brazil. A single species, however, occurs
in Cuba. The several forms may be separated by the annexed

synoptic table:
SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF MASYNTES.
A. Tegmina fully developed, abbreviated or rudimentary, and in some cases
even aborted. :
b. Fastigium of the vertex emarginate, bifid. Pronotum furnished with
oblique: lateral carinze? ey [(Culbadl- eee eee gundlachi Scudder.
bb. Fastigium of the vertex rounded, entire. Pronotum without lateral
carine.
c. Smaller (o’, 14-15 mm., 2, 20 mm.). Pronotum truncate behind.
d. Middle of pronotum of 9 minutely excised. Hind femora of Q
TS mm. long. |[Baracuayalieee see ene borellii Giglio-Tos.
dd. Middle of pronotum of @ entire. Hind femora of @ 12.25 mm.
lons) Chapada, Brazillian eerie chapadensis sp. nov.
cc. Larger (o', 18-20 mm., 9, 25-26 mm.). Pronotum rounded or sub-
angulate behind.
d. Tegmina and wings fully developed. Posterior margin of pro-
notum. .roundeds y[Paracuayalrcere cis cient oes tigris Burr.
dd. Tegmina and wings somewhat abbreviated. Posterior margin of
pronotum subangulated. [Chapada, Brazil.]
brasiliensis sp. nov.
AA. Tegmina and wings missing. Fastigium of the vertex rounded. [Bahia,

Braz) ec 2 ng) ba joie «Gre Sone ee OR re saurus Burr.

2. Masyntes brasiliensis sp. nov.

About the same in size and with the general appearance of M.
tigris Burr, but differing from that species in the shorter hind femora

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 7

and tegmina and in the posterior margin of the pronotum, which is
distinctly but broadly angulated, instead of rounded, as in Burr’s
species.

General color above obscure fuscous, modified by having the disk of
the pronotum dull testaceous, and the sixth (2 ) and sixth and seventh
(co) abdominal segments above lemon-yellow. Under side of body,
front including clypeus and labrum, base of mandibles, lower third
of sides of pronotum, and the lower part of the mesopleura, flavous.
Anterior legs ochraceous, the hind femora flavous with an olivaceous
tinge on basal three-fifths, the carine black or blackish, on the apical
two-fifths orange-yellow and twice fusco-fasciate; the knees also black.
Hind tibiae somewhat obscure or infuscated and provided with a
sub-basal pallid annulus, the tarsi more or less flavous.

Vertex rounded, entire, slightly produced in advance of the elongate
prominent eyes, and, viewed laterally, meeting the front ina somewhat
acute angle. Frontal costa sulcate throughout, reaching the clypeus.
Antenne as described for M. tigris, the first and second and greater
part of third joints flavous, remainder dark fuscous or black. Prono-
tum somewhat longer than wide, the posterior lobe a little expanding,
the median carina linear and fairly prominent throughout; hind mar-
gin widely, and somewhat roundly, angulate, the anterior margin
straight; sides longer than high, the lower margin oblique, in the male
nearly straight, in the female somewhat sinuate, the posterior angle
decidedly acute (oc) or but slightly so (2). Tegmina and wings
strongly infuscated, abbreviated in both sexes, about three-fifths (7)
or one-fourth (2 ) the length of the abdomen. Hind femora moderately
robust, all the carine finely serrated, as long as the abdomen in the
female, and nearly one-half longer inthe male. Tip of male abdomen
about as described for t7gris; the supra-anal plate and cerci also much
the same as in that species. Subanal plate, or last ventral segment,
scarcely pubescent, its apex not sinuate; valves of the ovipositor rather
straight, long, and slender, the lateral margins quite strongly toothed.

Length of body, o’, 17.5 mm., 2, 26 mm.; of pronotum, ©’, 2.2
mm., 9, 2.9 mm.; of tegmina, o&’, 7 mm., 2, 4.75 mm.; of hind
femora, o', 13 mm., 2, 16 mm.

Habitat.—The types were collected by H. H. Smith. The male
comes from Corumba, Brazil, where it was taken during the month of
March; the female bears the label ‘‘Chapada, Campo, Oct.’’ Other
specimens are at hand from the same localities and bear the same
dates.

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

(0/2)

3. Masyntes chapadensis sp. nov.

This insect is most closely related to M. borellit Giglio-Tos, from
which it differs chiefly in the shorter hind femora and the entire,
instead of excised, middle of the hind margin of the pronotum. In
color chapadensis differs from borelli by having the front, labrum, and
clypeus dull brown, instead of yellowish; the median carina of the
pronotum is concolorous, instead of yellow. The tegmina and wings
are also decidedly shorter in the present species than in the one with
which it has been compared.

Length of body, o’, 14 mm., 2, 20 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 2 mm.,
2, 2.3 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 2.7 mm., @, 2.15 mm.; of hind femora,
Gr Ors mime ey, 12.5 oni:

Habitat—There are specimens at hand from both Chapada and
Corumba, Brazil. They were taken during February and April.
The types are in the Carnegie Museum.

Family TRUXALID.

Representatives of the family Truxalide are widely distributed
over the surface of the earth, although no single continent seems to
be greatly favored in this dissemination. Under these conditions it
is needless to state that there are numerous genera and species now
known and new ones continually being discovered. The present
collection contains several of these latter, as may be seen by referring
to succeeding pages.

Genus HyALOPTERYX Charpentier.
Hyalopteryx CHARPENTIER, Orthopt. Descr. et Depict., pl. XLVI (1845).

The present genus is confined to South America, where its repre-
sentatives abound in Brazil, eastern Bolivia, and Paraguay.

4. Hyalopteryx rufipennis Charpentier.
Hyalopteryx rufipennis CHARP., Orthopt. Descr. et Depict., pl. XLVI (1845).

Habitat—Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, a single
female (H. H. Smith), January.

The synoptic table given by me in my List of Paraguayan Locusts
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 623) runs this insect as above,
which is evidently correct.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 9

Genus TRUXALIS Fabricius.

Truxalis FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., p. 279 (1775).

Truxalis, as at present restricted, belongs to the American hemi-
sphere, where it is represented on both continents by the following
named species.

5. Truxalis brevicornis (Linnzus).
Gryllus brevicornis LINNZuUS, Cent. ‘Ins. Par., p. 15 (1763).
Truxalis brevicornis FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., p. 279 (1775).
Acridium ensicornum DE GEER, Mem. Ins., p. 449, pl. XLII, figs. 1, 2 (1773).
Opsomala punctipennis SERVILLE, Hist. Nat. Ins. Orthopt., p. 590 (1838).
Truxalis viridula PALISOT DE BEAuvols, Ins. Afr. et Amer., p. 80, pl. III, fig. 1

(1807).

Oxycoryphus burkhartianus SAUSSURE, Rev. et Mag. Zool., p. 315 (1861).
Truxalis adspersa BLANCHARD, Voy. Amer. Merid., VI, pt. 2, p. 216, pl. XXVII,

fig. 2 (1837-1843).

Habitat—Specimens of this insect are at hand from Corumba and
Chapada, Brazil, where they were taken during the months of March
and July respectively (H. H. Smith). It also occurs throughout
Brazil, Paraguay, much of Argentina, and northward through Central
America, Mexico, and the United States east of the Mississippi river,
even to the Canadian border.

Genus ORPHULA Stal.
Orphula STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 105 (1873).

A genus of medium-sized locusts belonging to tropical America.
Species are found in both North and South American countries. At
least seven of them have been recognized.

6. Orphula pagana Stal.

Gomphocerus (Hyalopleryx) pagana STAL, Freg. Eug. Resa., Ins., Orthopt., p. 339
(1860).
Truxalis (Orphula) pagana STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 106 (1873).
Orphula pagana GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, No. 184, p. 9
(1894).
Habitat—Corumba and Chapada near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso,
Brazil, March to August (H. H. Smith). Also other Brazilian,
Paraguayan, Bolivian, and Argentinian localities.

Genus ORPHULELLA Giglio-Tos.

The locustid genus Orphulella is typical of the New World and is well
represented in both North and South America. Its members are

10 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

numerous in all grassy openings, in meadows, on savannas, prairies,
and even the pampas and lIlanos, where they are the common grass-
hoppers of the respective regions in which each species is found. At
least fifty apparently distinct forms have been described. More than
half of these occur in North America, where representatives abound
from well in Canadian territory to the Isthmus of Panama. In South
America at least one species has been described from as far south as
the Rio Negro of Argentina, while all of the West Indies are within
the range of several other forms. These locusts are slightly below
the medium in size and inconspicuous in appearance. The colors of
most of them are quite variable, while the characters which separate
the species are not strongly apparent, even to the trained entomologist.
Undoubtedly several additional forms will be found, when the various
regions within the range of their distribution have been more care-
fully explored. <A later and more critical study of the genus may also
result in the better separation of the species.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORPHULELLA.2

A. Lateral carine of the pronotum interrupted between the anterior and posterior
sulci.
b. Size larger (2, 21-23 mm.).

c. Separate sections of the carine lunate; the tibial claws normal. An-
tennee filiform! fv .ccan «cise ne ieee eae eee obscura Bruner.

cc. Separate sections of the carine straight; tibial claws long and strong,

the second of inner ones nearly twice the length of the first, recalling
Stirapleura. Antenne subensiform............. interrupla sp. nov.

2 In presenting this synoptical table the writer wishes to state that he does so
with a knowledge that it is only temporary, and very incomplete even for the de-
scribed forms. Walker’s Stenobothrus gratiosus (Cat. Derm., Brit. Mus., IV, p. 758)
belongs to the genus Orphulella and seems to fall near O. punctata, from which it
may be distinct. Male specimens of green color are very rare in punctata. The
insect described by Bolivar as Orphula patruelis may also belong to the genus Or-
phulella. If so, its “‘distinctly ensiform ’’ antenne would place it near either crassa
or interrupta. Possibly Walker’s Stenobothrus concinnulus (I. c., p. 759) also belongs
here, although Kirby places it with Orphulina (Cat., p. 119). It would come some-
where in the vicinity of intricata. The Chrysochraon ? abbreviatum Scudder (Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 339) is also, according to a later statement of that
author, a member of the genus Orphulella (see l. c., XXVII, p. 206). It very likely
belongs near peruna Bruner and chipmani Bruner in the section with straight
jateral carine in advance of the principal sulcus. O. intricata appears twice in
the table. It is very similar to insularis both in size and general appearance,

although much of the territory between the habitat of the two lacks closely related
representatives.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 1a F

am Zerariall ete (pie S ZtitIa) ier te cuelelh vies ain eva cis epecls «ice a clears gracilis Gig.-Tos.
AA. Lateral carine of the pronotum complete or subinterrupted between the
anterior and posterior sulci.
b. Body normal, neither greatly compressed nor unusually robust.
c. Lateral carine in advance of the last transverse sulcus, decidedly arcuate,
angulate, or more or less strongly divergent. Antennz variable.
d. Size larger (2 , 19-22 mm. in length).

e. Body unusually slender; tegmina and wings in both sexes greatly
surpassing the tips of hind femora and apex of abdomen.
Dusky maculations confined to discal field of the tegmina.
elongata sp. nov.
ee. Body normal in form, not especially slender. Tegmina and wings

but little longer than Q abdomen.

f. Pronotal carine quite strongly arcuate. The dusky macul-
ations of the tegmina generally distributed, occupying
most of the wing. [Tropical America.]

punctata De Geer.
ff. Pronotal carine gently arcuate. The dusky maculations of
the tegmina confined to the discal field.
g. Hind margin of the disk of pronotum distinctly angulate.
Body moderately robust; the fastigium of the vertex,
even of @, right-angled. [Costa Rica.]
meridionalis Bruner.
gg. Hind margin of the disk of pronotum rounded; the fas-
tigium of the vertex, even of the o’, gently obtusangu-
lates e[( Brazile tence once hese cere es costalis Walker.
dd. Size smaller (Q, 12.5 mm. to 18 mm. in length).
e. Lateral carine of the pronotum always complete.

f. Antenne filiform, but little, if at all, flattened.

g. Lateral foveole of the vertex well-defined, elongate tri-
angular. [Brazil and Paraguay.]....expandens Walker.

gg. Lateral foveole almost obliterated. [St. Domingo.]
decisa Walker.
ff. Antenne robust, short, the joints depressed or flattened.

{Para, Brazil.]

g. Lateral foveole of the vertex faint, almost linear, the
bounding walls scarcely apparent. [Isle of Trinidad.]
insularis Bruner.
gg. Lateral foveole of the vertex well defined, about twice as
long as basal width, the bounding walls prominent.

PAS PeabI a Mere ietecate oes srr Mase aie sheus se -shieks intricata Stal.
ee. Lateral carine of the pronotum sometimes faint or subinterrupted
between the transverse sulci. [Argentina.] ....intricata Stal.

cc. Lateral carine in advance of the last transverse sulcus straight, or very
gently arcuate, little, or not at all, divergent. Antenne slender,
filiform.

12 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

d. Size smaller (co, 12-13 mm., 9, 15-18 mm.).
e. Form graceful, size smaller (o’, 12 mm., 9, 16.5-17 mm.) _ [Isle
of Trinidad to northern Brazil.].......... chipmani Bruner.
ee. Form more robust, size larger (o’, 13 mm., 9, 17-18 mm.).
[Gentral *‘Perus]) Jc. os os ie ee eee peruna Bruner.
dd. Size larger (o’, 15 mm., 9, 23-25 mm.). [Cuba and Isle of Pines.]
scudderi Bolivar,
bb. Body robust, strongly compressed, making the insect appear unusually deep.
c. Lateral! carina of pronotum in advance of last transverse sulcus straight:
parallel. Antenne heavy, the basal joints strongly depressed.
cyassa@ sp. nov.
cc. Lateral carina of pronotum in advance of the last transverse sulcus more
or less strongly arcuate. Antenne comparatively slender, the
basal joints but little flattened.

d. Lateral foveole of vertex shallow, elongate-triangular; hind femora
with the apex normal, moderately robust......... grossa sp. nov.
dd. Lateral foveole of vertex rather deep, basal width one-half the length ;.

hind femora with the apex small, unusually slender.
compacta sp. nov.

7. Orphulella obscura Bruner.
Orphulella obscura BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 627 (1906).

Habitat—Chapada, Corumba, and Para, Brazil, from April to:
September. Several specimens of both sexes (H. H. Smith).

This insect is very variable in color, but in every case is quite
readily recognizable on account of the rather heavy fuscous markings
of the pronotum, tegmina, and legs. It does not appear to be as
common as some of the other species of the genus, or else its habits
are of such a nature as to render it less liable to detection and capture..

8. Orphulella interrupta sp. nov.

This locust, as shown by the above synoptic table of the South
American species of the genus, is most closely related to O. obscura
and O. gracilis, both of which it approaches in having the lateral
carine of the pronotum interrupted between the sulci. From the
former it may readily be separated by the slightly larger size and the
form of the separate sections of the carina; from the latter by its.
much larger size and the more robust hind femora. Antenne short,
the proximal joints a little flattened.

General form somewhat robust; the head large, a little wider than
the front edge of the pronotum, the occiput very gently arcuate when
viewed laterally, the vertex somewhat ascending, rather deeply sulcate,
nearly twice as broad as long, the antero-lateral carine meeting in an:

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 13

obtuse angle, lateral foveole scarcely differentiated, but rather in-
cluded in the antennal scrobes. Eyes fairly prominent, a trifle longer
than the anterior edge of the cheeks below them; the ocelli large, the
lateral pair located at the end of a short downwardly directed carina
which would ordinarily mark the posterior extremity of the foveola,
and very close to the upper one-fourth of the eye. Frontal costa
prominent, broad, gently sulcate, strongly punctate, expanding but
little below, reaching the clypeus. Lateral carine also prominent,
evenly divergent, and reaching the base of the mandibles. Pronotum
of moderate length, quite strongly constricted laterally at middle, the
two lobes about equal in length; lateral carine widely interrupted at
middle, on anterior lobe most prominent at front margin, convergent
posteriorly, and terminating just in advance of the first transverse
sulcus; on hind lobe heaviest at the transverse sulcus, divergent, and
fading before reaching the posterior edge at shoulders; hind margin
broadly angulate. Tegmina of moderate width, sparsely veined, ex-
tending a little beyond the apex of hind femora; intercalary vein well
developed, the apex rounded. Hind femora robust, passing the
abdomen by the length of the genicular area; hind tibia rather strongly
hirsute, the inner claws or spurs heavy, elongate, the second nearly
twice the length of the first, reminding one of this feature in the species
of Sterapleura, eight- or nine-spined externally, ten- or eleven-spined
internally. Interspace between the mesosternal lobes quadrate, a little
narrower than the lobes themselves.

General color ochraceo-testaceous, the head, pronotum and pleura,
as well as anterior legs, streaked and strongly conspersed with fer-
ruginous; the pronotal carine pallid, very faintly bordered with
piceous; tegmina smoky hyaline, marked along the disk and anterior
field with quadrate brown patches and spots, these separated by areas
of pallid cross-veins. Hind femora marked with faint fuscous patches
on upper edge and black dots along the external carina, the lower
outer edge infuscated, hind tibia cinereo-testaceous conspersed with
brown, the spines black-tipped. Antenne ferruginous.

Length of body, 2, 22 mm., of pronotum, 4 mm., of tegmina, 19.5
mm., of hind femora, 13.6 mm. :

Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, in July (H. H. Smith, collector).

The type, which is unique, is in the collection of the Carnegie
Museum.

14 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

9. Orphulella gracilis Giglio-Tos.
Orphulella gracilis G1GL10o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. I1
(1894).
Habitat.—Several specimens from among the collections studied
have been determined as this species. They come from Chapada,
Brazil (H.-H. Smith).

10. Orphulella elongata sp. nov.

Related to O. punctata De Geer, but much slenderer and more
graceful in form.

Female.—But little heavier than the males of O. punctata. The head
very gently wider than the anterior edge of the slightly compressed
pronotum, the occiput somewhat ascending above the plane of the
pronotum, of moderate length; fastigium of the vertex very gently
acuminate, the antero-lateral walls but little elevated above the disk;
lateral foveole profound, somewhat elongate-triangular, the upper
side gently arcuate. Eyes of moderate size, acuminate above, their
anterior edge straight. Antenne slender, filiform. Pronotum with
the anterior and posterior lobes about equal in length, quite strongly
compressed, especially on the anterior half; the lateral carine strongly
and evenly arcuate in front of the last transverse sulcus, approaching
closest at middle, where they are but half as far apart as on the hind
margin of the posterior lobe. Tegmina long and slender, reaching
about one-fifth of their length beyond the tip of the abdomen, their
veins very inconspicuous. Hind femora slender, their apex scarcely
reaching the tip of the abdomen; hind tibiz slender, externally ten-
spined,

General color dull brown, varied with testaceous on face, lower half
of sides of pronotum, abdomen, and legs. Occiput, disk of pronotum,
and dorsal edges of tegmina pale testaceous, the latter marked rather
evenly along the dorsal angle and on the disk with fuscous dots, those
on the disk much more pronounced, Wings rather strongly infus-
cated apically and along the anterior margin. Hind femora with the
usual fuscous markings on the upper edge and along the lower outer
carina; hind tibiz fusco-cinereous, with a paler basal annulus. An-
tenne pallid (at least on basal half, the only portion remaining on the
type specimen).

Length of body, 2, 20 mm., of pronotum, 2.4 mm., of tegmina, 19
mm., of hind femora, 10.5 mm.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 15

Habitat—A single 2, the type, Corumba, Brazil, where it was
taken during April by H. H. Smith.

There are two males of this genus before me which possibly belong
to this species. They approach quite closely to those which are un-
hesitatingly referred to O. punctata De Geer, but seem to be separable
from that species in their more elongate form and slightly longer
wings, in one of them surpassing the apex of the abdomen by fully
one-third of their length. One of the specimens has the dorsal portion
of the tegmina pale grass-green, while the other follows closely the
coloration as described for the female. The carine of the pronotum
here, as well as in the female, are pallid, and are bordered within on the
hind lobe by a widening streak of black as is frequently the case in
members of the genus.

The measurements of these males are as follows: Length of body,
14.5 mm., of pronotum, 3 mm., of tegmina, 15-15.5 mm., of hind
femora, 8.5-9 mm.

Habitat—Corumba, Brazil, March. One of them bears the addi-
tional label “‘highlands.”’

11. Orphulella punctata De Geer.

Acrydium punctatum DE GEER, Mém. Ins., III, p. 593, pl. 42, fig. 12 (1773).
Truxalis punctata STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 106 (1873).
Orphulella punctata G1GLiIo-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 12

(1894).

Stenobothrus mexicanus WALKER (vec Saussure), Cat. Dernapt. Salt. Brit. Mus.,

IV, p. 756 (1870).

This is the most abundantly represented species of the genus, and
specimens are at hand from all the Brazilian localities at which Smith
collected. Much variation in color and also considerable in size is
observable among the material at hand. The species was taken
practically throughout the year.

12. Orphulella meridionalis Bruner.
Orphulella meridionalis BRUNER, Biol. Cent. Amer., Orthopt., II, pp. 77, 81 (1904)
Habitat.—Costa Rica and southward. Not contained among the
material now reported upon.

13. Orphulella costalis Walker.
Stenobothrus costalis WALKER, Cat. Dermap. Salt., Brit. Mus., IV, p. 759 (1870).
Habitat.—It is barely possible that individuals of the insect de-
scribed as Stenobothrus costalis by Walker are at hand among the two

16 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

hundred or more specimens before me from Brazil, the locality cited

by that author.
14. Orphulella intricata Stal.

Orphula intricata STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 106 (1873).
Orphulella intricata G1GL10o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, No. 184, p. 12
(1894).
Habitat—Argentina, and perhaps also southern Brazil. Not
noticed among the large series of specimens of the genus Orphulella

at hand.
15. Orphulella expandens Walker.

Stenobothrus expandens WALKER, Cat. Dermap. Salt., Brit. Mus., IV, p. 758 (1870).
Orphulella expandens Ki1rBYy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 122 (1910).
Orphulella elegans G1GLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No. 184,
p. 12 (1894).
Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, September to April (H. H. Smith).

Numerous specimens.

16. Orphuilella insularis Bruner.
Orphulella insularis BRUNER, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XIV, p. 150 (1906).
Habitat.—Like the next species this locust is confined to the Wind-
ward islands of the West Indies and northern South America.
It too is absent from the material being reported upon, and és
included for purpeses of comparison.

17. Orphulelia chipmani Bruner.
Orphulella chipmani BRUNER, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XIV, p. 149 (1906).
Habitat.—Trinidad, British Guiana, and Para, Brazil, and perhaps
also other portions of northern South America.
The present collection does not contain representatives of this

species, but from its known range it must have been overlooked by

Ee Ee Smith.

18. Orphulella peruna Bruner nom. nov.
Zonocerus bilineatus ScuppD., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, p. 268 (1874). -
Orphulella? bilineatus Scupp., l. c., X XVII, p. 210 (1896).

Habitat.—Along the upper Amazons in Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.
Not represented in the present collection. While Scudder did not defi-
nitely place this insect in Orphulella there seems to be but little doubt
that it belongs here. The name bilineata was preoccupied in the
genus Orphulella by Stenobothrus bilineatus Scudder from North
America, the latter being an Orphulella, hence the change of name

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. Ay (

19. Orphulella scudderi Bolivar.
Orphula scuddert BOLIVAR, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, I, p. 142 (1888).
Orphulella scudderi BRUNER, Biol. Cent. Amer., II, pp. 77, 82 (1904).

Habitat—Cuba and Isle of Pines.

Included here merely to show relationship to some of the preceding
forms.

20. Orphulella crassa sp. nov.

Body unusually robust, compressed, and deep for the genus, re-
minding one strongly of an Orphula and also of Orphulella mexicana
Saussure. Tegmina of female somewhat abbreviated, their apex sub-
oblique. Wings with the disk tinged with yellow or vinaceous, their
apical half somewhat infuscated. Lateral foveole of vertex shallow
and inconspicuous.

Head about as wide as the front edge of the pronotum, rather higher
than usual, viewed laterally slightly elevated above the pronotum,
the front strongly oblique, nearly straight, meeting with the vertex at
an acute angle; the latter a little longer than wide and somewhat
acuminate even in the female, the antero-lateral walls profound and
provided within by an unusually deep sulcation. Eyes large, promi-
nent, their length about equaling (07) ora little shorter (Q ) than the
anterior margin of the cheeks below them. Antenne in the female
with the joints on basal half strongly depressed, about as long as the
head and pronotum taken together, in the males rather heavy, the
basal joints but little depressed, somewhat exceeding the combined
length of head and pronotum. Pronotum a little narrower in front
than behind, compressed, the lateral lobes a little higher than long,
the lower margin sinuate; anterior lobe plainly longer than the
posterior one, lateral carine entire and parallel in advance of the
last transverse sulcus, rather strongly divergent back of it, posterior
margin obtusangulate. Meso- and metathorax unusually deep, these
with the deep basal abdominal segments giving the insect an abnormal
perpendicular diameter. Tegmina irregularly and moderately strongly
veined, in the females somewhat abbreviated, little if any surpassing
the apex of the abdomen; in the males fairly broad, of normal length.
Hind femora robust, their apex passing the tip of the abdomen in both
sexes; hind tibiz ten- to eleven-spined externally. Mesosternal lobes
separated by a space equal in width to the lobes themselves, their
inner edge broadly rounded.

General color variable, ranging from green, pale testaceous, fer-

18 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ruginous, to dull fuscous. Upper edges of sides of pronotum just
below the carinz, passing to outer margins of disk on hind lobe black
in most instances, absent in some. Tegmina in females faintly
maculate along disk and occasionally also on dorsal field; in the males
only along disk and apically. Sometimes the dorsum from fastigium
to hind edge of pronotum provided with a narrower or broader pallid
band, in some individuals continuing as a pallid coloring of the dorsal
area of the tegmina.

Length of body, o', 15 mm., 9, 22-24 mm.; of pronotum, Go. 3.35
mm., 9, 4 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 13.5 mm., 9, 14-15 mm.; of hind
femora, o', 10.5 mm., 9, 15 mm.

Habitat.—Rio de Janeiro, September to November, H. H. Smith.

21. Orphulella grossa sp. nov.

Reminding one at first glance of O. crassa, to which it bears a general
resemblance in form and size. It may, however, be readily separated
from that insect by its having the lateral carine of the pronotum in
advance of the principal transverse sulcus arcuate, instead of parallel;
in having the two lobes of the pronotum equal in length; the antenne
slender and filiform, instead of heavy and flattened basally; and by the
normally rounded apices of the tegmina, which project beyond the
tip of the abdomen.

Head moderately robust, a little wider than the anterior edge of
the slightly compressed and constricted pronotum; fastigium about
as long as broad, its antero-lateral margins meeting at a right angle,
and bordered behind by a shallow lunate depression; lateral foveole
elongate, acutely triangular. Face less strongly oblique than in the
same sex of O. crassa, the frontal costa evenly divergent below, con-
tinuous to the base of the clypeus, scarcely sulcate, but more or less
punctulate above and below. Pronotum with the two lobes of about
equal length, the lateral carine arcuate and twice interrupted by the
transverse grooves in advance of the principal sulcus; the lateral lobes
about as long as high, their lower edge rather strongly sinuose; hind
margin widely angulated, the apex somewhat rounded. Tegmina
normal, their apex rounded and extending beyond the tip of abdomen
and knees. Hind femora of normal length. Interspace between the
mesosternal lobes about as long as broad, the inner edge of the lobes
themselves evenly rounded.

Length of body, 9, 22 mm., of pronotum, 4.5 mm., of tegmina, 19
mm., of hind femora, 12 mm.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 19

Habitat.—The single female at hand, the type, comes from Para,
Brazil, where it was collected during the month of April.

In general the color of this insect is dirty testaceous varied with
brown, very similar in pattern to dark-colored specimens of O.
punctata De Geer, recalling that insect, save in the more robust and
deeper body.

22. Orphulella compacta sp. nov.

Most nearly related to the O. grossa described above, but differing
from that insect in the shorter tegmina and wings, the somewhat
flattened antennal joints, the remarkably slender apical third of the
hind femora, and the very strongly impressed triangular lateral foveole
of the vertex, which are a little longer than the basal width. Size of
insect medium. General color dull wood-brown varied with testaceous
bands and flecks. Head not especially large, equal in width to the
anterior edge of the pronotum and a little higher than it. The vertex
gently depressed, not quite as long as the distance between the eyes,
its antero-lateral walls moderately heavy, and meeting at the fastigium
in a right angle, the disk quite deeply sulcate in advance of the upper
extremity of the eyes; the latter fairly prominent, a little longer than
the anterior edge of the cheeks below them. Frontal costa with the
lateral margins evenlydivergent below, sulcate, and sparsely punctulate
throughout. Antenne slender, the basal joints somewhat flattened,
but not transversely enlarged, about as long as the combined length
of head and pronotum. Latter with the two sections about equal
in length, gently constricted on the sides at middle; lateral carine
evenly arcuate in advance of the principal transverse sulcus and also
severed by the middle sulcus about equally distant at the hind and
front margins of this lobe; lateral lobes a little higher than long; hind
margin of disk obtusangulate. Tegmina of moderate width, their
apex rounded and only reaching the tip of the abdomen; hind femora
robust at base, but very slender on apical third, reaching tip of wings
andabdomen. Hind tibia nine-spined externally. Meso- and meta-
sternal lobes and interspace as described for O. crassa.

Length of body, 2, 19 mm., of pronotum, 3.6 mm., of tegmina, 14
mm., of hind femora, 11 mm.

Habitat.—The type, and only specimen at hand; bears the labels
“Rio de Janeiro” and ‘‘Oct.’’; it was collected by H. H. Smith, and is
contained in the Carnegie Museum.

The color of this insect as mentioned above is dull wood-brown

20 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM

varied with flecks and bands of pale testaceous on face, occiput, sides
of pronotum, and pleura in the usual patterns common to representa-
tives of this and related genera. The tegmina also bear traces of
pale and dark flecks along the disk. The lower outer carina of femora
is also alternately pallid and infuscated; the tibie are pale cinereous
and more or less flecked with brown. Very likely this species, like
many of its congeners, will be found to vary greatly in color.

Genus LINOCERATIUM Bruner.
Linoceratium BRUNER, Biol. Cent. Amer,, Orthopt., II, pp. 31, 84 (1902, 1904).

A tropical American genus of Locusts related to Orphulella, only
two species of which are known.

23. Linoceratium australe sp. nov.

Very similar in size and appearance to L. boucardi Bruner, but
differing from that insect in the form of the lateral carine of the
pronotum, the more equal size of the sexes, and in the present species
lacking the infuscation on the genicular region of the hind femora
and tibiz, which is so marked in boucardt.

Length-of body, o', 13.5 mm., 9,17 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 2:5
mm., 2,3mm.; of tegmina, o', 13 mm., 9, 15 mm.; of hind femora,
Co. 77 mnin., 2 5ToO mm.

Habitat—Corumba, Brazil, March to May, several specimens of
both sexes bearing the number 2120 (H. H. Smith). The types are
in the collection of the Carnegie Museum.

The two species of the genus Linoceratium thus far known may
be separated as follows: The first is the type of the genus.

A. Lateral carine of the pronotum in advance of the principal sulcus, gently
arcuate. Genicular area of the hind femora infuscated. [U.S. of Colombia
andi€entralAmenicas)ioe..... o6 uae ats te ce aes ee boucardi Bruner.

AA. Lateral carine of the pronotum in advance of the principal sulcus straight,

gently convergent posteriorly. Genicular area of hind femora without
intuscation-a/(Corumba Brazile ee eee nee australe sp. nov.

Genus ORPHULINA Giglio-Tos.

Or phulina Gi1GL10-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, No. 184, pp. 8, 9 (1894).

This is another of the tropical American truxaline genera of locusts,
which occurs in the region covered by the present paper.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. Pa

24. Orphulina acuta Rehn.
Orphulina acuta REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, pp. 23-25, figs. 7, 8

(1900).

Habitat.—Sao Paulo, Brazil. Several specimens contained in H. H.
Smith’s collection from Chapada are doubtfully referred to Rehn’s
O. acuta. They were collected during the months of May to August
inclusive (H. H. Smith).

25. Orphulina pulchella Giglio-Tos.
Or phulina pulchella GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No. 184,
p- 10 (1894).
Habitat.—Same locality as the preceding. Also several specimens
from Chapada, Brazil, which are referred to this species (H. H. Smith).

Genus PARORPHULA Bruner.

Parorphula BRUNER, 2d Rept. Locust. Com. Buenos Aires, pp. 22, 25 (1900).

The representatives of the present genus are denizens of grassy
fields, and range from southern Brazil to the Rio Negro of Argentina.
At least four species are known. They may be separated as follows:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF PARORPHULA.
A. Tegmina in the male not especially broad.
b. General color of insect more or less green............... graminea Bruner.
bb. General color of insect testaceous varied with brown and fuscous.
c. Dorsum of pronotum and dorsal field of the tegmina pallid.
pallidinota Bruner.
cc. Entire body together with the tegmina more or less varied with pale and

CATENSLECAKG ip Seat area ch ccsire eet he a Sire yee ees ee strigata Bruner.
AA. Tegmina of male unusually broad, reminding one of these organs in Cocyto-
tettix. Color variable, but never green................ latipennis sp. nov.

The species graminea may be considered as the type of the genus.

26. Parorphula latipennis sp. nov.

Readily recognized by the unusually broad tegmina as well as
fenestrate anterior area of the wings in the male, which characters at
once suggest the genus Cocytotettix Rehn ( Fenestra Brunner v. Watten-
wyl). The strongly posteriorly divergent lateral carine of the pro-
notum, the absence of the longitudinal carina of the vertex and occi-
put, and the rather general infuscation of the wings, along with other
characters place it in Parorphula.

Head slightly ascending, about the same length as the pronotum;

DY, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

the fastigium of the vertex slightly acuminate, about as long as the
distance between the eyes, the lateral margins raised so as to form a
well-defined wall in advance of a bordering groove, the disk well
rounded, without a longitudinal median ridge. Beneath this bounding
carina are located the elongate, slightly arcuate lateral foveole, which
are acuminate anteriad. Eyes rather prominent, pyriform, about as
long (o’) or a little shorter than (Q) the anterior genicular groove
below them. Antenne decidedly ensiform, somewhat longer than
the combined length of the head and pronotum. Frontal costa rather
prominent, deeply sulcate; the head viewed laterally with the front
quite strongly retreating, straight; lateral carine prominent, sharp,
continuous to the base of clypeus. Pronotum compressed and with
the sides parailel on anterior lobe, the hind lobe rather strongly
divergent, the lateral carine as well as the median sharp, prominent,
cut about the middle by the last transverse sulcus; anterior lobe
sparsely and the posterior one closely punctulate, the hind margin
widely and roundly angulate. Tegmina in both sexes extending be-
yond the tip of the abdomen, in the male very wide on the apical
half, in the female normal, gently obliquely truncate at apex, with a
well-defined intercalary vein in the female, but a very poor one in the
male. Wings of male with the costal area very wide and provided
with twelve or thirteen transverse parallel veins, giving to this portion
a very conspicuous fenestrate appearance. Posterior femora only
moderately robust, surpassing the tip of the abdomen in both sexes;
hind tibiz eleven-spined externally. Last ventral segment of male
abdomen short, acuminate; cerci about as long as the supra-anal
plate, slender, tapering but little, the apex blunt; interspace between
the mesosternal lobes quadrate or subquadrate, somewhat narrower
than the lobes themselves. ;
General color variable, but possibly never to any extent green,
usually testaceous, brunneous, or fuscous, varied more or less promi-
nently with darker and lighter lines, flecks, and mottlings. Eyes
ferruginous or castaneous; upper edge of sides of pronotum longi-
tudinally banded with piceous, partially crossing to the disk on the
hind lobe, the lateral carine pallid. Occiput, disk of pronotum, and
dorsal field of tegmina usually pallid; disk and costal area of tegmina
generally brown or fuscous, mottled, or maculate with pallid, but
sometimes only the longitudinal veins dark and the remainder pallid
or testaceous. Legs testaceous, more or less varied with fuscous;

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 23

sometimes in very dark specimens almost black, varied with dashes
of testaceous. Sides of abdomen and pleura pallid, the underside
largely black. Wings clouded or smoky, save on the fenestrate area,
where they are transparent and vitreous.

Length of body, o’, 20 mm., 9, 24 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 3.5 mm.,
2, 4.1 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 19 mm., 9, 23.5 mm.; width of male
tegmina, 4.6 mm.; length of hind femora, o’, 12 mm., 9, 15 mm.

Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, June to August (H. H. Smith,).

Genus Toxopterus Bolivar.
Toxoplerus BOLIVAR (nec Kocn), An. Soc. Espafi, XIX, p. 313 (1890).

27. Toxopterus miniatus Bolivar.

Toxopterus miniatus BoLtvar, Anales Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., XIX, p. 314 (1890).

Habitat—Specimens of both sexes of this truxaline locust with
beautifully deeply red-colored wings are at hand. They were collected
throughout the season from January to December. The majority of
the specimens bear the label ‘‘ Chapada,” although there is a single
male labeled “‘ Rio de Janeiro, November.”’

Other specimens, which were collected in Bolivia, Paraguay, and
extreme northern Argentina, have been examined.

LEUROCERUS gen. nov.

The present genus is erected to receive the insect described by J. A.
G. Rehn as Cocytotettix linearis (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 374,
1906).

Elongate, slender, wings of male without the fenestrate area so char-
acteristic of the various species of Cocytotettix Rehn ( Fenestra Brunner
v. Wattenwyl, but not of Giglio-Tos). Head about as long as the
pronotum. Antenne gently ensiform in both sexes, of medium length.
Eyes pyriform, nearly twice the length of the anterior edge of the
cheeks; vertex almost as wide as the broadest part of the fastigium,
which is formed much as in Amblytropidia and provided with lateral
walls and a well-developed median carina. Front rather strongly
oblique; the frontal costa moderately prominent, sulcate, or with the
disk merely depressed below the lateral walls, frequently provided
with a well-defined median ridge or carina above the ocellus. Pro-
notum with the sides nearly parallel, the lateral carine nearly as
prominent as the median; the lateral lobes almost as high as long, the

24 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

lower edge but little sinuate, the Jast transverse sulcus situated about
the middle, it alone severing the median carina; posterior margin of
disk obtusangulate. Tegmina of moderate width, the costal margin
only gently lobate near the base, the apex rounded, the middle area
without a well-defined intercalary vein. Wings, even of male, lacking
the fenestrate area so prominent in Tvuxalis, Orphula, and their allies,
in this respect resembling Amblytropidia, to which group it belongs.

28. Leurocerus linearis (Rehn).

Cocytotettix linearis REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 374 (1906).

Habitat—Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, April to
September, numerous specimens of both sexes (H. H. Smith).

This insect is more closely related to Amblytropidia than to Cocyto-
tettix.

Genus AMBLYTROPIDIA Stal.

Amblytropidia STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, pp. 93, 107 (1873).

The genus Amblytropidia is confined to the New World, where its
representatives are found from the southern United States to central
Argentina. The majority of its species, however, occur in the tropical
portions of both North and South America, where they are to be met
with in savannas or grassy openings in the forests, and to some extent
in the forests themselves. At least eighteen distinct species of the
genus have already been discovered. As in several other truxaline
genera, the species of this genus are rather closely related and some-
what difficult to separate. The annexed synoptic table will, it is
hoped, assist the student in determining the described forms:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF AMBLYTROPIDIA.

A. Median carina of the vertex quite prominent. Last transverse sulcus of the
pronotum situated plainly behind the middle.

b. General structure, especially of the females, quite robust; the majority of
species rather pale-colored. Tegmina of females, as a rule, not, or
but little, surpassing the tips of the hind femora, in some instances
a little shorter than the abdomen. The latter concolorous above.

c. Antenne of female (those of the male always relatively longer) a trifle
longer than the head and pronotum combined. Tegmina pro-
vided with fuscous spots.

d.‘Smaller-» «“(Brazill|. cde eee eee ferruginosa Stal
dd. Larger. Hind tibize with thirteen spines in the outer row. [Central
America, Guatemala:| i. san oe rae eee magna Bruner.

cc. Antenne of female no longer, often noticeably shorter, than the combined
length of the head and pronotum. Tegmina variable.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 25
d. General color brunneo-testaceous, immaculate, or with faint fuscous
dots on tegmina.
e. Larger (o’, 20-23 mm.).
f. Tegmina pale testaceous, unspotted. [Paraguay and Ar-
PENUINAA mae sss tae Gtie tie Sc trace a australis Bruner,
#. Tegmina with faint fuscous dots along dorsal edge. [Corumba.

Brazile sercromaedees te eter eters ec mysicete See sgyohe sect geniculata sp. nov.
ee. Smaller (15.5-16 mm.). Tegmina faintly maculate with fuscous.
[Ghanada Brazile sahecnlecsse cores Stes. oes minor sp. nov.

dd. Color variable, frequently both vittate and maculate.
e. Insect often more or less markedly longitudinally striped with
green.

f. Smaller. General color pallid testaceous or greenish. Teg-
mina often provided with a subcostal pale line, or the
dorsum with lateral green stripes reaching from the eyes
to the middle of the tegmina. The latter as long as the
abdomen. {Paraguay and Southern Brazil.]

viltata Giglio-Tos.
#f. Larger. General color dark wood-brown or fuscous.
g. Tegmina provided (@Q) with a dirty white subcostal line.
Dorsum concolorous. [Corumba, Brazil.]
corumbe Bruner.
gg. Tegmina without the subcostal line. Dorsum often
entirely green. [Paraguay and Southern Brazil.]
robusta Bruner.
bb. General structure moderately graceful, even in the females. Chief color
usually more obscure, being brown or even fuscous. Tegmina of
females always extending beyond the tip of the abdomen. Abdomen
of male usually tinged above with orange or ferruginous.
c. Hind tibiz eleven- to thirteen-spined externally.
d. Prevailing colors brown.
e. Hind tibie twelve- to thirteen-spined externally. [British Guiana
ANG MEIC Ad: |taeisinc Sst ele aris cee serena trinitatis Bruner.
ee. Hind tibiz eleven- to twelve-spined externally. (Chapada, Brazil.
chapadensis Rehn.
dd. Prevailing color olive-brown in male. Female not known. [Mexico,

CASEWALGE| Serr eure RTI oer ete ee oe auriventris Bruner.
cc. Hind tibie fifteen- to sixteen-spined in outer row. [West coast of Central
IN Wasa (for bets tls hee Re ees Fie tS Une air iO ean eines elongata Bruner.

AA. Median carina of the vertex less prominent. Last transverse sulcus of the
pronotum situated about the middle.
b. Hind tibie provided with fifteen to nineteen spines in the outer row.
c. Form of insect rather robust. Color variable. [Costa Rica, Central
INCL ACA erp rer aie eon see nie ictasdinte covets, exch alovcc costaricensis Bruner.
cc. Form of insect slenderer. Color rather uniform. [Mexico, southward
into South America.]

26 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

d. Anterior portion of the disk of pronotum narrower than the hind
portion; lateral carine of male pronotum concolorous, disk
and sides not decilledly infuscated. [Mexico.]

mysteca Saussure.

dd. Anterior portion of the disk of pronotum about equal to the width of

the hind portion, the disk and sides more or less strongly
infuscated.

e. Sides of basal abdominal segments strongly marked with black.

(Miextcoe] sean ae eyo eRe terete ee ingenita Bruner.
ee. Sides of basal abdominal segments not infuscated or black.
[Southern™ Brazil eer pent eae tennet enna interior sp. nov.

bb. Hind tibize provided with but fourteen spines on outer row. [Eastern U.S.

occidentalis Saussure.
southward. 2x cae oe OL ee eee )

¢ subcons persus Walker.

29. Amblytropidia ferruginosa Stal.
Amblytropidia ferruginosa STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 107 (1873).
Habitat—Four males and one female taken at Chapada, Brazil,
during the months of March, May, and November (H. H. Smith).
These specimens on account of their markedly ferruginous color
and agreement in size with Stal’s measurements warrant me in placing
them under ferruginosa. They are quite distinct from all other forms,
which have been examined by me.

30. Amblytropidia australis Bruner.

Amblytropidia ferruginosa GIGLIO-TOSs (nec Stal), Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino,

IX, No. 184, p. 13 (1894); BRUNER, Locusts of Argentina, p. 32 (1900).
Amblytropidia australis BRUNER, Biol. Cent. Amer., Orthopt., II, pp. 62, 64

(1904).

Habitat—Paraguay and Argentina. Not contained among the
material collected by H. H. Smith and now being studied. Neverthe-
less there is little doubt as to its occurrence in southern Brazil.

31. Amblytropidia geniculata sp. nov.

Very similar to A. australis Bruner, but slightly larger, somewhat
more graceful, and with longer tegmina and wings. As indicated in
the synoptical table, there are faint fuscous dots present on the dorsal
area of the folded tegmina. The apex of hind femora and base of
tibia are strongly infuscated.

Length of body, o, 21-23 mm., of pronotum, 3.45 mm., of tegmina,
17-18 mm., of hind femora, 13-13.5 mm.

Habitat.—Corumba, highlands, March to July (H. H. Smith).

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA., P|

Only males are at hand, but these all agree in having traces of
fuscous dots on the tegmina, and in having these members decidedly
more elongate than in the same sex of A. australis. There are from
twelve to fourteen spines on the external margin of the hind tibie.

32. Amblytropidia minor sp. nov.

A small, but moderately robust species, in which the apex of the
hind femora and base of tibia are strongly infuscated. Tegmina
with the costal margin undulate, the apical one-fourth plainly nar-
rower than remainder, reminding one a little of these members in
some of the species of Stenobothrus, Chloéaltis, etc. Hind tibia twelve-
spined externally.

Male.—Head rather large, very little wider than the anterior
portion of the pronotum. Eyes large and moderately prominent,
quite plainly more than twice the length of the anterior margin of
the cheeks; fastigium of the vertex well rounded, and provided with
strong antero-lateral margins and a median longitudinal carina, the
latter becoming almost obliterated on the occiput; frontal costa
prominent, wide, and provided with strong lateral carina, which gently
approach at the ocellus, broadly and quite profoundly sulcate, con-
tinuous to the clypeus and provided near the upper end with a rather
prominent median carina. Antenne linear, their length about one-
fourth greater than the head and pronotum combined. Latter
with the sides and carine parallel, the hind lobe decidedly shorter
than the front lobe, the surface of sides and disk of hind lobe closely,
and rather finely, punctulate, remainder subglabrous; anterior margin
a little rounded, the hind margin obtusangulate. Tegmina moder-
ately broad and with the costal field more strongly developed than
usual in the genus, reaching beyond the apex of the abdomen as far
as the tips of the hind femora, the intercalary region without defi-
nite vein. Hind femora robust on basal, slender on apical half,
extending about one-fourth their length beyond the tip of the abdomen.
Interspace between the mesosternal lobes nearly quadrate, 7. e., about
as wide as long, the inner edges of the lobes but little rounded.

General color pale brownish-testaceous, the face, sides of head,
pronotum and pleura in part dull brown. Basal portion of hind
tibia and genicular area of hind femora both internally and externally
strongly infuscated. Tegmina somewhat infuscated apically and
faintly conspersed with scattered fuscous dots.

28 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Length of body, o’, 13-14 mm., of pronotum, 3 mm., of tegmina,
12 mm., of hind femora, 10.5 mm.

Habitat—Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil. May and
June (H. H. Smith, collector). The type bears the additional label
2 TOOss

33. Amblytropidia vittata Giglio-Tos.

Amblytropidia vittata GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, No. 184,
p. 13 (1894); BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 631 (1906).
Habitat—Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, April to

July and September (H. H. Smith). Described from Luque, Para-

guay, and also reported from Sao Paulo, Brazil. A very distinct

species.

34. Amblytropidia corumb@ sp. nov.

Very similar to A. interior in general appearance, but differing
from it in the larger size, the shorter hind lobe of the pronotum, and
in having fewer spines on the outer margin of the hind tibie.

Head of medium size, in the male about as wide as in the female,
a little narrower than the anterior margin of the pronotum. Vertex
prominent, the fastigium decidedly wider than ‘the narrowest part
between the eyes, rounded, cribrately punctate, and provided with a
strong median carina, which continues across the occiput; eyes prom-
inent, elongate, fully twice (Q ) or almost three times (oc) the length
of the anterior edge of the cheeks below them. Frontal costa prom-
inent, broad, of equal width throughout, the lateral walls heavy,
in the male broadly sulcate throughout, in the female only below the
ocellus, but with the surface punctate above, the upper portion
between the fastigium and ocellus in both sexes exhibiting a coarse
median ridge. Antenne slender, filiform, in the female about as
long as the head and pronotum combined, in the male decidedly
longer. Pronotum quite strongly and cribrately punctate, its sides
parallel (o7) or slightly expanding on the hind lobe (@), the latter
plainly shorter than the anterior one; anterior margin of the disk
gently rounded, the posterior edge obtusangulate, with a very slight
emargination on either side. Tegmina and wings fully developed,
a very little surpassing the apex of the hind femora; the former of
moderate width, without a definite intercalary vein, except towards
the outer portion of the area, where a trace of one is present in the
female specimen before me. Hind femora somewhat slender and
elongate, the apical third noticeably more graceful than usual in.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 29

the section of the genus to which the present species belongs. Outer
row of spines on hind tibie thirteen in number. Mesosternal lobes
separated by a slightly elongate space, which is deeply cleft at middle
by a very profound longitudinal groove or sulcus, as in one or two
other species of the genus. ~

General color pale chocolate-brown, varied on the femora and
abdomen by testaceo-ferruginous. In the female there is a very marked
subcostal dirty white line bordered above by one of dark brown;
remainder of tegmina wood-brown and dimly and irregularly con-
spersed with fuscous flecks. Genicular area of hind femora and
immediate base of hind tibize strongly infuscated as in this sex of
robusta, australis, and minor.

Length of body, o’, 24.5 mm., 2, 36 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 4.35
mm., 9, 7 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 21 mm., 9, 30 mm.; of hind femora,
ey, 15-5 mm., 2, 23° mm.

Habitat—Corumba, Brazil, the o& in March, the Q in April.
Collected by H. H. Smith. Types (oc and 2) in Carnegie Museum.

35. Amblytropidia robusta Bruner.
Amblytropidia robusta BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 631, 632 (1906).
Habitat—Sapucay, Paraguay. Also at hand from Puerto Bertoni,
Paraguay, but not among the H. H. Smith material from Chapada
and other localities in southern Brazil.

36. Amblytropidia chapadensis Rehn.
Amblytropidia chapadensis REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 371 (1906).
Habitat.—Corumba and Chapada, Brazil, September to November
(H. H. Smith).
A similar, but somewhat slenderer species than the preceding.

37. Amblytropidia interior sp. nov.

About the same size and having the general appearance of the
North American species, A. occidentalis Saussure, but differing from
that insect in its somewhat more robust form and by having fifteen
instead of fourteen spines on the outer edge of the hind tibie. An-
terior and posterior lobes of the pronotum about equal in length.

Vertex between the eyes at its narrowest point a little less than the
width of the fastigium at its. widest part just in advance of their
upper anterior margin, the median carina rather broad and prominent

>

30 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

in front, becoming narrower and fainter posteriorly, but continuing
across the occiput to the anterior margin of the pronotum; disk and
top of head coarsely and shallowly punctulate. Eyes rather large,
but not especially prominent, in the male fully twice, in the female
one and two-thirds times the length of the anterior margin of the cheeks
immediately below them. Antenne filiform, not quite (2) or a
trifle longer (o") than the combined length of the head and pronotum,
the basal joints a little flattened, but not expanded; frontal costa
prominent, its sides rather coarse, nearly parallel, and reaching the
clypeus, the middle shallowly sulcate and coarsely punctulate, most
apparent below the ocellus. Face quite strongly oblique when viewed
in profile. Pronotum of moderate length, gently expanding caudad,
the two sections about equal in length, median carina prominent,
severed at middle by the last transverse sulcus; lateral carine weaker,
most apparent in front, becoming less strong and diverging evenly to
the rear; posterior margin obtusangulate, the disk feebly cribrately
punctulate, most apparent on the hind lobe, lateral lobes and pleura also
similarly marked. Tegmina and wings perfectly developed, passing
the tip of the abdomen in both sexes, the former without a definite
intercalary vein or definite sub-basal costal lobe. Hind femora fairly
slender, surpassing the tip of the abdomen about one-fourth (0) or
one-fifth (2) of their length; hind tibie fifteen-spined externally.
Interspace between the mesosternal lobes fully twice as long as broad
(o") or a little less (2 ).

General color dark wood-brown, more or less tinged with ferruginous
and testaceous on the abdomen above and below. Tegmina more or
less strongly maculate or conspersed along the disk with black or
fuscous. In some specimens the tegmina possess a pallid subcostal
line, and the disk of the pronotum and occiput are provided with
longitudinal fuscous and pallid lines. Wings vitreous; becoming very
faintly clouded apically. The principal longitudinal veins fuscous,
most of the cross-veins and the longitudinal veins on anal field pallid.

Length of body, o’, 20.5 mm., 2, 29 mm.; of pronotum, o', 4 mm.,
2,5 mm.; of tegmina, co’, 12 mm., 2, 23 mm.; of hind femora, o’,
13.5 mm.

Habitat.—Chapada, Brazil, from June to October. They bear the
number “2094” of H. H. Smith. Types in the Carnegie Museum.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 31

Genus STAURORHECTUS Giglio-Tos.
Staurorhectus G1GL10o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, XII, No. 302, p. 26
(1897).
The species of this genus are distributed over portions of Argentina,
Bolivia, Paraguay, and southern Brazil. The described forms may be
separated as follows:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF STAURORHECTUS.

A. Caudal femora without, or with rather indistinct, pregenicular annuli of
yellow.
b. Size large; female ranging from 30 to 38 mm. in length of body.
longicornis Giglio-Tos.
bb. Size medium; female ranging from 28 to 30 mm. in length of body.
longicornis variegatus Rehn.
AA. Caudal femora with very pronounced pregenicular annuli of yellow. Size
rather small.
b. Tegmina of both sexes much shorter than the abdomen. Antenne uni-
oxo) Layouts I EKel <4 aitra anc Ome Arai aeRO. o roreorc acl 4 0 Ofek brevipennis Rehn.
bb. Tegmina of both sexes equal to, or longer than, the abdomen. Antenne
Veakilsl jo Ullts Sato els cocuigO estas GO RSO MA OO.G acco intermedius sp. nov.

38. Staurorhectus longicornis Giglio-Tos.
Staurorhectus longicornis G1GLi1o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, XII, No. 302

p. 26 (1897).

Habitat—Corumba and Chapada near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso,
Brazil, where it was taken in large numbers from March to August
inclusive (H. H. Smith). The variation in color is great, and there is
also quite a disparity of size among the specimens at hand. None
of the individuals examined seem to belong to the form longicornts
variegatus Rehn (see Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 377 (1906)).

39. Staurorhectus brevipennis Rehn.
Staurorhectus brevipennis REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 377 (1906).
Habitat—Corumba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, during July (H. H.
Smith). Several specimens.

40. Staurorhectus intermedius sp. nov.

About the size of, and somewhat similar to, Staurorhectus brevipennis
Rehn, but differing from that insect in having the tegmina and wings
fully developed, the lateral carine of the pronotum almost obliterated
on the anterior lobe, and in having the long, slender, black antenne
pale-tipped. Valves of ovipositor similar to those of Amblyscapheus
glaucipes Rehn (lineatus Bruner).

32 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Head large, as long as, and a little wider than, the anterior edge of
the pronotum, the occiput a very little ascending above the level of
the former, the face viewed in profile rather strongly oblique; eyes
large and fairly prominent, oval, plainly longer than the anterior edge
of the cheeks immediately beneath them, separated on the vertex by
a space a trifle greater (o”) or fully one and one-half times the diameter
of the basal antennal joint (9), the fastigium horizontal, about as
long as wide in the male or plainly wider then long in the female,
deeply sulcate in the former in the form of the bowl of a spoon, in the
latter with a lunate sulcation immediately back of the front end,
antero-lateral carine meeting at front in an acute angle (o’) or forming
a very slightly obtuse angle (9), lateral foveole scarcely apparent.
Frontal costa narrowed above and roundly uniting with the fastigium,
plane above the ocellus, gradually widening, and continuous to the
clypeus, very gently sulcate at the ocellus; lateral or facial carine
prominent, rather strongly divergent below. Antenne graceful,
filiform, about equal to (2) or a third longer (o7) than the hind
femora. Pronotum a little longer than high, its sides about parallel,
the disk of the hind lobe flattened, rather profusely punctulate; the
lateral carine sharp and prominent, convergent to the principal sulcus,
interrupted till the immediate anterior edge of the front lobe, where
they appear as oblique dashes; median carina slender, but plainly
visible throughout; hind margin subangulate. Tegmina narrow, their
apex rounded, fully as long (2) or plainly surpassing the tip of the
abdomen (0), the dorsal field closely, but not prominently, veined,
the discal area without an intercalary vein. Hind femora long, rather
robust on basal half, but slender on apical half, extending beyond the
apex of the abdomen by one-fourth (@) or fully two-fifths of their
length (co). Hind tibiz provided with eleven spines in the outer
row. Valves of the ovipositor short and robust; last ventral segment
of the male abdomen short and roundly acuminate, the cerci moder-
ately robust, straight, evenly tapering, and, like the tibie and tarsi,
lengthily hirsute. Interspace between the mesosternal lobes slightly
transverse in both sexes.

Sides of head back of eyes, upper half of lateral lobes of pronotum,
upper edges of pleura and costal and discal fields of tegmina, black,
duller in the females; dorsal portion of tegmina grass-green, anterior
and middle legs greenish-olive, duller in females; fastigium, vertex,
and middle of occiput, together with the disk of pronotum, longi-

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 33

tudinally fasciate with flavous; front, lower portion of cheeks, lower
half of pleura, and underside of body, flavous tinged with green (0)
or pale testaceous tinged with olive (2). Hind femora chiefly orange-
red with the apex black, preceded by a prominent pale annulus; upper
edge of femora more or less conspersed with fuscous, and in the females
tinged with cinereous along the upper half of the outer disk; hind
tibia strongly infuscated, except for a rather prominent sub-basal
pale annulus. Antenne infuscated, or black, with the immediate
apical joints pallid.

Length of body, o&, 17.5 mm., 2, 25 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 3 mm.,
2.4.30 mm.; of tegmina, Oo, 12.5 mm., 9, 17.5 mm.; of hind femora,
Oia mm, 9; 17 mm.

Habitat—Three males and four females, Para, Brazil; one male,
Santarem, Brazil; and two females, Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto
Grosso, Brazil. April to June (H. H. Smith).

The types, o’ and 9, are deposited in the Carnegie Museum.

In some of its characters the present species approaches the genus
Amblyscapheus Bruner, as indicated above; but the robust form and
presence of lateral pronotal carine, although much interrupted, place
it in Staurorhectus Giglio-Tos, along with longicornis Giglio-Tos and
brewtpennis Rehn, both of which are before me, as I write. Three of
the females coming from Para have the dorsal field of the tegmina
testaceous, instead of green.

Genus Isonyx Rehn.
Isonyx REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1906, p. 36.
There is but a single species in the present genus which according

to its author is related to Borellia Rehn as well as to Stauwrorhectus
Giglio-Tos. Possibly it is also allied to Stereotettix Rehn.

41. Isonyx paraguayensis Rehn.
Isonyx paraguayensis REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1906, pp. 36-39, figs.

II-I3.

Habitat—Sapucay, Paraguay (Foster). This insect is not con-
tained in the H. H. Smith material now under examination, but as the
Chapada region has a fauna similar to that of Sapucay, Paraguay, it
evidently occurs in southern Brazil as well. In size it is the same
as Borellia carinata described by the same author.

34. ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Genus BORELLIA Rehn.
Borellia REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 379 (1906).
According to Rehn this genus is quite closely related to Staurorhectus
Giglio-Tos. Its representatives are confined, so far as known, to

southern Brazil.
42. Borellia carinata Rehn.

Borellia carinata REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 379-381 (1906).

Habitat.—-The large series of specimens at hand are labeled ‘‘Cha-
pada,”’ ‘“‘Chapada near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil,’’ and “Rio de
Janeiro.’’ They were taken during the months of May, June, July,
and October (H. H. Smith).

Genus EUPLECTROTETTIX Bruner.
Euplectrotettix BRUNER, Locusts of Argentina, pp. 38, 39 (1900).
A genus somewhat closely related to Scyllina Stal, but quite readily
separable from the latter by the pronotal characters. The species are
several in number and occur from southern Brazil southward.

43. Euplectrotettix ferrugineus Bruner.
Euplectrotettix ferrugineus BRUNER, Locusts of Argentina, pp. 39-40 (1900).
Habitat-—Several males are at hand from Chapada, Brazil, where
they were taken in September by H. H. Smith.

44. Euplectrotettix scyllinzformis sp. nov.

Robust, grayish, mottled with brunneo-ferruginous and fuscous,
vertex without the least trace of lateral foveole, the lateral carine of
pronotum present only on the anterior edge of the front lobe. Hind
tibie red, without pallid basal annulus, the external margin ten-spined.

Head large, a little wider than the anterior portion of the pronotum,
the occiput evenly rounded and somewhat elevated above the general
level of the disk of pronotum; eyes of moderate size, not prominent,
rather widely separated above; the vertex short, blunt, nearly twice
as wide as long and transversely deeply lunately sulcate, the area
usually occupied by the lateral foveole coarsely punctulate; frontal
costa roundly confluent with the vertex, of nearly equal width through-
out, not prominent, in no manner sulcate, rather uniformly punctulate,
even below the ocellus. Antenne filiform, rather heavy, and about
as long as the head and pronotum combined. Pronotum gently
constricted at middle, the posterior margin but little wider than the

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 35

anterior, median carina moderately developed; hind margin sub-
angulate. Tegmina of normal width, without intercalary vein, the
costal margin not fenestrate as in ferrugineus, the most nearly allied
species of the genus. Hind femora normal, surpassing the apex of the
abdomen by the length of the genicular portion, the tibie weakly
spined, and with rather small, not very unequal, inner claws.

General color as described above; the tegmina irregularly con-
spersed with brunneo-fuscous, beyond the middle showing a tendency
towards maculation. Hind femora with traces of fuscous bands
above, a preapical annulation below, and internally deep coral-red.

Length of body, o’, 19 mm.; of pronotum, 3.6 mm.; of tegmina, 18
mm.; of hind femora, 12.5 mm.

Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, September (H. H. Smith).

The type is the only specimen at hand. It is the property of the

Carnegie Museum.
Genus SCYLLINA Stal.

Scyllina STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, pp. 94, 112 (1873).

Pseudostauronotus G1iGLio-Tos (nec Brunner), Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst., VIII, p. 801
(1894).

Plectrophorus MCNEILL (nec Férrussac), Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., VI, pp. 198,
258 (1900).

Plectrotettix MCNEILL, Psyche, VIII, p. 71 (1897).

45. Scyllina uniformis Rehn.
Scyllina uniformis REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 384 (1906).
Habitat—Chapada near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, during the
months of April to July inclusive (H. H. Smith).

46. Scyllina brunneri (Giglio-Tos).
Pseudostauronotus brunneri GiGLio-Tos, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. Syst., VIII, p. 810

(1894).
Scyllina brunneri REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 385 (1906).

Habitat.—Chapada, Brazil, March and April (H. H. Smith). It is
also known from Caiza, Bolivia, and Paraguay.

47. Scyllina suffusa Rehn.
Scyllina suffusa REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 385-387 (1906).
Habitat—Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil, in September (H. H.
Smith).
Not recognized among the material at hand, but there remains
quite a lot of specimens of the genus which have not been carefully
studied.

36 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

48. Scyllina smithi Rehn.
Scyllina smithi REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 387-388 (1906).
Habitat—Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil; also Rio
de Janeiro (H. H. Smith). They were taken during the period em-
braced by the months of April to October inclusive.

49. Scyllina schistocercoides Rehn.
Scyllina schistocercoides REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 388-390 (1906).
Habitat.—May to October at Corumba and Chapada, Brazil (H. H.
Smith).
Several other species of the genus undoubtedly occur in the same
general region. They are S. brasiliensis, conspersa, varipes Bruner,
and S. borellii Giglio-Tos.

Genus STEREOTETTIX Rehn.
Stereotettix REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 381 (1906).

50. Stereotettix paralogistes Rehn.
Stereotettix paralogistes REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 381 (1906).

The collection contains a large series of a small grasshopper, which
I refer to this species. Both sexes are represented. Aside from con-
siderable variation in color and some in size, there are two distinct
types of pronotal structure as regards the lateral carine. In the
typical form these are complete, straight, and nearly parallel. In the
other form they are interrupted and rather strongly arcuate, as in
Stiropleura. A few specimens are at hand, in which these carine are
present only as short antericr and posterior extremities of what might
have been decussate lines (><). Since there are no apparent other
differences in the two forms, and intermediate forms exist, not even
varietal names need be suggested. Only in those individuals having
these carine interrupted to a greater or lesser degree is there a notice-
able tendency towards arcuation.

Habitat.—Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, March to
October (H. H. Smith).

In some of the individuals there is also a tendency towards wing
abbreviation, in which case the tips of these members do not reach
the apex of the abdomen. This feature is usually, but not always,
most apparent among the females.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. ay

Genus STIRAPLEURA Scudder.
Stirapleura SCUDDER, in Wheeler, Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv., W.
rooth Merid., 1876, Append. JJ, p. 290 (1876).

51. Stirapleura brunnea Rehn?
Stirapleura brunnea REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 390 (1906).

Several specimens of a locust, which appears to be most closely
related to the present species, are before me. While these insects
are quite variable in their coloration, and to some extent also in the
formand prominence of the lateral carinz of the pronotum, they might
all be included under a single species. Rehn’s measurement of the
pronotal length of his types, however, is too great by .5 mm. for the
males and by .7 mm. for the females now at hand. Otherwise they
agree almost exactly.

I had placed this insect aside under the manuscript name Pellopedon
obscurum, and should a remeasurement of Rehn’s types prove the
figures as given by him to be correct, I would then consider the two
forms distinct, and suggest the above name for these individuals.
The present form and the insect described by Rehn as Stereotettix
paralogistes are also rather closely related generically.

Habitat—Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, May to
September (H. H. Smith). » Numerous specimens of both sexes. Col-

lection of Carnegie Museum.

Family LOCUSTID 4 [Cdipodide].
This family is very poorly represented in South America, and is

especially so in the present collection.

Genus CCLOPTERNA Stal.
Celoptera STAL, Oefv. Vet.-Akad. Forh., XXX, no. 4, p. 53 (1873).
Only a single species of this subaquatic G£dipodine genus is known,
notwithstanding its rather wide distribution.

52. Ceelopterna acuminata (De Geer).

Acrydium acuminatum DE GEER, Mém. Ins., III, p. 501, pl. 42, fig. 10 (1773).

Celopterna acuminata STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. £45 (1873).

? Paulinia mucosa BLANCHARD, in D’Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., VI, no. 2, p. 216,
pl. 27, fig. 6 (1843).

Celopterna stalli ScuDDER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, p. 277 (1875).

Epacromia selecta WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., V, Suppl., p. 84 (1871).

Celopterna acuminata var. brevipennis GiGLIo-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino,

IX, no. 184, p. 7 (1894).

388 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Habitat—Corumba, Brazil, and Asuncion, Paraguay (H. H. Smith).

As suggested by the present writer in a former publication (Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 637) this insect is more or less aquatic inits
habits. It is also nocturnal and is best collected after night, wher it
is attracted to bright lights.

Family OMMEXYCHID.

The representatives of the present family are medium-sized to large
locusts, with more or less strongly rugose, or even with spined, pronotum
and hind femora. They all belong to the South American continent,
where the majority of forms occur to the southward of the equator,
even entering the pampean region of Argentina as far as the Rio Negro.
The different species are frequently confined to special food-plants,
upon which they congregate in large numbers.

The four genera belonging to the family are separated as follows:

TABLE FOR DETERMINING THE GENERA OF OMMEXYCHID.

A. Body more or less graceful and cylindrical, somewhat rugose. The antenne
filiform. Pronotum feebly carinated.

b. Tegmina and wings fully developed, extending considerably beyond the
tip of the abdomen in both sexes. Carine of hind femorasmooth. In-
ternal angles of the mesosternal lobes rounded at apex. Parossa nom. nov.*

bb. Tegmina and wings frequently abbreviated. Carine of the hind femora
toothed or crenulated. Internal angles of the mesosternal lobes not
TFOUNG CGiarcz cssterape phere rani epeheta Ot ootoeens eee euaiste aes Ommexecha Serville.
AA. Body very obese and greatly depressed; coarsely tuberculate, carinated, and
spined. Antenne with the joints somewhat flattened, subensiform.

Pronotal carina always more or less cristate.

b. Tegmina and wings present. Pronotum without lateral toothed, leaf-like
expansion; its hind border broadly angulated, and adorned with five
flat, tooth-like projections, the middle one furcate...Spathalium Bolivar.

bb. Tegmina and wings missing. Pronotum furnished at lower lateral edges
with a toothed, leaf-like expansion; its hind border broadly rounded,
and adorned with a series of six distinct, heavy, blunt spines.
Grea Philippi.
Genus PAROSSA nom. nov.

Ossa GIGLIO-Tos (nec Motscu.), Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 15

(1894).

Paulinia KirBy (nec BLANCHARD), Syn. Cat. Orthopt. Brit. Mus., III, p. 296,

(1910).

3 The insect described and figured by Blanchard (D’Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid.
VI, No. 2, p. 216, pl. 27, fig. 6 (1843), and which Kirby considers congeneric with
Ossa bimaculata and O. viridis of Giglio-Tos, seems more likely to represent the
Acrydium acuminata De Geer. Hence the suggestion of the name Parossa to

eplace the preoccupied name Ossa of Giglio-Tos.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 39

53. Parossa bimaculata (Giglio-Tos).

Ossa bimaculata G1GLi10-Tos, Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 17 (1894).
Paulinia bimaculata Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 296 (1910).

Habitat—Chapada, Brazil! (H. H. Smith).

Genus OMMEXECHA Serville.

Ommexecha SERVILLE, Ann. Sci. Nat., XII, p. 285 (1831).

54. Ommexecha servillei Blanchard.

Ommexecha servillei BLANCHARD, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, V, p. 613, pl. 22, figs. 2,
3 (1836).

Habitat—Corumba, Brazil, during March and April (H. H. Smith).

55. Ommexecha brunneri Bolivar?
Ommexecha brunneri BOLIVAR, An. Soc. Espafi., XIII, pp. 28, 493 (1884).
Habitat—Benevides and Para, Brazil, where specimens, which are
referred here with doubt, were taken in the months of May and July

by H. H. Smith.

56. Ommexecha germari Burmeister.
Ommexecha germari BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 655 (1838).
Habitat—Specimens of both sexes are at hand. They come from

Corumba, Brazil, where they were collected in March and April by

Eee Smith:
Genus SPATHALIUM Bolivar.

Spathalium Boutvar, An. Soc. Espafi., XIII, pp. 21, 30, 493 (1884).

57. Spathalium serrulatum (Thunberg)?
Gryllus serratulus THUNBERG, Mém. Acad. Petersb., IX, 396, 414 (1824).
Ommexecha serrulata STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 136 (1873).
Habitat—Specimens of an insect referred with some doubt to this.
species are at hand. They were collected at Chapada, Brazil, during
March and November by H. H. Smith.

58. Spathalium bolivari sp. nov.

A comparatively large, rather robust locust, with beautiful blue
wings, in which the basal part is black, more or less conspersed with
hyaline points, veins, and cross-veins mostly deep cerulean. General
color of insect brownish purple, or vinaceous.

Head, pronotum, pleura, and femora granulately tuberculate and

40 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

rugose. Head large, in both sexes a little narrower than the anterior
edge of the pronotum; occiput ascending, transversely rugose or
wrinkled, separated from the vertex by a rather definite, but somewhat
interrupted, transverse carina, which extends from eye to eye near
their upper posterior margin; vertex even with the top of the eyes,
not at all (9) or only gently (o") depressed at middle, quite evenly
sloping downward anteriorly, and suddenly narrowed just in advance
of the eyes at the fastigium to the width of the frontal costa; latter
quite prominent between the antenne, deeply sulcate, viewed laterally,
produced anteriorly?as far as the length of the rather large basal
antennal joints; ocellus‘located high on the front, being on a line
with the lower edge of the antennz, the costa somewhat interrupted,
but in a manner continuous to the clypeus. Antenne rather slender
for a representative of this group, the basal joints somewhat flattened,
but nowise giving these appendages an ensiform appearance, about
fifteen-jointed. Eyes small, globular, the diameter about one-half
(o") or slightly less (Q ) than the length of the anterior margin of the
cheeks immediately below them. Pronotum with the anterior, pos-
terior, and lateral margins quite conspicuously tuberculately spined,
greatly expanding behind, the median carina quite strongly developed
on the anterior lobe and so profoundly severed by the transverse sulci
as to form two rather prominent triangular posteriorly directed teeth,
on the posterior lobe continuous, low and narrow, hind margin of disk
obtusangulate, remarkably thickened and provided along its upper
edge with about six tubercular spines on each side of the middle.
Tegmina and wings complete, a little longer than the abdomen in both
sexes; the former tapering, coriaceous, profusely, but not strongly,
veined, in the disk some of the cross-veins heavier and forming a series
of oblique carine; the tegmina are also conspicuously marked by two
or three longitudinal series of hyaline spots, which are without the
characteristic veining of the other portions of the member. Hind
wings one-half longer than wide, pointed, rather sparsely veined.
Abdomen robust at base, rapidly and evenly tapering caudad. Hind
femora quite strongly compressed, the superior carina hirsute, scarcely
serrate, and not at all undulate; outer disk not regularly pinnate,
but instead, rather coarsely and irregularly squamose; genicular
lobes acuminate. Hind tibiz robust, about as long as the femora,
nine- to ten-spined externally, eleven- to twelve-spined internally.
Mesostefnum very broad, the interspace between the lobes fully

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 41

twice as wide as the lobes themselves, the inner margin of the lobes
very oblique and broadly rounded. Anterior margin of the proster-
num strongly carinate, gradually rising from the sides towards the
middle, where it culminates in a fairly long acuminate spine. Dorsum
of mesothorax provided immediately beneath the hind lobe of the
pronotum with a conspicuous red cere, yhich shows only during flight,
when the wings are expanded, or when the front edge of the pronotum
is depressed—a ‘“‘catch color’? common to both sexes, but most con-
spicuous in the female.

General color, as indicated above, dark vinaceous-brown or purplish;
on the face, cheeks, sides of pronotum, pleura, and femora more or
less cinereo-testaceous, often tinged with brown and _ ferruginous.
Abdomen bluish-black above, on sides and below testaceous and
tinged with roseate, orange, or ferruginous. Anterior and middle
tibiz fasciate with fuscous; hind femora below infuscated, internally
fasciate with fuscous, the entire genicular area and basal fourth of
tibiz strongly piceous, the latter apically becoming vinaceous. An-
tenne fuscous, fasciate with flavous.

Length of body, o’, 18.5 mm., 9, 32.5 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 5.1
mm., 2,8 mm.; greatest width of pronotum, 0, 6.5 mm., 9, 10 mm.;
length of tegmina, o’, 14 mm., 2, 25 mm.: of hind femora, o’, 9.5
mm., 9, 14 mm.

Habitat——Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, where it
was taken from November to April by H. H. Smith, “No. 2083.”
Types in the collection of the Carnegie Museum.

This insect bears some resemblance at least in the color of the wings
to Ommexecha cerulans Bolivar, but is much larger.

Family PYRGOMORPHID&.

Genus ALGETE Bolivar.
Algete BOLtIvar, Bol. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., V, p. 213 (1905).

59. Algete brunneri Bolivar.
Algete brunneri BOLIVAR, Bol. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., V, p. 214 (1905).

Habitat—Pernambuco, Brazil, during the month of May (coll. L.
Bruner). Not contained among the H. H. Smith material.

This insect was found feeding on a herbaceous plant very similar
to the common “Catnip.” This plant grew in profusion on the
premises of an abandoned homestead in the outskirts of the city.
Specimens were taken 7m coitu.

42 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Genus OmurRA Walker. .
Omura WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., III, p. 503 (1870).

60. Omura congrua Walker.
Omura congrua WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., III, p. 503 (1870).
Protomachus depressus STAL, Bihang Svensk. Akad. Handl., IV, no. 5, p. 53 (1876).
Habitat—The collection contains specimens of this insect coming
from both Para and Santarem, Brazil. They were collected during
the months of April to July inclusive.

61. Omura congrua var. brunneri n. var.

Very similar to the typical form, but differing from it in being much
smoother, in having shorter antenne, and inits somewhat smaller size.
Length of body, o’, 30 mm., 9, 46 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 4.6 mm.,
9,7 mm.; of antenne, o' and 9, 8.5 mm.; of hind femora, ©,
2mm, «2 617 aim:
Habitat——Demerara, British Guiana, March and April, 1901 (R. J.
Crew, collector).
Specimens of this insect are in the collection of the present writer.

Family CYRTACANTHACRID£: (Acridiide).

The spine-breasted locusts comprise by far the most extensive
family of these insects for the world as a whole. Especially is this
statement true as regards the American continent, where its repre-
sentatives greatly outnumber those of all the other families of locusts
combined. Not only do we find a preponderance of species in the
group, but of genera as well; and in many instances the individuals.
of species are likewise excessive. It is among the representatives of
this family that we find the greatest diversity in size, form, coloration,
and even of habits. Our largest, and, aside from some of the grouse-
locusts, smallest, representatives of the suborder belong here. Most
of the species, which are at times present in different regions of America
as pests, are likewise members of this family. .

Living among the rankest vegetation in forest, jungle, swamp,
savanna, or pampa, prairie, plain, and even in desert regions, as a
majority of the representatives of the family do, an unusually large
percentage of the forms still remain unknown. Notwithstanding this
fact upwards of one hundred and forty distinct genera are already
known from the South American continent alone. Every small col--

BRUNER: SCUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA 43

lection coming from any part of that country contains both new genera
and species. The present collection, as will be observed by an
examination of succeeding pages, furnishes a very fair quota of such
forms.

When we consider the comparatively small tracts and few sections
of that vast country, which have been visited and explored by collec-
tors, as compared with the portions, which still remain unexplored,
we cannot avoid wondering what the great forests and swampy
districts of the tropics will yield to the votaries of science in the way
of future discoveries in the family.

It had been the intention of the writer at this time to present a care-
fully prepared synopsis of the South American genera of this family.
A dearth of the proper material and lack of sufficient time has, however,
necessitated its postponement to some future date.

Genus PRIONOLOPHA Stal.
Prionolopha StAv, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 27 (1873).

The present genus was erected for the reception of the Gryllus
(Bulla) serratus of Linnzus, which occurs throughout most of tropical
America. According to orthopterologists there is but a single species
recognized, although many synonyms have been created by the
description of supposedly distinct forms.

62. Prionolopha serrata (Linnzus).

Gryllus (Bulla) serratus LINNEUS, Syst. Nat., roth ed., p. 427 (1758).

Acridium serratum DE GEER, Mem. Ins., III, no. 10, p. 493, pl. 41, fig. 6 (1773).

Gryllus serratus FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., II, 6, p. 288 (1775).

Pamphagus serratus THUNBERG, Mém. Acad. Petersb., V, p. 260 (1815).

Xiphocera serrata BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 614 (1838).

Tropinotus serratus SERVILLE, Ann. Sci. Nat., XXII, p. 273 (1839).

Prionolopha serrata STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 44 (1873).

& Acrydium serratofasciatum DE GEER, Mem. Ins., III, no. 11, p. 495, pl. 42, fig. 2
(1773). .

& Pamphagus lateralis THUNBERG, Mém. Acad. Petérsb., V, p. 260 (1815).

Gryllus Locusta cymbiformis STOLL, Spectres, Saut., p. 12, pl. 4b, figs. 14, 15 (1813).

Pamphagus cymbiformis BLANCHARD, Hist. Ins., III, p. 38 (1840).

Gryllus Locusta scutatus STOLL, Spect., Saut., p. 39, pl. 210, fig. 81 (1813).

Acrydium dentatum OLtvier, Encycl. Meth., VI, p. 216 (1791).

Xiphocera elegans WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., III, p. 528 (1870).

Habitat.—Specimens of this insect in the present collection are at
hand from Para, Chapada, and Corumba, Brazil (H. H. Smith).

44 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

The specimens from Corumba are decidedly larger and more robust
than the others. They also differ in having longer and heavier hind
legs with much longer spines on the inner side of the hind tibia, while
the crest of the pronotum is higher and more evenly arcuate than in
individuals examined from elsewhere. Specimens of the present
species have been examined by me from Central America, U. S. of
Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana, Trinidad, Paraguay, Peru, and
Ecuador.

Genus ALCAMENES Stal.
Alcamenes STAL, Bihang Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, no. 4, pp. 14, 54 (1878).

The genus Alcamenes Stal is strictly South American, and its repre-
sentatives are confined to southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northern
Argentina. Several distinct species are known. These insects are
rather closely related to the genus Prionolopha of the same author.
The annexed table will aid in the separation of the species so far
as known:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF ALCAMENES.
A. Pronotum with the median carina tectiformly elevated. The posterior lobe
much longer than the anterior.
b. Anterior and middle sulci of the pronotum obsolete above. Tegmina twice
maculate. Hind tibie twelve- to thirteen-spined in outer row.
granulatus Stal.
bb. Anterior and middle sulci of the pronotum strongly impressed, cutting the
crest. Hind tibiz ten- to eleven-spined externally.
c. Tegmina not maculate.
d. Tegmina lanceolate, one-half to three-fourths the length of the
abdomen, the costal border only gently lobate.. .cristatus Bruner.
dd. Tegmina acuminate, very short, not extending beyond the apex of
second abdominal segment, the costal border very strongly lobate.
lobipennis sp. nov.
cc. Tegmina at least faintly maculate, their hind border strongly arcuate
and! pale “borderedts sae ioe one brevipennis Giglio-Tos?
AA. Pronotum with the crest only moderately elevated. The posterior lobe shorter
than the anterior one.
b. ‘Body slender. The posterior sulcus of the pronotum a little more prominent
than the others. Hind margin obtuse. Hind femora slender.
brevicollis Stal.
bb. Body robust. The posterior sulcus of the pronotum strongly impressed.
Hind margin a right angle. Hind femora tumid at base.
clarazianus Pictet et Saussure.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 45

.

63. Alcamenes lobipennis sp. nov.

Having about the same size and general build as A. cristatus Bruner,
but readily separated from that species by the very strongly lobate
anterior border of the much shorter tegmina, and the smaller and less
prolonged last ventral segment of the male abdomen.

Head large, fully as wide as the front edge of the pronotum: the
occiput and cheeks rounded, the former finely transversely rugose, the
latter smooth; eyes prominent, elliptical, a very little narrower above,
in the male as long as, and in the female one and one-fourth times the
length of the anterior edge of the cheeks below them; fastigium hori-
zontal, in the male very gently acuminate, in the female a little obtuse,
the disk flat, somewhat rugoso-granulate and provided with a well-
defined median carina which continues over the occiput to the antevior
angle of the pronotum; frontal costa most prominent above between
the base of the antenne and the union with the fastigium, where it is
as narrow as the diameter of the second antennal joint, from this joint
evenly divérgent below and fading so as to be nearly obliterated
before reaching the clypeus, scarcely sulcate. Face shallowly and
coarsely punctulate. Pronotum rugoso-granulose, on disk of hind lobe
with vien-like raised lines, strongly tectate; the anterior lobe shorter
than the posterior one, all three transverse sulci profound, and deeply
severing the crest which is smooth, anterior edge slightly acute, the
posterior edge very much so; the posterior border of the lateral lobes
and the lateral edges of the hind prolongation of disk forming together
a continuous are. Tegmina short, not extending beyond the middle
of the third (o’) or the second (2 ) abdominal segment, the basal half
of the costal field very strongly lobed, the lower extremity of lobe
almost touching the hind coxal scrobe. Abdomen compressed, cari-
nate, tapering, the last ventral segment of the male small, compressed,
acuminate; supra-anal plate triangularly acuminate, tectate, its
middle on basal two-thirds deeply sulcate; cerci small, conical, hir-
sute. Posterior femora comparatively slender, very slightly exceed-
ing the abdomen in length, their carine faintly serrate. Antenne
robust, the basal joints slightly depressed; in the male as long as,
in the female about three-fourths the length of the hind femora.
Posterior tibiz eleven-spined on outer margin. Prosternal spine
robust, long, the apical half strongly bent to the rear, its apex gently
overlapping the front edge of mesosternum.

General color of typical specimens apple-green, slightly varied by

46 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

piceous, dull brown, and testaceous. Lateral margins of fastigium
together with upper antennal fovee piceous to glossy black imme-
diately in advance of the eyes. Ocelli amber-yellow; the eyes ochra-
ceous. Lateral carine of male faintly embrowned, as are the upper
edges of the hind femora and the tibie. Tibial spines pallid at base,
the apical portion black. Antenne greenish basally, becoming some-
what infuscated apically, most pronouncedly so in the male.

Length of body, o, 32 mm., 2, 45 mm.; of pronotum, 07, 16.5
mm., 9, 22.5 mm.; of tegmina, co’, 8 mm:., 9, 10 mm:; of hind
femora, 0’, 18 mm., 9, 22.5 mm.

Habitat——Chapada, near Matto Grosso, Brazil, May (H. H. Smith).
The types are contained in the collection of the Carnegie Museum.

Two additional specimens (o' and @) are at hand. They come
from thesame locality. These are uniformly dark wood-brown instead
of green. The male was taken during March, the female in August.

64. Alcamenes brevipennis (Giglio-Tos) ?
Prionolopha brevipennis GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, XV, no. 377,

p. 4 (1900).

Among the material at hand is a single female specimen of another
species of Alcamenes which is very doubtfully referred to Prionolopha
brevipennis Giglio-Tos. The description published by the author of that
species is so brief as not to be at all characteristic and could be applied
to one of several species of Alcamenes. His insects were undoubtedly
green or greenish, varied with fuscous and black on the head and
pronotum. The specimen at hand is dark brunneo-ferruginous
with a black bordered pronotal crest and a pallid dorsal edge on the
closed tegmina, which latter also exhibit traces on the disk of dull
fuscous mottlings. The hind femora are rather robust, the carine
quite strongly spined and the upper lateral apices prominently toothed.
In size this specimen agrees fairly well with the measurements of
Giglio-Tos so far as the pronotum, length of the tegmina and of the
hind femora are concerned, but, instead of measuring 55 mm. in length,
as mentioned by him, this one is fully 70 mm. long.

Habitat—This insect comes from Corumba, Brazil, where it
was taken during the month of March (H. H. Smith). It is the
property of the Carnegie Museum.

Should this insect prove to be distinct from brevipennis Giglio-Tos
it may be known as Alcamenes marginipennis.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 47

Genus MunatIiA Stal.
Munatia STAL, Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., III, no. 14, p. 28 (1875).

65. Munatia minor (Giglio-Tos).
Procolpia minor GiG.Li1o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p.17 (1894).
? Munatia australis BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 644 (1906).

Habitat—There are specimens at hand from Chapada, Para,
Rio de Janeiro, etc., as well as from Montevideo. They were col-
lected from March to November (H. H. Smith).

There are great variations in robustness, length of wing, coloration,
etc., in the measurements of specimens before me as I write, possibly
sufficient to warrant the making of at least two, if not three species.
The generic affinities of these insects are certainly closer to Munatia
than to Procolpia as suggested by both Rehn and Giglio-Tos.

Genus CoLpoLopHa Stal.
Colpolopha Stat, CEfv. Vet.-Akad. Forh., XXX, no. 4, p. 53 (1873).

66. Colpolopha obsoleta (Serville).

Tropinotus obsoletus SERVILLE, Ann. Sci. Nat., XXII, p. 274 (1831).

Xiphocera obsoleta BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 613 (1838).

Colpolopha obsoleta PICTET ET SAUSSURE, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., VII, p. 338
(1887).

Xiphocera basalis WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt., Brit. Mus., III, p. 522 (1870).
Habitat—The present collection contains specimens, which were

collected during June and July at Para, Brazil (H. H. Smith).

Genus DIEDRONOTUS Bolivar.

Diedronotus BOLIvAR, Bol. Soc. Espafi., VI, p. 396 (1906).

Tropinotus SERVILLE (nec Kuhl), Ann. Sci. Nat., XXII, p. 272 (1831); STAL,
Recens. Orthopt., I, pp. 27, 44 (1873); BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX,
pp. 640, 645 (1906).

Tropidonotus STAL (nec Schleg.), Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, no. 4, p. 14
(1874); PicTET ET SAUSSURE, Mitth. Schweiz, Ent. Ges., VII, p. 335 (1887);
GIGL1o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, XIII, no. 311, p. 41 (1898).

The genus Diedronotus Bolivar (Tropinotus Serville) is confined
to tropical America, where it is represented by a rather large number
of attractive species. While enjoying a range extending from
Yucatan in the north to the Rio Negro in the Argentine Republic,
its center of distribution seems to be in southern Brazil and Paraguay.
At least fifteen species have been heretofore described. To these

48 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

two others are now added. All of these may be separated by the
subjoined synoptic table.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF DIEDRONOTUS.

A. Crest of the pronotum more or less crenulate, or even serrulate, posteriorly.
Genicular angles of the hind femora acute, a little lengthened.
b. Tegmina and body cinereous, testaceous, or ferrugineous, usually, but not
always, more or less mottled or streaked with brown or fuscous.

c. Markings of the tegmina either large and forming more or less well-defined
bands, or else showing as longitudinal lines along the principal
veins.

d. Hind tibiz twelve-spined. The anterior field as well as the disk of
the wing chiefly rose-color. [U. S. of Colombia.]
yosulentus Stal.
dd. Hind tibiae nine- to eleven-spined. The anterior field of the wing
more or less completely infuscated.

e. Hind femora very long, reaching considerably beyond the tip
of the abdomen in both sexes. Crest of the pronotum
deeply cleft by all three sulci, the lobes distinctly separated.

discoideus Serville.
ee. Hind femora shorter, only reaching the tip of the abdomen (@ )
or but little surpassing it (co). Crest of the pronotum less
deeply cleft, the lobes at least closely approximate.
f. Tegmina moderately slender, the apex quite obliquely trun-
cate, in some instances decidedly acuminate. ,

g. Maculation of tegmina typical, consisting of several
transverse bars and large blotches and distributed
over most of the wing......22...-2.- angulatus Stal.

gg. Maculation of tegmina almost or quite wanting.

h. Size small. Tegmina and wings but little surpassing
the apex of the abdomen. General color of the
tegmina testaceo-ferruginous, marked on basal half
with a large triangular spot. [Cordoba, Argentina.]

schulzi Bruner.
hh. Size large. Tegmina long, slender, acuminate, pale
cinereous, the infuscation of tegmina confined
chiefly to the longitudinal veins. [Western Brazil
and sMast, Shere per seers ener strigalus sp. nov.
ff. Tegmina unusually wide.
g. Pronotal carina high and strongly arched, wings not
especially infuscated. [Yucatan and Honduras.]
mexicanus Bruner.
gg. Pronotal carina of moderate elevation, not strongly
arched; wings strongly bordered with deep fuscous.
[Miontevideo:]|; taeacissareie cee fuscipennis sp. nov.
cc. Markings of tegmina small, irregularly scattered over the wing, save fora
row in basal half of the discal area.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 49

d. Pronotum short, the crest low, and but little produced posteriorly.
Hind tibiz with nine spines in the outer row.
modestus Giglio-Tos.
dd. Pronotum longer, considerably produced posteriorly. Hind tibiz
with ten spines in the outer row........... conspersus Bruner.
bb. Tegmina-and body uniformly colored, without maculations or conspersing.
c. Tegmina, as well as entire body and legs, green.. .imsignis Giglio-Tos.
cc. Tegmina, body, and legs uniformly dull brown, save a paler dorsal stripe
Onsthie formers: 2) fev4n seh os isa ears iste sre heltaten weal oir affinis Bruner.
AA. Crest of the pronotum smooth posteriorly. Genicular angles of the hind
femora shorter and more rounded.
b. Hind tibia provided with fewer (ten) spines in outer row.
c. General form somewhat graceful; markings of tegmina very regular.

Crest of the pronotum evenly arched............. regularis Bruner.
cc. General form rather robust; markings of tegmina somewhat irregular.
Crest of pronotum less evenly arched............... guarani Rehn.

bb. Hind tibia provided with more (eleven to nineteen) spines in outer row.
Color variable.
c. Color in part, or largely, green; the discal area of tegmina with, or with-
out, dark spots.

d. Posterior femora punctate, and with all the carine nigro-serrate.
Hind tibiz armed with eleven or twelve spines on the outer
margin. [San Leopold, Central Brazil|p4..5. scabripes Stal.

dd. Posterior femora nearly smooth, only partially nigro-punctate on
the carine. Hind tibize armed with thirteen to sixteen spines
on outer row.

e. Larger and more robust (male 36, female 51 mm.); the disk of the
tegmina provided with a row of prominent dark subquad-
rate spots. Hind femora rather robust basally. Hind
tibiae thirteen or fourteen-spined............ levipes Stal.

ee. Smaller and slenderer (male 33, female 40 mm.); disk of tegmina
immaculate, or only showing traces of the discal spots.

f. General color ochraceous, varied with chestnut and cinnamon-
brown. Outer row of spines on hind tibize numbering
thirteen to fifteen. [Chapada, Brazil.]

altenuatus Rehn.

ff. General color at least of pronotum and tegmina largely green.
Outer row of spines on hind tibia numbering fifteen

to sixteen. [Sao Paulo, Brazil.]...... gracilis Bruner.

Color ochreous or ferrugineo-testaceous.

d. Hind tibiz with ten to twelve spines in outer row, crest of pronotum

arcuate. Tegmina with a pale costal line....... lineatus Bruner.

dd. Hind tibiz with eighteen to nineteen spines in outer row, crest of

pronotum straight. Tegmina without a costal line.

laufferi Bolivar.

50 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

67. Diedronotus angulatus (Stal).
Tropinotus angulatus STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 44 (1873).
Tropidonotus angulatus STAL, Obs. Orthopt., III, p. 19 (1878).
Habitat—Corumba and Chapada, Brazil (H. H. Smith).
The specimens at hand are somewhat variable in color, but are
quite typical of the species as found elsewhere.

68. Diedronotus strigatus sp. nov.
Tropinotus strigatus BRUNER, Hore Soc. Ent. Rossice, XXXIX, p. 469 (1910)

(MS.).

A moderately large, somewhat slender species, in which the tegmina
are narrow and quite long, with the apex acuminate. Lateral angles
of the disk on the pronotum strongly toothed. General color tes-
taceo-cinereous, more or less strongly strigate with grayish fuscous,
and without the usual large transverse maculations.

Head fully as wide as the anterior edge of the pronotum, the occiput
short, gently arcuate, and quite prominently transversely ridged,
especially in the female; vertex between the eyes about equal in
width to the shorter diameter of one of them, the fastigium flat,
triangular, the apex slightly acute, even in the female, its lateral
edges straight, slightly raised above the disk, disk provided with
a longitudinal carina which continues posteriorly across the occiput.
Frontal costa fairly prominent, sulcate, finely punctate, its sides
evenly divergent, continuous to the clypeus. Antenne slender,
the basal joints depressed or flattened. Eyes fairly prominent,
as long as the anterior edge of the cheeks below them. Pronotum as
well as head and body studded with sharp granulations and with
the lateral carine prominent, straight, evenly divergent behind and
strongly toothed, their hind end forming a distinct angle with the hind
margin of disk; crest or median carina moderately high, profoundly
severed by the transverse sulci and strongly crenulato-serrulate
towards the hind margin. Posterior and anterior margins of disk
acuminate, the former very much so. Tegmina and wings long and
narrow, the former decidedly acuminate at their apex. Posterior
femora strongly serrate, about normal in length, rather slender on
apical half, the genicular lobes acute. Hind tibia long and slender,
ten-spined on the outer margin. Prosternal spine compressed, the
apex directed to the rear at almost a right angle.

General color testaceo-griseous, minutely and sparsely flecked

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 51

throughout with black granules. The tegmina conspicuously strigate
with fuscous along the border and longitudinal veins. Wings with
the disk and border colored much as in 7. angulatus Stal. Sides of
pronotum and pleura also more or less strigate with fuscous. Hind
tibiz of the general color, the spines black-tipped.

Length of body, o’, 31 mm., 2, 45 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 11 mm.,
Q,15.5 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 29 mm., 2, 41 mm.; of hind femora, o’,
20 mm., 2, 26 mm.

Habitat.—This insect comes from Chapada, Brazil, where it was
collected by H. H. Smith. The type is contained in the collection
of the Carnegie Museum.

Aside from the color variations this insect differs from typical
angulatus in the longer, narrower tegmina and wings, and in having
eleven instead of nine or ten spines on the outer margin of the hind
tibia. In addition to the present form there are two or three others
which occur in the same general region. It is quite probable that
these variations represent several species now in the course of forma-
tion.

69. Diedronotus fuscipennis sp. nov.

A rather large, robust, moderately granular species, with wide
tegmina and wings, in which the median carina of the pronotum is
profoundly severed by the transverse sulci as in mexicanus, angulatus,
and discoideus. In general appearance it approaches the former more
closely.

Head of moderate size, set into the front edge of the robust pronotum
nearly to the hind margin of the small eyes; vertex somewhat wider
than the short diameter of one of the eyes, the fastigium horizontal,
flat, with a longitudinal median carina, which continues over the
occiput, its lateral edges straight and meeting in front at about a
right angle. Frontal costa prominent, gently sulcate, from between
the antenne nearly to the clypeus, the sides gently approaching just
below the ocellus. Antenne very gently ensiform; the eyes about
three-fifths the length of the anterior edge of the cheeks below them.
Pronotum robust, the median carina cristate, of moderate altitude,
straight on the anterior, arcuate on the posterior lobe, where it is
gently crenulate; lateral carine crenulate or nodulose, broadly arcu-
ate, rounded, joining with the posterior lateral edges of the disk
instead of at an angle as in angulatus and strigatus; the anterior edge
of disk a right-angle instead of acute, the hind margin somewhat

52 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

acute; disk of hind lobe provided on each side with two rather promi-
nent converging raised lines. Tegmina wide for this genus, quite
closely veined and coriaceous on basal half, less dense on apical
portion, the apex subobliquely docked. Wings a little less than twice
as long as broad, all of the costal field, the anterior portion of radial
field, and a broad border on the latter, strongly infuscated, the fenes-
trate area alone transparent. Abdomen robust, strongly carinated
above. Hind femora robust, as long as the abdomen, granular, and
somewhat serrate; hind tibia moderately heavy, the outer edge pro-
vided with eleven spines. Prosternal spine large, robust, and the
apical half strongly bent to the rear.

General color cinereo-testaceous, more or less varied on sides of
head, pronotum, pleura, and tegmina with ferruginous and dull
brown. The tegmina with faint traces of the characteristic dark
basal macule and subapical transverse fasciz so characteristic of
discoideus.

Length of body, 9, 50 mm., of pronotum, 17.5 mm., of tegmina, 45
mm., of hind femora, 30 mm.

Habitat—The only specimen at hand, the type, bears the label
‘“Montevideo.”’ It is in the Carnegie Museum. ;

As indicated by the name, the present species has the wings very
strongly infuscated, save in the basal portion of the radial field, where
the color is bright orange.

70. Diedronotus regularis (Bruner).
Tropinotus regularis BRUNER, Ent. News, XVI, pp. 215, 216 (1905).
Diedronotus regularis KIRBY, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 361 (1910).
Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, in July, a single female (H. H. Smith).
Mr. Rehn’s Tropinotus guarant is quite closely related to this insect.

71. Diedronotus scabripes (Stal)?

Tropidonotus scabripes STAL, Obs. Orthopt., III, p. 19 (1878).
Tropinotus scabripes BRUNER, Ent. News, XVI, p. 215 (1905).
Diedronotus scabripes KIRBY, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 361 (1910).

Habitat—The single female specimen in the present collection was
taken in June at Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil (H. H.
Smith).

72. Diedronotus attenuatus (Rehn).

Tropinotus attenuatus REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 118-120, figs.
6, 7 (1909).

=a" .oaypill

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 53

Habitat.—A large series including both sexes, is at hand from
Chapada near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil. They were taken
during the months of May, June, and July (H. H. Smith).

This species comes closest to D. gracilis (Bruner) from Sao Paulo.

73. Diedronotus lineatus (Bruner).

Tropinotus lineatus BRUNER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 646, 648 (1906).
Diedronotus lineatus KirBy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 361 (1910).

Habitat—Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, a single
male specimen collected in June (H. H. Smith).

This insect also occurs at Sapucay, Paraguay, where it was collected
by W. T. Foster. (Collections U. S. Nat. Museum, L. Bruner, and
Philadelphia Acad. Sciences.)

Genus Coryacris Rehn.
Coryacris REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, p. 111 (1909).

Very closely related to El@ochlora Stal, and composed of insects
with fully developed tegmina and wings in both sexes. The species,
so far as known, are confined to southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argen-
tina along the Rio Parana. The type of the genus is the following
species.

74. Coryacris angustipennis (Bruner).
Eleochlora angustipennis BRUNER, 2d Rept. Locust Comm. B. Aires, p. 58 (1900).
Coryacris diversipes REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 111-114, figs. I, 2

(1909).

Habitat.—Specimens of both sexes were collected during March at
Corumba, Brazil, by H. H. Smith.

75. Coryacris sp.

There is before me, as I write, a single female specimen of this
genus which bears the label ‘‘ Pedras de Amolar, near mouth of Sao
Lorenzo Rio, P.’’ While colored similarly to C. angustipennis, referred
to above, this individual is nearly or quite twice as large. The
measurements follow:

Length of body, 2, 64 mm., of pronotum, 14 mm., of tegmina, 57
mm., of hind femora, 36.5 mm., of antennae, 26 mm.

Female specimens of C. angustipennis before me vary from 48 to
55 mm. in length.

This large individual has the apical two-fifths of the tegmina rather
regularly and plainly conspersed with fuscous dots. It bears the

54 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

collector’s number ‘‘2118’’ (H. H. Smith). I would suggest the name
Coryacris conspersipennis as suitable for it.

Genus ELAOCHLORA Stal.
Eleochlora STAL, CEfv. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXX, no. 4, p. 52 (1873).

The genus El@ochlora Stal is composed of a dozen or more species
of rather large and showy locusts. All of the known forms are South
American, and most of them tropical in their distribution. Possibly
a few of the described species will eventually be placed in other genera.
In fact, quite recently Mr. James A. G. Rehn has redescribed the E.
angustipennis Bruner under the name Coryacris diversipes, as will be
seen by reference to the next to the last of preceding forms mentioned
in the present paper.

There are two or three distinct types of structure observable among
the species of this genus, and it was the intention of the writer to
construct a synoptical key for their separation. The lack of several
of them for comparisons, together with the press of other duties, has,
however, made it necessary to defer this action for the present.

76, Eleochlora trilineata (Serville).
Xiphicera trilineata SERVILLE, Ann. Sci. Nat., XXII, p. 272 (1831).
Xiphocera trilineata, BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., I, p. 614 (1838).
Eleochlora trilineata STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 46 (1873).
Habitat.—l{ I have rightly determined this insect, there is a speci-
men at hand from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where it was taken during
the month of December by H. H. Smith.

77. Elewochlora viridicata (Serville).
Xiphicera viridicata SERVILLE, Ins. Orthopt., p. 614, pl. 14, fig. 3 (1839).
Eleochlora viridicata STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 46 (1873).
Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, during the months of December,
January, and April (H. H. Smith).

78. Elewochlora pulchella Rehn.

Eleochlora pulchella REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 126-128, figs. 13,
14 (1909).

Habitat.—Corumba, Brazil, during March and April (H. H. Smith).

79. Eleochlora humilis Rehn.

Eleochlora humilis REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 124-126, figs. 11,
I2 (1909).

—

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 55

Habitat—Rehn’'s type came from Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto
Grosso, Brazil (H. H. Smith).

80. Eleochlora hymenza (Gerstacker).
Xiphocera hymenea GERSTACKER, Stettin. Ent. Zeit., XXIV, p. 186 (1873).
Eleochlora longispina PICTET ET SAUSSURE, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent., V, pp. 344, 345
(1887).
Habitat.—A male specimen from Rio de Janeiro, taken in September,
is placed here (H. H. Smith).

81. Elzochlora brevipennis sp. nov.

This species, like Rehn’s F. arcuata, belongs to the section of the
genus which contains (trilineata, viridicata, humilis, and pulchella. It
is most closely related to arcuata in the form of its tectate pronotal
carina. But it differs from that species in the more rugose pronotum,
the more robust hind femora, and the smaller eyes, as well as in the
shorter and less acuminate tegmina. Its color is wood-brown, fuscous,
and testaceous, the only tinge of green about it being on the outer
face of the hind femora.

General form robust, the size medium; head fairly large, nearly as
wide as the front edge of the pronotum, the occiput viewed in profile
gently rounded, a little lower than the anterior middle of the pronotum;
vertex wide, its width equal to the longest diameter of one of the eyes,
the fastigium with its front slightly ascendant, very gently sulcate,
about as long as its basal width, the lateral margins very gently
rounded. Frontal costa prominent above, sulcate throughout, its
walls evenly divergent below and reaching the base of the clypeus.
Antenne rather slender, as long as the head and pronotum combined,
composed of twenty-two or twenty-three segments. Eyes not very
large, but fairly prominent, about one-fourth shorter than the anterior
edge of the cheeks below them, nearly elliptical. Lateral ocelli small,
situated just in advance of the lower portion of the upper fourth of
the eyes on a lateral continuation of the fastigium of the vertex and
just back of its anterior carina. Pronotum very strongly rugose and
studded both on the disk and lateral lobes with large rounded tubercles,
slightly recalling the genus WHelionotus, the median carina heavy,
strongly arched, and thrice severed by the three transverse sulci, the
posterior one most profound and situated plainly back of the middle;
hind margin slightly obtuse-angled, the margin studded with several
rounded tubercles; lateral carine also strongly and numerously

56 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

toothed, on each side just in advance of both the second and third
sulci prominently so by a single tooth much longer and heavier than
the others; the front margin also somewhat angulate and less promi-
nently studded with tubercles than the hind margin. Tegmina
short, broad, their apex rounded, reaching just beyond the hind margin
of the third abdominal segment, the costal edge lobate. Abdomen
compressed, strongly carinate above, rapidly tapering, the last ventral
segment pyramidal, acuminate; the supra-anal plate tectate, elongate-
triangular, rather deeply sulcate at middle ou basal half. Anal cerci
short, slender, pointed. Prosternal spine pyramidal, rather slender;
meso- and meta-sternal lobes widely separated, the space about equal
to the width of the lobes themselves. Hind femora robust, slightly
surpassing the apex of the abdomen; hind tibiz nine-spined on outer
margin, the inner spines also nine in number, slightly curved, and a
very little larger than the external ones.

General color above brunneo-fuscous, varied on the disk and sides
of pronotum and dorsal portion of head and abdomen with streaks
and patches of testaceous and piceous. Front between the anterior
edges of the eyes and cheeks dark ochraceous, the posterior lower
cheeks also of a similar shade, but fading into the darker anterior
edges and occiput. Legs and lower portion of body testaceous mottled
and flecked with cinereo-fuscous. Tegmina dark brown, conspicuously
and moderately widely bordered with dirty yellow or testaceous.
Inner spines of hind tibiae black, the outer ones, together with the
tibia, themselves pallid. Antenne brownish testaceous basally, in-
fuscated apically. Eyes mahogany-brown.

Length of body, o7, 30 mm., of pronotum, 11.5 mm., of tegmina, 8.75
mm., of hind femora, 15 mm., greatest width of pronotum, 8 mm.

Habitat—A single o&, the type, comes from Chapada, Brazil
(Campo), where it was collected by H. H. Smith during the month of
October. It is deposited in the Carnegie Museum.

Genus CALLONOTACRIS Rehn.
Callonotacris REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 128-129 (1909).
This unique locustid genus is confined to southern Brazil, where it is
represented by a single species.

82. Callonotacris lophophora Rehn.

Callonotacris lophophora REuHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 129-132, figs.
15-18 (1909).

or

~I

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA.

Habitat—Three males and one female, Chapada, near Cuyaba,
Matto Grosso, Brazil, in January and April (H. H. Smith, No. 2082).
So far as known the types, o and 9, are the only other specimens

in collections.
Genus CHROMACRIS Walker.

Chromacris WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 643 (1870).

83. Chromacris miles (Drury).
Gryllus Locusta miles Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent., II, p. 79, pl. 42, fig. 2 (1773).
Locusta (Rutodideres) miles WeEStTWoop, Drury, Il. Exot. Ent., II, p. 89, pl. 42,
fig. 2 (1837).
Rhomalea miles PICTET ET SAUSSURE (in part), Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., VII,
p. 349 (1887).
Chromacris miles BRUNER, Biol. Cent. Amer., Orthopt., II, pp. 238, 239 (1907).
Habitat—The present collection contains specimens taken at Para,
Corumba, and Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil. They
were collected during the months of April to November (H. H. Smith).
The species occurs in Central America and much of tropical South
America.
84. Chromacris latipennis (Pictet et Saussure).
Rhomalea latipennis PICTET ET SAUSSURE, Bull. Soc. Ent. Suisse, VII, p. 351 (1887).
Chromacris latipennis K1rRByY, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 373 (1910).
Habitat—The collection before me as I write contains a single
male. which is referred to this species. It was taken at Chapada
during the month of April (H. H. Smith).

Genus ZONIOPODA Stal.
Zoniopoda STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, pp. 32, 51 (1873); BRUNER, Proc. U.S. Nat.

Mus., XXX, p. 652 (1906).

The present collection contains several specimens of the genus
Zoniopoda Stal, two of which appear to be new. This fact, together
with the known center of distribution of the genus, has made it
appear worth the while to include here a revised synoptic table of the
species.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF ZONIOPODA.
A. Posterior femora always, and tibiz in most instances, banded with either black,
yellow, or red, or with all three colors.
b. Body and tegmina mostly green or greenish.
c. Head and legs more or less prominently marked with red and black.
ARI s CDI A DANCE or a oe, cle testiaela 2 ois) sieyoi eis here chs tarsata Serville.*

4 Rehn in his paper on Non-Saltatorial and Acridoid Orthoptera from Sapucay,

Paraguay, claims that Zoniopoda tarsata and Z. cruentata Blanchard are distinct.
(See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1907, p. 175.)

Oo
10/2)

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

cc. Head entirely green. Hind femora with a narrow black band on each
side at base of condyle; hind tibia green or coralline.
juncorum Berg.
bb. Body as well as head and legs largely, or at least strongly, varied with black.
c. Tegmina dark olive to black. ;
d. The veins of the tegmina yellow or testaceous.
e. Pronotum longitudinally striped with black and yellow.

jf. Head) lareelyblood-reditmn. «mee see omnicolor Blanchard.

7. Headinot vaniediwithiredi. acme css cin al cere emarginata Stal.

ee. Pronotum not longitudinally striped with black and yellow.

f. Pronotum chiefly yellow and testaceous and provided with a
median and a subfrontal black band. Body and legs
largely pale. Knees, coxe, and head, red.

fissicauda Bruner.
ff. Pronotum glossy black, bordered broadly behind and _ nar-
rowly in front with pale testaceous or dirty white. Body
and limbs largely black, pale marks on head tinged with red.
exilipes Bruner.
dd. Veins of tegmina infuscated, same color as the remainder of wing.
Pronotum, body and legs as in preceding species (exilipes).
collaris sp. nov.
cc. Tegmina blackish-fuscous, tessellate with yellow, wings red.
picta Bolivar.
AA. Posterior femora not at all banded, unicolorous, or at most with the carine
pallid as compared with the ground-color.

b. Body very robust, the tegmina and wings abbreviated; the hind femora
comparatively short. General color black, the head banded with
pallid and red. Pronotum broadly pale-margined behind. Coxe
and abdomen red-maculate. Tegmina with reddish veins; wings
in part bright carmine; hind tibie coral-red.....robusta sp. nov.

bb. Body slenderer; tegmina and wings normal, the hind femora also normal.
General color green or greenish. Pronotum not margined with pallid.

c. Pronotum unicolorous, in nowise striped or banded.
d. Body of insect rather robust; the vertex quite wide and strongly
depressed, median carina of the pronotum prominent; hind
tibize green, or at most tinged with pink; subanal plate coarse

and long.
e.. Hind wings, ceeruleanss.. 0... 5. ss: theringt Pictet et Saussure.
eg. Hind wings rose-tintedtn. sure cteici lets netenses ehreere hempeli sp. nov.®

5 Zoniopoda hempeli sp. nov.

A single male specimen is at hand in which the posterior or radial field of the
wings is bright rose-color instead of cerulean. The antennz are colored much as
those of mimicula Rehn, but are even more decidedly fasciate than in that species,
while the vertex is fully as broad as the shortest diameter of one of the prominent
eyes and has the fastigium rather strongly depressed as in zheringz Pictet et Saussure.
The last ventral segment is quite prominent, elongate, compressed, acuminate and

BRUNER: SouTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 59

dd. Body of insect slenderer, the vertex narrower, but little depressed;
median carina of the pronotum low; hind tibize and tarsi
scarlet; last ventral segment strongly produced, acuminate,
the apex with a strong V-shaped emargination.

mimicula Rehn.
cc. Pronotum with more or less decided longitudinal flavous lines. Hind
tibie greenish-yellow, the tarsi scarlet.............. similis Bruner.

85. Zoniopoda tarsata (Serville).
Acridium tarsatum SERVILLE, Ann. Sci. Nat., XX XI, p. 283 (1831).
Acrydium tarsatum Gray, Griffith, Anim. Kingd., XV, p. 781 (1832).
Zoniopoda tarsata STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 51 (1873).
Gryllus servillei GUERIN, Icon. R. Anim., Ins., pl. 54, fig. 9 (1829).
Habitat—Rio de Janeiro, in November (H. H. Smith).
According to Rehn a number of the references to the present species
should be referred to the next.

86. Zoniopoda cruentata (Blanchard).
Acridium cruentatum BLANCHARD, D'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Mer., VI, no. 2, p. 216,
pl. 27, fig. 5 (1837-1843).
Zoniopoda cruentata REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., LIX, p. 175 (1907).
Zoniopoda tarsata BRUNER (nec SERV.), Locusts of Argentina, pp. 53, 61 (1900);
ib., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 652 (1906).
Habitat.—Said to be Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, etc. Not
contained in the present collection. (See Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sct. Philad., 1907, p. 175.)

87. Zoniopoda similis Bruner.
Zoniopoda similis BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 652 (1906).

Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, during November, two males (H. H.
Smith).
88. Zoniopoda iheringi Pictet et Saussure.

Zoniopoda iheringi PICTET ET SAUSSURE, Mitth. Schweitz. Ent. Ges., VII, p. 356
(1887). ‘3

Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, in April (H. H. Smith).

narrowly but fairly deeply emarginate at apex, about one-half longer than wide.
The pronotum is quite strongly rugoso-punctulate, has the transverse sulci deeply
impressed and the hind edge of the disk very faintly more than a right-angle. Hind
tibiz robust, eleven-spined externally, pale greenish-yellow, not at all tinged with
pink or red. Entire insect quite strongly hirsute.

Length of body, o’, 27.5 mm., of pronotum, 6.1 mm., of tegmina, 23 mm., of
hind femora, 14 mm.

Habitat.—Sao Paulo, Brazil (A. Hempel). The type is in the writer’s collection.

60 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

89. Zoniopoda mimicula Rehn.
Zoniopoda mimicula Rehn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 132-134, figs. 19,
20 (1909).
Habitat—Two males, Chapada, Brazil, where they were collected
in March and November by H. H. Smith. One of these specimens
bears the collector’s number, 2108.

90. Zoniopoda collaris sp. nov.

As indicated in the foregoing synoptic table of the species of Zonio-
boda, collaris is quite closely related to exilipes Bruner, from which it
differs chiefly in the color of the tegmina, the slightly more robust
form, and in having the head tinged with red or orange, instead of
with pale yellow or dirty white.

Length of body, o’, 30 mm., of pronotum, 6.25 mm., of tegmina,
28.5 mm., of hind femora, 16 mm.

Habitat—Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, where it
was taken by H. H. Smith in January. The type is unique. It is
deposited in the collection of the Carnegie Museum.

I am inclined to believe that this is only a color-variety of Z. exilipes,
but keep it separate until we have more material from which to draw
conclusions. |

91. Zoniopoda robusta sp. nov.

A very robust, short-winged insect, in which the color is black,
varied with flavous and red. Hind wings with a color-pattern some-
what similar to that found in several of the species belonging to the
genus Chromacris.

Head large, smooth; the front perpendicular, viewed in profile a
little arcuate, from in front about as broad above as below, moderately
high; occiput short, arcuate; vertex very wide, fully three times the
width of the frontal costa at the ocellus; the fastigium short and very
strongly depressed, its anterior portion sulcate afid continuous with
that of the frontal costa. Frontal costa only moderately prominent
above, its sides nearly parallel save at its lower extremity, where it
gradually fades before reaching the base of the clypeus. | Eyes small,
elliptical, the anterior edge less convex than the posterior, in the male
a very little shorter, in the female one-half shorter than that portion
of the cheek immediately below them; lateral ocelli large, conspicuous,
located in the upper portion of the antennal scrobe just below the
lateral carine of the vertex and in advance of the upper third of the

BRUNER: SouTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 61

eyes. Antenne long and filiform, unicolorous, in the female at least
one and one-half times the combined length of head and pronotum
(missing in male specimen). Pronotum short, without lateral carina,
rather wide, but a trifle longer than its greatest width; the anterior
lobe glabrous, but sparsely and minutely punctulate, its sides parallel;
hind lobe closely and rather deeply punctulate, expanding posteriorly,
the disk flattened; median carina fairly prominent, thrice severed by
the profound transverse sulci and thereby giving to it a lobate appear-
ance; anterior margin straight, strongly reflexed; posterior margin
widely angulate, the apex rounded; lateral lobes higher than long,
the lower posterior angle broadly rounded. Tegmina somewhat
abbreviated, in the male just reaching the tip of the abdomen, in the
female about two-thirds as long as the abdomen, tapering towards the
apex, the latter rounded, sparsely, but rather heavily, veined. Wings
somewhat shorter than the tegmina, nearly as broad.as long, the
anterior field with a rather strong fenestrate area, colored much as in
the species of Chromacris. Hind femora moderately robust, evenly
narrowing apically, the penne regular and few, carine smooth; gen-
icular lobes short, rounded; hind tibiz robust, eight-spined on outer
row. Prosternal spine of moderate size, acuminate, directed gently
to the rear. Meso- and meta-sternal lobes widely separated, the
interspace of both broader than long; tip of male abdomen blunt, the
last ventral segment short, the supra-anal plate triangular, tectate.

General color glossy black. Head perpendicularly vittate with
prominent flavous bands, which are more or less strongly tinged with
orange-red, these bands are arranged one at the posterior border of
each cheek, and one on each side of the face following and including
the lateral carine and continuing below across the clypeus and labrum,
and above across the vertex and occiput, where they join with the
upper extremities of the genal lines. Pronotum with most of the
posterior lobe and a small portion of the lower lateral edges of the
anterior lobe flavous as in collaris and exilibes. Tegmina with the
principal and cross-veins testaceo-vinaceous. Pleura with oblique
narrow lines in advance of the coxe. Hind femora with the carine
and edges of penne of outer face flavous; hind tibiz except base and
immediate apex blood-red. Coxe, sides of meso- and meta-sternum,
each of the ventral segments of abdomen and of the dorsum on each
side above and below conspicuously maculate with sealing-wax red.

Length of body, o%, 26.5 mm., 2, 40 mm.: of pronotum, o, 6.5

62 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

mm., 29,9 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 17 mm., 9, 19 mm.; of hind femora,
o,/17-5:mm., 2,148.5 mm: of hind’ tibiz,c7,*17 mm. -2 413, mm:
Habitat.—Chapada, Brazil, April (H. H. Smith). The types belong
to the Carnegie Museum.
In some respects this insect approaches Chromacris and in others
it agrees best with Zoniopoda. It is especially to Z. omnicolor,
collaris, and exilipes of the last genus that it shows relationship.

Genus PRIONACRIS Stal.
Prionacris STAL, Bihang. till K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handling., V, no. 4, pp. I9, 55
(1878).
Representatives of this genus are confined to tropical South America,
where they are among the larger and more showy species. Thus far
three have been described. They may be separated as follows:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF PRIONACRIS.

A. Disk of wings tinged with rosaceous, general color of insect yellowish-olive.

[New Granadas] oe: Fiisz tec ec eee ae eee compressa Stal.

AA. Disk of wings tinged with green or blue. General color of insect dark olive
or brown.

b. Wings tinged with cerulean. [Upper Amazons.]...... cerulescens Bolivar.

bb. Wings tinged with green. [Paraguay and southern Brazil.) . _erosa Rehn.

92. Prionacris erosa Rehn.
Prionacris erosa REHN, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad., LX, pp. 176-179, figs. 10, II (1908).

Habitat.—Chapada, Brazil, a single female specimen, which was
taken during the month of April by H. H. Smith.

Since Rehn’s description included only the male, the following
measurements of the female may be of value: Length of body 46 mm.,
of pronotum, 10.5 mm., of tegmina, 45 mm., of hind femora, 21.5 mm.
Otherwise this sex is practically the same as the male.

Genus TITANACRIS Scudder.
Titanacris SCUDDER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 352 (1869).

The large lobe-crested locusts, which comprise the present genus,
are confined to tropical America, where they are fairly well dis-
tributed from southern Mexico to southern Brazil. They were rather
carefully studied by Scudder (J. c.) and later by Pictet and Saussure
(Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., VII, pp. 362, 363, 1887).

BRUNER: SouTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 63

93. Titanacris velasquezi (Nieto).
Acridium velasquezti N1ETO, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1857, p. 360, pl. 12.
Lophacris velasquezit SCUDDER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 354 (1860).
Acridium olfersii SAUSSURE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1861, p. 162.
Titanacris velasquezit PICTET ET SAUSSURE, Bull. Soc. Ent. Suisse, VII, p. 365 (1887).
Habitat.—A single specimen is at hand from Para, Brazil, where it
was taken in August by H. H. Smith.

94. Titanacris albipes (De Geer).
Acridium albipes DE GEER, Mém. Ins., III, p. 487, pl. XL (1773).
Titanacris albipes SCUDDER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXI, p. 353 (1869).
Gryllus (Locusta) cristatus, var. d. LINN%uS, Mus. Ulr. Reg., p. 137 (1764).
Habitat—Two male specimens of the present species were taken
at Chapada, Brazil, during September by H. H. Smith.

Genus TROPIDACRIS Scudder.
Tropidacris SCUDDER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 346 (1869).

The present genus contains the largest of our American locusts,
with perhaps a single exception. They occur from southern Texas
to middle Argentina and Paraguay. At least six distinct species
have been recognized, but many more described. The synonymy of
the different species is quite complicated, and possibly never will be
entirely deciphered. The different forms are separated by Pictet and
Saussure in their Catalogue d’Acridiens, pp. 28-29. Practically all
of the recognized forms, save possibly one, are to be found in Brazilian
territory.

95. Tropidacris collaris (Stoll).
Gryllus (Locusta) collaris STOLL, Spect. Saut., p. 39, pl. 21b, fig. 80 (1813).

For additional synonymy see Kirby’s catalogue Orthoptera, III, p. 379.

Habitat.—Specimens are before me from Para, Chapada, and
Corumba, Brazil. They were captured during the months of June
to August inclusive (H. H. Smith).

96. Tropidacris latreillei (Perty)?
Acrydium latreillei PERty, Del. Anim. Art., p. 123, pl. 24, fig. 4 (1832).
See Kirby for additional synonymy, l. c.
Habitat—A single female from Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto
Grosso, Brazil, is referred here with some doubt. (Collected by H. H.
Smith in January.)

64 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

97. Tropidacris cardinalis Pictet et Saussure.
Tropidacris cardinalis PicTET ET SAUSSURE, Bull. Soc. Ent. Suisse, VII, pp. 359,
360 (1887).
Gryllus dux FABRICIUS (nec DRURY), Spec. Ins., I, p. 362 (1781).
Habitat—The present collection contains three males, labeled as
coming from Honduras.

98. Tropidacris grandis (Thunberg).

Gryllus grandis THUNBERG, Mém. Acad. Petersb., IX, pp. 393, 403 (1824).

Tropidacris grandis STAL, Recens, Orthopt., I, p. 49 (1873).

Tropidacris fabricii SCUDDER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 349 (1869).

Acridum dux BRULLE (nec DRuRY), Hist. Ins. IX, p. 225, pl. 20 (1835).
Habitat——Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during December, two males

bearing H. H. Smith’s number 2076.

Genus Nauta Stal.
Nautia Stat, Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, no. 4, pp. 42, 87 (1878).
(Edalometopon REN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., LVII, p. 418 (1905).
These insects belong to tropical America. Species are found in
both North and South America.

99. Nautia ornatipes Bruner.
Nautia ornaiipes BRUNER, Biol. Cent. Amer. Orthopt., II, p. 243 (1907).

Robust, the pronotum but little expanding posteriorly, broadly
rounded behind, and produced over the base of the tegmina, anterior
margin sinuose. Antenne subensiform, moderately heavy, and about
as long as the hind femora. The latter with comparatively few and
smooth pagine on outer face, the gene large, black, marked with white
on the genicular lobes.

Vertex rather narrow, about as wide as the diameter of the second
antennal joint, the fastigium triangular, about as long as broad, but
little depressed, longitudinally sulcate; frontal costa prominent be-
tween the base of antenne effaced below the transverse facial groove.
Front not greatly oblique, strongly and coarsely punctulate. Eyes
large, but not very prominent, ezneous, and the facets showing more
plainly than usual. Occiput short, and, together with the cheeks,
prominently punctate. Pronotum rugoso-punctate, much more
closely so on the hind than on the front lobe, the transverse sulci
continuous, but not profound; the median carina showing plainly on
the hind, but absent from the front lobe; lateral lobes a trifle higher

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 65

than long. Pleura strongly punctate. Tegmina coriaceous, having
rather more the appearance of being punctate than close-veined, the
apex broadly rounded, not reaching the apex of the abdomen. Ab-
domen short, tapering, the valves of ovipositor straight, slender, more
or less hirsute, and somewhat similar to the cerci, the upper pair some-
what the stronger and longer. Hind tibiew and tarsi rather densely
hirsute, the former provided with seven spines on both sides, the latter
with the second joint a little longer than the first. Prosternal spine
robust, short.

General color brownish olive, the sides of pronotum above and the
tegmina along the discal field provided with a pale testaceous or dirty
white band. Antenne blackish above, reddish beneath, with the
black encroaching inwardly below. The hind femora are of a paler
olive-green and beautifully marked externally near the base by bright
blood-red blister-like patches, which give to the whole insect a very
notable appearance. .

Length of body, 2, 29 mm., of antenna, 14 mm., of pronotum, 9
mm., of tegmina, 15 mm., of hind femora, 18 mm., of hind tarsi, 10 mm.

Habitat.—A single female specimen is at hand from Bartica,
Demerara, British Guiana, where it was taken by R. J. Crew. (Coll.

L. Bruner.)
100. Nautia vitta-genze Bruner.

Nautia vitta-gene BRUNER, Biol. Cent. Amer. Orthopt., II, p. 243 (1907).

As shown by the synoptic table of the species of this genus, as
published in the Biologia Centrali- Americana, the present species is
most closely related to the one just described. Besides the differences
mentioned there it_varies from JN. ornatipes in having the antenna,
which are black, linear, instead of subensiform; in the much shorter
and more closely punctate pronotum, the sides of which are plainly
longer than high; in having the tegmina fully as long as the abdomen;
in the uniform coloration of the hind femora; in the reddish, instead
of olivaceous and fuscous, hind tibiz and tarsi; in having the pale
longitudinal line on the tegmina dark pink, bordered narrowly above
and below, instead of pale testaceous or dirty white; and in having
the eyes much more prominent. The present species has the fastigium
of its vertex decidedly depressed and much slenderer than in the species
with which it has been compared.

Cerci of male very robust basally, directed posteriorly, so that the
upper edge of the basal two-fifths lies parallel with the body, the lower

66 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

edge roundly narrowing, so that at the end of the parallel portion
they are graceful and nearly equal, and from this point are directed
upwards, a little inwards, and again bowed outwards. Prosternal
spine robust, subquadrate, short, the apex somewhat acuminate.

Length of body, o’, 26 mm., of antenne 18 mm., of pronotum, 7
mm., of tegmina, 16 mm., of hind femora, 15 mm., of hind tarsi. 9
mm.

Habitat.—A single male taken by R. J. Crew at the same locality
as the preceding species. (Coll. L. Bruner.)

101. Caloscirtus rubripennis gen. nov. et sp. nov.

A rather small, fairly robust, olive-green locust, with bright blood-
red hind-wings, red dorsum of abdomen, and elongate, slender, red
antenne; and in which the hind femora are decidedly robust and pro-
vided with tuberculate or semiserrate upper carine.

Head slightly wider than the front edge of the pronotum, the
occiput short, eves large and moderately prominent, nearly one-third
longer than that portion of the cheeks below them, vertex narrow,
less than half as broad as the frontal costa, between the base of antenne;
fastigium somewhat depressed. sulcate, and separated from the frontal
costa by a rather prominent transverse carina; frontal costa a little
prominent between the antenna, shallowly sulcate, and provided in
the middle with a broad longitudinal carina, broadest above, but
narrowing towards the ocellus, below which point it is obsolete. Face
rugose and coarsely punctate, the lateral carine inconspicuous and
slightly bowed outward at their middle, but little further apart at their
lower than upper end; cheeks also coarsely punctate, likewise the
occiput in part. Antenne twenty-two-jointed, slender, nearly as long
as the hind femora (07) the basal joint large, about as broad as the
greatest width of the frontal costa. Pronotum coarsely rugoso-
punctate, a trifle expanded on the hind lobe; median carina distinct,
interrupted by the well-marked transverse sulci; anterior margin
roundly advanced upon the occiput in middle, obtusangulate behind.
Pleura coarsely punctate. Tegmina rather narrow, sparsely, but
strongly, veined, as long as the abdomen; wings a little shorter than
the tegmina, obtuse, and with the outer margin strongly undulate.
Hind femora robust and provided with coarse, large knees, their upper
edges sub-serrate on carine and coarsely punctate, the pagine to-
gether with the lower carinee and face smooth, genicular lobes sub-

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 67

acuminate; hind tibia heavy, short, six-spined on outside and rather
strongly hirsute; hind tarsi with the second joint about one-half as
long as the first. Last ventral segment of male abdomen short.
pinched from sides so as to form a short longitudinal ridge; supra-
anal plate with the sides nearly parallel on basal half, then suddenly
contracted to about one-half the width and completed as a triangular
projection the center of which is provided with a median carina, which
separates and forms a loop towards the base of the plate, each side of
disk provided with three or four dark tubercles; anal cerci heavy, two
and one-half times as long as wide and twisted on outer half. Pro-
sternal spine very short and broad at base, but with the apex terminat-
ing in a small short tubercle. Entire insect sparsely hirsute, save on
lower side of abdomen apically, where the hairs form two decided tufts.

General color pale olive-green, paler below. Hind femora and
tibia much darker green, the sides of gene and base of tibiz blood-red,
on the latter followed by a dusky patch and then by a narrow pale
annulus; tarsi testaceous. Tegmina brownish-olive with a narrow,
but well defined, median longitudinal testaceous vitta on each, running
from the base to the apex. Basal joints of antenne pale, beyond
bright red.

Length of body, o7, 15.5 mm., of antenne, 9.5 mm., of pronotum, 4
mm., of tegmina, I1.5 mm., of hind femora, 10.5 mm.

Habitat.—A single male collected during early April at Demerara,
British Guiana, by R. J. Crew. (Coll. L. Bruner.)

Genus Hisycuius Stal.
Hisychius STAL, Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, no. 4, pp. 44, 89 (1878).

The representatives of the present genus of apterous locusts are
confined to tropical America and mostly to the northern half of South
America. Three species have thus far been characterized, and now a
fourth is added. These may be separated by the annexed synoptical
key.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF HISYCHIUS.
A. Antenne linear. Fastigium of the vertex declivant.
b. Knees of hind femora concolorous. Spines of hind tibiz entirely black.
c. Larger (2, 45 mm. long). Lower outer carina of discoidal area of hind

femora adorned with alternating conspicuous black teeth, or spines.
Trt ie eevee beter ease ise te eho yes meant ay SSR enoiey snot en's nigrispinus Stal.

cc. Smaller (9, 33 mm.long). Lower outer carina of discoidal area adorned
with small inconspicuous teeth. [Para, Brazil.]..brasiliensis sp. nov.

68 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

bb. Knees of hind femora black. Spines of hind tibiae testaceous, or yellow at
base. [Ee cuador.]|ssecme cet olen tras) earegayarer minor Giglio-Tos.
AA. Antenne ensiform. Fastigium of the vertex subhorizontal. [Panama.]
feste Giglio-Tos.

102. Hisychius brasiliensis sp. nov.

Most closely related to H. nigrispinus Stal, from which it may
readily be recognized by its much smaller size and the absence of the
black patch at the tympanum, and by the less conspicuous alternating
teeth on the lower carina bordering the external pagina of the hind
femora. General color olivaceous brown. Antenne infuscated, with
orange-yellow tips.

Rather robust, fusiform, strongly, coarsely, and rugosely punctured
on head and thorax; on the abdomen less strongly so. Entire insect
sparsely hirsute, more abundantly so on the hind tibiz and tarsi.
Head fairly large, about as wide as the front edge of the pronotum, the
occiput somewhat punctulate; eyes a little prominent, elliptical, in
the female a trifle longer than the anterior edge of the cheeks imme-
diately beneath. Vertex somewhat wider than the diameter of the
first antennal joint, widely and profoundly sulcate, the sides being
bounded by rather coarse and prominent longitudinal carine, which
project backwards upon the anterior portion of the occiput’ as far
as does the deflexed fastigium anteriorly, the latter a little wider than
long and profoundly sulcate, the sulcation being continuous with
that of the upper portion of the frontal costa, the lateral walls very
gross and somewhat sinuose; frontal costa fairly prominent above
the ocellus and between the antenne, almost obliterated below;
lateral or facial carina prominent, quite strongly divergent, and
reaching the base of the mandibles upon which they continue as
coarse angles. Antenne filiform, very slender, nearly as long as the
hind femora, their immediate two or three apical segments orange-
yellow. Pronotum evenly rounded above and free from carine,
rather strongly divergent posteriorly; hind margin truncate, the
front margin gently sinuose; all three transverse sulci prominent,
and a fourth near front margin; hind lobe very short, not over one-
fourth the length of the pronotum; hind and front margins as well as
hind margin of mesothorax studded with fair-sized polished tuber-
cles. Auditory apparatus low down and inconspicuous, almost
covered by the base of hind femora. Hind femora robust, a very
little surpassing the apex of the abdomen, having a!l the carine

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 69

plainly dentate. Outer margin of the hind tibiz with six spines
in addition to the apical spine. Prosternal spine small, slender,
conical on a broad heavy base.

Length of body, 2, 33 mm., of pronotum, 6 mm.. of hind femora,
19 mm.

Habitat—Para, Brazil, a single 9, where it was taken during
the month of April by H. H. Smith. The type is deposited in the
Carnegie Museum.

Group LEPTYSM£E and Allies.

There are in America a number of genera of long-winged, slender,
cylindrical locusts, of nearly uniform greenish color, which have
the margins of their hind tibia developed into more or less acute
lamella, which aid these semi-aquatic locusts in swimming, when, ac-
cidentally or otherwise. they find themselves in water. The following
table is an attempt at a preliminary arrangement of the genera.

TABLE FOR SEPARATING THE GENERA OF LEPTYSM4 AND ALLIES.

A. Posterior tibiz slightly expanding apically, the margins acute.
b. Mesosternal lobes with their inner margins nearly straight and touching for
most of their length. Tegmina acuminate.
c. Fastigium of the vertex as long as, or longer than, the longest diameter of
the eyes.
d. Fastigium of the vertex provided with decided longitudinal grooves
or sulci.
e. The vertex furnished with but a single longitudinal groove.
f. Form of insect cylindrical, the fastigium with its sides rounded,
and the median sulcus of nearly equal width throughout.
Leptysma Stal.
ff. Form of insect more robust, the fastigium with its sides straight,
and the median sulcus narrowing rapidly behind. »
3 Columbacris gen. nov.
ee. The vertex furnished with more than one longitudinal groove.

f. Vertex with four such grooves........ Leptysmina Giglio-Tos.

ff. Vertex with many grooves............. Oxyphyma Saussure.®

dd. Fastigium of the vertex without definite longitudinal grooves or
SUL Bie See ake ae eee Cylindrotettix Bruner.

cc. Fastigium of the vertex shorter than the longest diameter of the eyes.
Stenacris Walker.

6 The genus Oxyphyma Saussure (Rev. Zool., XIII, p. 156, 1861) is placed in this
group on the authority of W. F. Kirby (Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 412, IQI0).
Saussure’s description is so meager, however, that its exact location is somewhat
problematical. The habitat of Saussure’s insect is also doubtful.

70 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

bb. Mesosternal lobes with their inner margins more or less distant.
c. Posterior margin of the pronotum rounded.
d. Tubercle of the prosternum transverse, broad, the apex truncate to
emarpinatess. css cote totes eee Oxybleptella Giglio-Tos.
dd. Tubercle of the prosternum conical, more or less acute.

e. Body very graceful, or slender. The front strongly oblique.
Head much exserted, conical. Antenne distinctly ensi-
form. Eyes rather elongate, viewed from above strongly
convergent, meeting at an acute angle. Pronotum dis-
tinctly dilated posteriorly, the lower edge of sides straight,
oblique. Tegmina plainly dilated towards the apex.

Inusia Giglio-Tos.

ee. Body more robust. Front less oblique. Head only gently ex-

serted, not conical. Antenne filiform, or with immediate

basal segments alone flattened. Eyes not at all, or but

little, elongated, when viewed from above slightly con-

vergent, forming an obtuse angle. Pronotum not, or

but little, dilated posteriorly; the lower edge of sides straight

on posterior half, emarginate on anterior half. Tegmina
narrowed toward the apex.

f. Pronotum cylindrical, the dorsum straight viewed laterally,
the metazona not elevated. Frontal costa below the
ocellus and the lateral carine of the face subobsolete.
Eyes rather oblique, less prominent.

g. Head back of the eyes not narrowing posteriorly : eyes less °
prominent; antenna somewhat incrassate, the immedi-
ate basal joints flattened; anal field of tegmina pallid.
Mesosternal lobes distant.............. Stenopola Stal.

gg. Head back of eyes narrowing posteriorly; eyes strongly

prominent. Antenne linear; tegmina ferruginous, the

anal field concolorous. Mesosternal lobes less distant.

Oxyblepta Stal.

ff. Pronotum gently dilated posteriorly, the dorsum when viewed

laterally sinuate, subselliform, the metazona gently ele-

vated, the humeral angles rather distinct. Frontal costa

and lateral carine of the face distinct. Eyes less oblique

and strongly prominent... .... 6 Henia Giglio-Tos.

cc. Posterior margin of the pronotum obtusangulate, sometimes truncate,

entire, or emarginate at middle.

d. Angle of the posterior margin of the pronotum entire, not incised.
Tegmina greatly surpassing the hind femora.

e. Tegmina with their apices subacuminate. Frontal costa not
prominent between the antenne. Eyes less strongly con-
vergent and not distant from anterior edge of pronotum.

Paracornops Giglio-Tos.
ee. Tegmina with their apices distinctly rounded. Frontal costa

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 71

prominent between the antennae. Eyes quite strongly
convergent, and sometimes distant from the anterior edge
of the pronotum.

jf. Frontal costa obliterated on lower half of face. Antennz more
than twice the length of the pronotum. The latter smooth.

Euparnops Scudder.

ff. Frontal costa continued below the middle of the face. An-

tenne one-half longer than the head and pronotum com-

bined. The latter gently pun¢tulate...Cornops Scudder.

dd. Angle of the posterior margin of pronotum incised or emarginate.

Tegmina not surpassing the hind femora.

e. Frontal costa percurrent, suleate throughout. Fastigium of the
vertex subhorizontal.

f. Prosternal tubercle large and broadly transverse, its apex
broadly emarginate. Hind margin of pronotum truncate.
Tegmina and wings much abbreviated, lateral.

Eumastusia Bruner.
ff. Prosternal tubercle small, pyramidal, acute. Hind margin of
pronotum obtusangulate. Tegmina and wings three-fifths

the leneth on abdomen ts qi slasi-1oe-ieiatee Mastusia Stal.
ee. Frontal costa subobsolete below the ocellus, not sulcate. Fas-
ticitim.dechivanits: te a a aero - casione an el isn ver Tetratenia Stal.

AA. Posterior tibiz not at all, or but little, expanded apically, the margins rounded.
Copiocera Burmeister.
Genus LEpTysSMA Stal.

Leptysma STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, pp. 42, 85 (1873).

At least a dozen distinct species of tropical American locusts are
referable to the genus Leptysma Stal. These insects are subaquatic
by nature, hence their haunts along the margins of streams, in swamps,
and on low, wet grounds, where rank grass-like vegetation abounds.

Although the present collection contains at least a half dozen
distinct forms, half of which are new, the lack of material precludes
the attempt to monograph the genus. The species marginicollis
Serville and mexicana Saussure plainly belong to a distinct genus
from the remainder of the forms referred here.

103. Leptysma gracilis Bruner.
Leptysma gracilis BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 658 (1906).
Habitat.—Specimens of this insect are at hand from Chapada,
Brazil (H. H. Smith). The type locality is Sao Paulo, Brazil (Hempel).
This is the next to the smallest of the known species, and, although

not fully characterized in the paper cited, is so characteristic that it
cannot be mistaken.

~]
«
~

t

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

104. Leptysma dorsalis (Burmeister).
Mesops dorsalis BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 610 (1838).
Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, during the month of May (H. H.
Smith).
The present writer considers dorsalis distinct from the next species.

105. Leptysma filiformis (Serville).
Opsomala filiformis SERVILLE, Ins. Orthopt., p. 593 (1839).
Leptysma filiformis STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 85 (1873).
Habitat.—Specimens, which have been referred here, come from both
Benevides and Chapada, Brazil. They were taken during July and
August by H. H. Smith.

106. Leptysma obscura (Thunberg).
Truxalis obscura THUNBERG, Nova Acta Upsal, IX, pp. 77, 79 (1827).
Leptysma obscura STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 86 (1873).
Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, during the months of May to October
inclusive, an extensive series of both sexes (H. H. Smith).

107. Leptysma intermedia sp. nov.

Belonging in the first division of the genus, and related to L..
argentina and L. gracilis, but differing from both of them in its larger
size and somewhat more robust form. A species with well-marked
longitudinal lateral pallid stripes bordered above by piceous. Tegmina
and wings comparatively shorter than in the related species.

Head horizontal, the occiput slightly shorter and somewhat nar-
rower than the pronotum; eyes elongate lentiform, plainly longer
than the anterior edge of the cheeks below them, separated above
by a linear space; fastigium about equal to one of the eyes in length,
slightly depressed anteriorly, gently acuminate, the lateral margins.
gently arcuate and faintly raised, median longitudinal sulcus not pro-
found, becoming more pronounced anteriorly. Front viewed in profile
nearly straight and horizontal, the frontal costa of moderate width
and sulcate throughout, the lateral walls somewhat approaching
and becoming less pronounced just below the ocellus. Antenne
robust, ensiform, about reaching the base of hind femora. Prono-
tum cylindrical, punctulate throughout, sparsely and faintly on the
anterior, and quite closely and more strongly, on the posterior lobe:
median carina inconspicuous, but plainly visible throughout, the

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 73

transverse sulci plain, the last about one-third of the distance from
the hind tothe front margins. these latter broadly rounded. Tegmina
and wings narrow, their apex acuminate and extending about one-
sixth of their length beyond the tip of the abdomen. Hind femora
rather slender, about two-thirds the length of the abdomen; hind
tibia quite strongly expanded apically, the external edge provided
with nine to eleven spines, somewhat irregularly arranged. Proster-
nal spine inflated apically, strongly punctulate and hirsute, directed
caudad, Last ventral segment elongate, wedge-shaped, its apex
entire or without the lateral backwardly directed spines or teeth;
supra-anal plate provided with two short parallel black carine at
middle of base and one wart-like projection of the same color, while
the hind margin of the preceding segment is also marked with four
of these spots.

General color pale grass-green above, the underside more pallid; sides
of head, lower edges of sides of pronotum, and middle of pleura con-
spicuously marked by a rather wide stripe of white, which is bordered
above by piceous; eyes testaceo-ferruginous, front and antenne brown
with a vinaceous tinge. Dorsum of abdomen tinged with orange-
testaceous or ochraceous.

Length of body, &, 35 mm., of pronotum, 4.85 mm., of tegmina,

29.5 mm., of hind femora, 13.5 mm., of antenne, 13 mm.

Habitat—The type bears the label ‘‘Uacarizal, Feb.” It was
taken by H. H. Smith, and is deposited in the Carnegie Museum.
Fight other specimens, 7 o'c’ and I @ are referred to this species.

They were taken at Corumba during the month of March.

108. Leptysma uniformis sp. nov.

Very similar in size and structure to L. filiformis, but differing from
that insect both in color and some structural features. Quite uni-
formly grass-green and without the lateral longitudinal pale stripes
found in the majority of the species of the genus.

Form slender, cylindrical, the head horizontal, including the
fastigium about one and one-half times the length of the pronotum;
fastigium moderately large, its sides gently convergent anteriorly,
the immediate apex more or less acuminate, its center strongly
longitudinally canaliculate; eyes large, but not prominent, in the
males a very little exceeding the anterior margin of the cheek in
length, in the female about equaling it, separated above by a space

74 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

one-half the diameter of the first antennal joint. Antenne moderately
large and heavy, regularly ensiform, the basal half triquetrous, some-
what exceeding the head and pronotum taken together. Frontal
costa quite prominent, its sides parallel, sulcate throughout, the —
ocellus large and situated below the middle. Pronotum cylindrical,
closely, regularly, and quite deeply, punctulate, both the anterior
and posterior margins broadly rounded, the median carina plainly
visible throughout (Q ) or interrupted on anterior lobe (oc). Tegmina
and wings long, narrow, acuminate, greatly surpassing the apex of
both the hind femora and the abdomen. Hind femora slender, their
apex extending a trifle beyond the outer margin of the fifth abdominal
segment; hind tibiz slender, but little expanded apically, the outer
margin bearing eight to nine spines, which are somewhat irregularly
arranged. Subgenital plate, or last ventral segment of male abdomen,
somewhat elongate and tapering, the apex emarginate and terminating
with short, blunt, lateral teeth: the contorted process above of
moderate size, laterally compressed, and provided at apex with a
slightly curved finger. Supra-anal plate quadrate on basal half,
reduced to one-half the width and spatulate on apical half, slightly
suleate at middle throughout, on the basal half provided with two
black longitudinal carine and two tubercles of the same color.
Prosternal spine strongly hirsute, subcylindrical, quite long, and
strongly directed to the rear.

Length of body, o’, 31 mm., 2, 42 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 4 mm.,
2,5.35 mm.; of tegmina, co’, 29 mm., 9, 39 mm.; of hind femora, o’,
Ii mm., 2,15 mm.; of antenne, co’, 11.5 mm., 9, 15 mm.

Habitat——The material comprising this species comes from Cha-
pada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil. The various specimens
were collected by H. H. Smith, during the months of July, August,
and September. The types are deposited in the Carnegie Museum.

109. Leptysma grossa sp. nov.

Quite large (50 mm. in length) and with an unusually large head
and wide ensiform antenne. Tegmina long, narrow, and very
acuminate; the hind wings apparently wanting (at least this is true
of the single Q specimen at hand). Sides of head, lower edges of
pronotum and pleura, provided with a rather conspicuous pale band,
which extends from the lower anterior edge of each eye to the insertion
of the hind femora. Face and pectus somewhat hirsute.

BRUNER: SoOuTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 75

Head large and coarse, nearly twice as long as the pronotum, the
front edge of which it slightly exceeds in width; eyes of moderate size,
not prominent, separated by a space equal to about one-half the
diameter of the basal antennal joint; the fastigium very large and
three-fourths the length of the occiput, deeply and broadly sulcate
longitudinally at middle, separated from the vertex by a transverse
sulcus, and bordered at sides and behind by a prominent rounded
carina; lateral ocelli small, wholly within the deflexed area of the
fastigium bounded by the lateral carina referred to above. Antenne
large, coarse, somewhat longer than the combined length of the head
and pronotum, only the apical joints filiform; inserted considerably
in advance of the lateral ocelli. Face nearly straight viewed in pro-
file, the frontal costa quite prominent, of nearly equal width through-
out and fairly deeply sulcate in advance of a line drawn between the
lower anterior edge of the eyes, below or back of this shallow and fading.
Pronotum somewhat widest in front, closely and minutely punctulate,
the median carina distinctly visible throughout; anterior and posterior
margins of disk rounded, the latter very gently emarginate at middle.
Tegmina narrow, a fourth longer than the abdomen, the longitudinal
veins fairly prominent, cross-veins faint, wings either very minute or
entirely aborted. Anterior and middle legs minute; hind femora
slender, reaching to middle of the fifth abdominal segment; hind tibie
expanding but gently apically, their lateral edges scarcely laminate,
nine to eleven spines externally. Valves of the ovipositor short,
robust, supplied with strong apical and lateral teeth as well as with a
discal row on base of upper pair. Prosternal spine slender, the apical
half strongly bent to the rear, its apex rounded; anterior edge of
mesosternum quite strongly advanced as a coarse blunt projection
towards the middle of the prosternum.

General color pale testaceous. Sides of head, lower edges of pro-
notum and middle of pleura longitudinally striped with dirty white
bordered by dull olivaceous. Antenne, fastigium, and tegmina above,
more or less tinged with rufous. Hind tibiz tinged with pale glaucous
or greenish gray. Pulvilli, tarsi beneath, and tibial spines, more or
less piceous. .

Length of body, 2, 50 mm., of antenne about 20 mm., of head to
tip of fastigium, 12.5 mm., of occiput 6 mm., of pronotum, 6.5 mm.,
of tegmina, 49 mm., of hind femora, 23.5 mm.

Habitat.—The single female at hand, the type, comes from Chapada,

6 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Brazil, and is contained in the Carnegie Museum. It was in all
probability taken by H. H. Smith.

Genus COLUMBACRIS gen. nov.

Related to Leptysma, Stenacris, Cylindrotettix, and Leptysmina, but
differing from all of these in the form and comparative size of the
fastigium of the vertex and the last ventral segment of the male
abdomen.

Head large, moderately robust, horizontal, the face very oblique,
slightly wider than the anterior edge of the cylindrical pronotum,
which it equals in length. Vertex between the eyes about as wide
as the greatest width of the antenne, the fastigium large, a trifle
exceeding the eyes in length, mitriform, the disk but gently sulcate
on basal half, the front acuminate, the sides gently bowed and carinate.
Frontal costa very prominent above, and broadest between the
antenne, profoundly sulcate throughout, continued to the base of
the clypeus. Lateral or facial carinee inconspicuous. Eyes promi-
nent, very strongly oblique, and Jikewise divergent posteriorly, elongate-
elliptical, as long as the anterior edge of the cheeks below them.
Lateral ocelli large, situated on the lateral carine of the fastigium just
opposite the insertion of the basal joint of the antenne. The latter
arising from a rather deep scrobe plainly in advance of the upper
anterior extremity of the eyes. Pronotum cylindrical, rather closely
and minutely punctate, most closely so on the posterior lobe and near
the anterior border; second and third transverse sulci continuous,
plain, the first rather faint and present only on the disk; front and
hind margins rounded, the posterior about one-half as long as the
anterior lobe. Lower lateral edges of pronotum straight on posterior
half, oblique on anterior half. Tegmina of medium width, elongate-
lanceolate, a little surpassing the apex of the abdomen. Wings long,
narrow, apex of anterior field acuminate, the veins heavier and green-
ish, the radial field vitreous, delicate, and with more or less dusky
veins. Hind femora rather robust and elongate for the group, the
apex not quite reaching the base of the supra-anal plate; hind tibie
strongly dilated apically, the margins sharply laminate, seven to
eight-spined externally and twelve to thirteen-spined internally.
Mesosternal lobes contiguous for about one-half their length. Pro-
sternal spine heavy, enlarged, and bent to the rear on apical half,
strongly hirsute. Supra-anal plate rather broad on basal half, with

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. Ties

a wide raised margin, then contracted to a little less than one-half
its basal width, and projected between the cerci as a widely hollowed
finger as far as the length of the wide basal half. Cerci very broad
at base, suddenly contracted from above to about one-fourth the
width, directed backward, then suddenly upward and tapering, the
apex transverse, acuminate, piceous; the base of supra-anal plate
provided with four to six piceous tubercles.

At first glance the representatives of this genus remind one of
Inusia, but the contiguous mesosternal lobes place it along with the
genera referred to above in connection with the comparisons drawn
between genera. It does not come very close to Leptysma as will be
seen by a comparison of the size and form of the fastigium of the vertex.
The same may also be said on comparing it with Stenacris. Its ensi-
form antenne will! readily separate it from the latter genus.

110. Columbacris caudata sp. nov.

Uniformly pale grass-green, without traces of paler and darker
lateral, longitudinal bands. Its general appearance is that of a
slender Arnilia (Stenacris), but it is quite distinct from the various
representatives of that genus, as indicated by the elongate triangular
vertex, the very strongly oblique front, the decidedly ensiform antennae,
and the very pointed and slightly downwardly curved last ventral
segment of the male abdomen.

Length of body, o&, 31 mm., of pronotum, 4.6 mm., of tegmina, 25
mm., of hind femora, 13.5 mm., of antennae, 9.5 mm., or about as long
as the combined length of the head and pronotum.

Habitat—The type, a male, comes from Corumba, Brazil, where
it was taken during March by H. H. Smith. It is the property of
the Carnegie Museum.

An additional specimen, also a male, without antenne and hind
legs is at hand. It comes from the same locality and bears a like
date. This second specimen has a slightly slenderer fastigium of the
vertex than the type, but otherwise is practically the same.

Genus LEPTYSMINA Giglio-Tos.
Leptysmina GiG.Lio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 34 (18904).
The present genus is composed of several medium-sized sub-
cylindrical locusts, which bear a rather striking resemblance to the
species of Leptysma, but which are readily separated from the repre-
sentatives of that genus by the four-grooved fastigium of the vertex.

~I
0/6)

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

111. Leptysmina rosea Giglio-Tos?
Leptysmina rosea GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 35

(1894).

Habitat.—Specimens from the Rio Paraguay below Asuncion are
referred to this species (H. H. Smith). They differ somewhat from
the description given by Giglio-Tos, but not sufficiently to warrant
describing them as new. See also note after L. gracilis.

112. Leptysmina gracilis sp. nov.

Similar to, but decidedly smaller and slenderer than L. rosea
Giglio-Tos. Sides of head from lower edge of eyes, the lower edges
of pronotum and pleura pale-striped, bordered above by piceous, which
latter color gradually fades into the testaceo-olivaceous, or testaceo-
brunneous, of the upper side.

Head horizontal, a trifle narrower than the front edge of the pro-
notum, its sides parallel to the eyes; latter fairly prominent, and a
trifle longer than the anterior edge of the cheeks, with a metallic
lustre, and narrowly banded lengthwise alternately with piceous and
testaceous, separated above by a space about one-half (co) or two-
thirds (Q) the diameter of the basal antennal joint; fastigium of the
vertex as in rosea, but with the longitudinal carine and sulcations
less profound than in that species. Frontal costa cf equal width and
moderately sulcate throughout, viewed laterally nearly straight.
Antenne with the basal segments flattened, subtriquetrous, a little
longer than the head and pronotum combined in both sexes. Pronot-
um closely and rather finely punctulate throughout, the median carina
visible, and of equal prominence throughout, the transverse sulci
faint, the last one cutting it at about one-third of the length from the
hind margin; posterior margin broadly rounded, the anterior edge
truncate at middle. Tegmina lanceolate, their apex acuminate, and
extending beyond the tip of the abdomen in both sexes. Femecra a
little robust, the anterior and middle pair short, the posterior ones
evenly tapering, reaching to, or just beyond, the apex of the sixth
abdominal segment in both sexes. Last ventral segment of male
abdomen elongate-acuminate, the sides developed into lobe-like pro-
jections, as described in connection with the diagnosis of L. rosea.
Supra-anal plate very similar to that of the other described species.
Prosterna! spine variable, but not Jaterally compressed.

General color above pale testaceo-olivaceous. Sides as described

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 79

above. Legs and under side greenish flavous; hind tibize amber-
yellow, twelve- to fourteen-spined on outer edge.

Length of body, o’, 28-30 mm., 9, 37 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 4.6
mm., 9, 5.9 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 23-27 mm., 9, 32 mm.; of hind
femora, o’, I2-12.5 mm., 9, 15 mm.

Habitat.—The collection contains three males and one female speci-
men ot this insect, which were collected at Corumba, Brazil, three of
them were taken during March and the other during July (H. H.
Smith). Type in the Carnegie Museum.

There are two male specimens of another species of the genus at
hand which were taken below Asuncion on the Rio Paraguay. I
have referred them to L. rosea Giglio-Tos with some doubt, as they
are perceptibly larger than the measurements given for that species.
In structure these latter specimens (o”) are about as robust and nearly
as large as the females of gracilis just described. They have been
temporarily labeled as Leptysmina tenutpennis sp. nov.

Genus STENACRIS Walker.
Stenacris WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 651 (1870).
Arnilia STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, pp. 42, 85 (1873).

This is still another of the genera of the subaquatic locusts belonging
to America. The various forms are all tropical, or subtropical, in their
distribution. Seven distinct species are credited to South America
by Kirby. Onlv one of these has been recognized among the material
at hand.

113. Stenacris gracilis (Giglio-Tos).
Arnilia gracilis GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, XII, no. 302, p. 30

(1897).

Habitat—Corumba, Brazil, lowlands, during March and December
(H. H. Smith).

Genus OpsoMALA (Serville).
Opshomala SERVILLE, Ann. Sci. Nat., XXII, p. 267 (1831).
Opsomala BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 610 (1838).
Opomala AGassiz, Nomencl. Zool. Ind. Univ., p. 262 (1846).
Chrostheipus BoLtvar, Ann. Mus. Genova, XXXIII, p. 137 (1893).

The insects which Kirby separates under the present generic name
resemble those belonging to Stenacris Walker, but have a less com-
plicated structure of the last ventral segment, or subanal plate, of the
male abdomen. They too belong to tropical America, and all but
one are confined to the South American continent.

8O ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

114. Opsomala viridis Serville.
Opshomala viridis SERVILLE, Ann. Sci. Nat., XXII, p. 268 (1831).
Opsomala viridis BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 611 (1838).
Arnilia viridis BRUNER, Biol. Cent. Amer., Orthopt., II, pp. 254, 255 (1908).
Habitat.—Specimens, which are referable to this species, come from
Rio de Janeiro and Corumba, Brazil, where they were collected
during November and March by H. H. Smith.

115. Opsomala coccineipes (Bruner).
Arnilia coccineipes BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 659 (1906).
Opsomala coccineipes Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt. Brit. Mus., III, p. 419 (1910).
Habitat—Corumha, Brazil, during the months of March to July
inclusive (H. H. Smith).

116. Opsomala stali sp. nov.

A large and robust insect, most nearly related to O. coccineipes
Bruner and Q. viridis Serville, as shown bv the synoptic table of the
species of this genus, published in the second volume of the Orthoptera
of the Biologia Centrali- Americana, pp. 254-255, May, 1908.

Size large, the head robust, ascending; occiput about as long as the
anterior lobe of the pronotum, gently arcuate; vertex about:as wide
as the frontal costa at the ocellus, depressed anteriorly and separated
from the fastigium by a profound transverse sulcus; the fastigium
ascending, triangular, rather large, a trifle broader than long, the
lateral margins gently arcuate, the apex very gently acuminate, the
disk rugose; lateral ocelli large, situated on the lateral carine very
near the upper anterior extremity of the eyes. Frontal costa promi-
nent, sulcate throughout, the lateral walls heavy, smooth, meeting
above in an acuminate angle, the apex of which just touches the
depressed point of the fastigium. Lateral facial carine rather strongly
divergent in their lower half, where they gradually diminish in promi-
nence. Front shallowly, but coarsely, punctulate. Antenne ccarse,
subensiform, the basal joints somewhat depressed or flattened, their
inner lower surface quite strongly infuscated. Pronotum cylindrical,
rather closely and strongly punctulate, the anterior and posterior
margins above rounded; median carina inconspicuous, but visible
throughout, cut by all three transverse sulci, by the hind one most
profoundly. Tegmina and wings comparatively wide, surpassing the
tip of the abdomen fully one-third of aninch (@ ), the apex of the former

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 81

acuminate. Hind femora rather long, robust; hind tibie heavy,
evenly expanding apically, the edges sharp, ten-spined externally,
fourteen-spined internally. Prosternal spine moderately robust, a
little compressed laterally, broadly rounded apically and gently
directed to the rear.

General color flavo-testaceous tinged with green on head, pronotum,
pleura, and tegmina (possibly pale grass-green in life). Sides of head
below the eyes, lower edges of pronotum, and lower portion of pleura,
marked by a rather wide pallid band bordered above by a faint trace
of piceous. Under side and legs bright flavous; the posterior tarsi
rufous. Antennal joints on basal two-thirds strongly marked with
black internally and below. Wings strongly infuscated.

Length of body, 2, 44 mm., of pronotum, 6.75 mm., of tegmina, 40
mm., of hind femora, 20.5 mm.

Habitat.—A single female, the type, was taken at Chapada, near
Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, in June by H. H. Smith. It is de-
posited in the Carnegie Museum.

On account of the robust structure of the head and thorax of this
insect it has a strongly wedge-shaped form when viewed laterally, the
abdomen being evenly slenderer from the base to its apex.

117. Opsomala interior (Bruner).
Arnilia interior BRUNER, Biol. Cent. Amer. Orthopt., II, p. 254 (1908).
Opsomala interior KirBy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 419 (1910).
Habitat—Corumba and Cuyaba, Brazil, on lowlands during March

(H. H. Smith).
Genus OXYBLEPTELLA Giglio-Tos.

Oxybleptella GiGL10-Tos, Boll, Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 33 (1894).
Two representatives of this genus are known. They both belong
to the region now under consideration.

118. Oxybleptella sagitta Giglio-Tos.

Oxybleptella sagitta G1GL10o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 33,

pl. 1, fig. 7 (1894).

Habitat.—Specimens, taken at Chapada, Brazil, during the months
of May, June, and July by H. H. Smith, are referred to this species.

James A. G. Rehn described a second species of the genus from this
same locality (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 136-139, figs. 21,
22, 23, 1909). It has not been definitely recognized among the

material before me now.

82 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Genus OXYBLEPTA Stal.
Oxyblepta StAL, Recens, Orthopt., I, p. 84 (1873).
Stenopola STAL, Bihang. Svensk, Akad. Handl., V, no. 4, p. 39 (1878).
This is still another genus of the subaquatic locusts which is confined
to tropical South America. At least five species are known. Two of
them are among the material now being studied.

119. Oxyblepta puncticeps (Stal).
Opsomala puncticeps STAL, Eugen. Resa, Orthopt., p. 325 (1860).
Stenopola (Oxyblepta) puncticeps ST L, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 84 (1873).
(2?) Stenopola puncticeps GiGLIo-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184,
p. 31 (1894).
Oxyblepta puncticeps KirBy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt. Brit. Mus., III, p. 415 (1910).
Habitat.—Corumba, Brazil, during March to July inclusive (H. H.
Smith).
120. Oxyblepta bohlsi (Gig!io-Tos).
Stenopola bohlsii GiGLto-Tos, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., VIII, p. 813 (1895).
Oxyblepta bohlsii Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt. Brit. Mus., III, p. 416 (1910).
Habitat——Corumba and Chapada, Brazil, where they were collected
during the months of March to July inclusive by H. H. Smith.

Genus PARACORNOPS Giglio-Tos.
Paracornops GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 31 (1894).
Cornops STAL (nec SCUDDER), Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, no. 4, p. 40 (1878).

The representatives of this genus are fairly abundant at suitable
locations throughout the tropical parts of Central and South America.
Four species have been recognized heretofore and two others are now
added.

121. Paracornops longicorne sp. nov.

About the size of P. longipenne De Geer, but differing from that
insect by having a larger head with more prominent eyes and a very
slender and short acuminate, instead of a long blunt cylindrical,
prosternal spine.

Head moderately large, plainly broader than the anterior margin of
the pronotum; the eyes prominent, viewed from above their hind
margins forming a little less than a right angle, but greater than in
the insect that has been determined and which is referred to in the
synoptic key as longipenne (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 662,
1906); width of vertex about equal to the diameter of the first antennal
joint (o’) or fully one and one-half times as great (9), the fastigium

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 83

very gently depressed, about as long as (0) or a little less (9) than
its greatest width, the antero-lateral margins raised, the disk slightly
and irregularly rugose, not longitudinally sulcate, but with its anterior
portion a little lower than the bounding wall. Frontal costa viewed
laterally fairly prominent above, straight, continuous to the clypeus;
plain above the antenne, coarsely punctate and sulcate below.
Antenne filiform, in the female a very little longer than the combined
length of the head and pronotum, in the male slightly longer than the
hind femora. Front quite profusely and strongly punctulate, the
lateral carine prominent, divergent, and somewhat bowed below the
middle. Pronotum rather strongly punctulate, of about equal width
in front and behind, a little contracted laterally at middle, the trans-
verse sulci visible throughout, but not at all prominent, the last one
located decidedly back of the middle; median carina slight, but visible
throughout; anterior margin broadly and evenly rounded, the hind
margin obtusangulate, lower lateral margins strongly sinuate, the
posterior angle rounded. Pleura punctulate. Tegmina and wings
narrow, the former with about one-fourth (o”) or one-sixth (Q ) of their
length extending beyond the tip of the abdomen, their apex plainly
rounded. Hind femora moderately robust, evenly tapering, as long
as (9), or somewhat longer than (07), the abdomen, the genicular
lobes acuminate; hind tibie gently expanded apically, the lateral
edges plainly, but not greatly, lamellate; external row of spines, six,
the internal row, nine in number. Interspace between the mesosternal
lobes a little wider than long. Prosternal spine small, acuminate,
emanating from the rear of a low rapidly narrowing pyramidal base.
Male abdomen evenly and rapidly tapering, the last ventral segment
abruptly upturned and contracted at sides so as to form a small
pyramidal apex; supra-anal plate of peculiar form, the basal half
being a very heavily rimmed depressed semi-circle with two short
sub-parallel median carina and a lateral basal tubercle of black; the
apical half a much narrower D-shaped projection which is also very
strongly rimmed. Cerci of the curved type typical of this group of
insects, the apical half slightly transverse and gently spatulate; valves
of the ovipositor short and rather strongly margined with teeth, the
outer margin of the upper pair provided with four prominent teeth.

Occiput, disk of pronotum, and dorsal edges of the folded tegmina
in the male dark olivaceous green, in the female tinged with brown;
sides of head back of eyes, upper half of sides of pronotum and upper

84 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

portion of meso- and meta-pleura together with the disk and anterior
margin of the elytra in the male shining black, becoming paler towards
the apex of the latter, in the female piceous, gradually fading into
the brownish olive of the dorsum; below this line and in the face bright
greenish yellow. Hind tibiz greenish glaucous, infuscated apically.
Hind femora with the knees of male infuscated externally, internally
black, in the female ferruginous; base of hind tibia marked above
with a longitudinal black patch. Antenne basally testaceous to
ferruginous, becoming infuscated on apical half.

Length of body, o&, 19.75 mm., 9, 26 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 3.9
mm.; 2, 4:75 mm.; of tegmina,*o’, 20 mm.) 9, 22 4mm; of hind
femora,:o'; 11:75 mm. 95 13.5 mm:; of antenne, o'; 13 mm. os
5.5 mm.

Habitat—The types, o and 92 , come from Para, Brazil, where they
were collected during the month of June. They are the property of
the Carnegie Museum.

122. Paracornops dorsatum sp. nov.

Quite similar in color and general appearance to P. longipenne, or
the insect that has been determined as that species, but smaller and
decidedly slenderer. Prosternal spine transverse at base, evenly and
quite abruptly tapering to the acuminate apex, which is directed
gently towards the front.

Head of moderate size, no wider than the front edge of the pronotum;
face and cheeks below the eyes profusely, but not very coarsely,
punctulate. Eyes subglobose, not prominent, slightly longer than
the anterior edge of the cheeks immediately below them, their hind
margins forming nearly a right angle, separated at the vertex by a
space slightly greater than the widest portion of the frontal costa;
fastigium of the vertex about as long as wide, shallowly sulcate at
middle anteriad, the raised margins meeting in a right angle. Frontal
costa not prominent, of nearly equal width throughout, punctulate
and shallowly sulcate from between the antenne almost to the clypeus,
where the lateral carinee become obsolete. Facial carine divergent,
straight, fairly prominent. Antenne filiform, a little longer than the
head and pronotum combined. Pronotum subcylindrical, rather
closely and granularly punctulate, the hind lobe a little expanding,
its posterior extremity obtusangulate; median carina visible through-

out, severed only by the last transverse sulcus, which is inconspicuous

BRUNER: SouTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 85

like the others. Tegmina of moderate width, a little surpassing the
tip of the abdomen, their apex rounded. Hind femora normal, their
external genicular lobes scarcely acuminate; hind tibie gently ex-
panded apically, the outer margin six-spined, inner margin nine-spined.
Mesosternal lobes separated by a quadrate space decidedly wider than
long, about equal to one and one-half times the width of one of the
lobes. Valves of the ovipositor strong and longer than usual, the
apical hook long and strong; the lateral edges of the basal portion
four- or five-toothed, the outer one much the largest.

General color brunneous above, very pale flavous below the dusky
lateral lines and on the legs, possibly greenish yellow in life. Genicular
region of hind femora and apical portion of hind tibiz infuscated.
The dusky bands are dark piceous, almost jet-black next to the pallid
lower parts, and gradually fading into the brownish upper parts.

Length of body, 2, 22 mm., of pronotum, 4 mm., of tegmina, 19.5
mm., of hind femora, 11.75 mm.

Habitat—The only specimen at hand, the type, was collected by
H. H. Smith during November. It comes from Chapada, near
Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, and is in the collection of the Carnegie
Museum.

123. Paracornops aquaticum Bruner.
Paracornops aquaticum BRUNER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 662, 663 (1906).

Habitat.—Specimens of this insect are at hand which bear the labels,
‘‘Corumba, Brazil, lowlands.’’ They were taken during the months
of February and March by H. H. Smith.

The type specimen was taken by the writer at San Bernardino,
Paraguay, during the month of September.

Genus EUMASTUSIA gen. nov.

Related to Oxybleptella G1GLio-Tos, but differing from that genus
chiefly in the emarginate pronotum and the greatly abbreviated
tegmina and wings.

124. Eumastusia koebelei (Rehn).

Mastusia koebelei REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 142-144, figs., 26, 27
(1909).
Habitat—Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, 1 o& and
1 2, August and September respectively (H. H. Smith).

™.

86 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Genus Mastusia Stal.
Mastusia STAL, Bihang. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., V, no. 4, pp. 39, 84 (1878).
The genus Mastusia is entirely confined to South America, at least
so far as known at present. Two species have been described pre-
viously, and now a third is added. The relationship of the present
species to the other described forms is shown by the annexed synop-

tical table.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF MASTUSIA.?
A. Size larger (30 mm. or more in length). |

b. General color olivaceous. Tegmina abbreviated, not greatly, if any, longer
than the pronotum (Q 32 mm. in length). Peru...quadricarinata Stal.
bb. General color grass-green. Tegmina more elongate, nearly the length of

the abdomen (o7 30 mm. in length). Upper Amazon.
spectabilis Bolivar.
AA. Size smaller (Q 26 mm.). Tegmina and wings two-thirds the length of the
abdomen. "Wings ¥iplued. c. scrmicieme sie siete ce ceruleipennis sp. nov.

125. Mastusia ceruleipennis sp. nov.

A medium-sized moderately robust species, in which the head is
quite noticeably wider than the anterior edge of the pronotum. The
tegmina and wings two-thirds the length of the abdomen, the former
brown with a narrow pallid longitudinal line along the angle, the latter
cerulean. Antenne with the apical joint pallid.

Head rather large, somewhat obese, rounded on sides and occiput,
considerably higher than long; the eyes fairly prominent, elongate
oval, somewhat pointed above, a little longer than the anterior edge
of the cheeks below them; vertex fairly wide, of the same width as
the frontal costa between the antenna, and provided with a deep
coarse pit, which separates it from the fastigium; the latter short, fully
twice as wide as long, its surface back of the lateral and anterior
margin gently depressed; lateral ocelli large, ferruginous, located on a
small deflexed triangular area just in advance of the upper portion of
the eyes. Face somewhat oblique, viewed in profile straight; the
frontal costa prominent, widely sulcate throughout, continued to the
clypeus; lateral or facial carina prominent, divergent below, and
reaching from the posterior extremity of the fastigium to the base of
the mandible. Antenne filiform, about as long as the head and

7 The Mastusia koebelei Rehn belongs to a new genus (Eumastusia) more closely
related to Oxybleptella Giglio-Tos than to Mastusia, as will be recognized by the
widely transverse prosternal spine and other characters. It may be considered
as the type of that genus.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA, 87

pronotum combined, the basal joint quite large, nearly as great in
diameter as the width of the vertex between the top extremity of the
eyes, twenty-one-jointed. Pronotum cylindrical, quite strongly punc-
tulate, most closely so on the hind lobe, on the upper field of the
lateral lobes provided with two rather large quadrate glabrous patches;
anterior and posterior margins of disk broadly rounded, the middle of
hind edge a little emarginate; the three transverse sulci continuous,
the posterior one most profound, the hind lobe slightly less than one-
half the length of the front lobe. Tegmina and wings somewhat
shorter than the abdomen, reaching to the posterior extremity of the
sixth abdominal segment, the apex of the former rounded. Hind
femora quite large and robust, somewhat passing the tip of the
abdomen; the hind tibia quite conspicuously expanded apically,
their lateral edges strongly acute, seven-spined externally, ten-spined
internally. Prosternal spine slender, erect, the apex acuminate and
directed very gently to the front. Mesosternal lobes not touching
on their inner edges, the space about half as wide as long. Valves
of the ovipositor moderately long, the upper pair straight, robust,
but little tapering, the apex obliquely docked, the outer margin
finely serrate; lower pair slenderer, the outer third tapering and gently
hooked, the outer margin also more or less closely serrate. Under-
side of apical segments and valves of ovipositor strongly hirsute.

General color above brunneo-testaceous, the sides back of eyes
piceous; below testaceous or flavous; hind femora olivaceous, above
and externally, inside and below pale flavous; hind tibie pale glau-
cous, the apical half of spines black; the tarsi infuscated. Antenne
greenish at base, becoming strongly infuscated on apical half, the
extreme apex dirty white.

Length of body, 2, 26 mm., of pronotum, 5 mm., of tegmina,
13 mm., of hind femora, 15.5 mm.

Habitat—Benevides, Brazil], H. H. Smith collector. The type
is in the collection of the Carnegie Museum.

CHLOROHIPPUS gen. nov.

Related to both Chrostheipus Brunner v. Wattenwyl and Copiocera
Burmeister, but differing from both of these genera as well as from
Epiprora Gerstecker in a number of respects. General form moder-
ately robust, subcylindrical, the head, pronotum, and pleura densely
and strongly punctulate, the former less densely so on occiput; anterior

88 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and middle legs slender, short; hind legs robust and also rather short.
Tegmina and wings considerably surpassing the apex of the abdomen,
the former of nearly equal width on basal two-thirds or three-
fourths, their apex acuminate.

Head large, robust, horizontal, somewhat broader than the front
edge of the pronotum, the occiput nearly or quite as long as the
pronotum, viewed laterally very gently arched; vertex horizontal,
acuminate, a little longer than wide, the sides straight, somewhat
laminate. Eyes small, not prominent, elongate pyriform, rather
widely separated above. Frontal costa prominent between the
antenne, which are located opposite the upper third of the eyes,
deeply sulcate, suddenly constricted and lowered and again widening
in advance of the large ocellus, below this evanescent. Lateral
or facial carine prominent, smooth, extending from near the outer
edge of the antennal pits to the base of the mandibles where they
unite with a transverse ridge which borders the lower face and forms
a walled area of the front. Antenne moderately robust, the basal
joints depressed, giving to these members a subensiform appearance.
Pronotum of moderate length, gently divergent behind, all three
transverse sulci continuous, more or less sinuouse and severing the in-
conspicuous median carina, the posterior lobe a trifle shorter than
the anterior lobe; anterior margin very broadly rounded, the hind
margin subangulate; lower lateral edges gently sinuose, the posterior
angle a right-angle, the immediate apex rounded. Tegmina slightly
coriaceous, moderately long, the apical third or fourth tapering,
the apex bluntly acuminate; wings transparent, delicate, a trifle
more than twice as long as broad. Hind femora moderately robust,
evenly tapering, two-thirds the length of the abdomen; tibie also
robust, considerably shorter than the femora, seven- or eight-spined
externally, nine-spined internally. Abdomen moderately large,
tapering but little before the extreme apex; the valves of the
ovipositor and cerci all finger-like, hairy, the latter unarmed with
teeth or hardened apex for digging. Prosternal spine transverse,
the apex entire; mesosternal lobes subangulate within, the inter-
space at middle about one-third of the width of one of the lobes.

126. Chlorohippus roseipennis sp. nov.

General color pale grass-green above. Anterior and lower edges
of cheeks, lateral carine of face, lower margins of sides of pronotum

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 89

and lower portion of pleura, anterior and middle legs, lower half of
hind femora, and venter flavous. Antenne pallid on basal half
above, black beneath and infuscated on apical half above. Lunules
of hind femora ferruginous. Hind tibiz oil-green, the spines black,
Wings clear transparent rose-color on base, becoming very delicate
cerulean on apical third, the veins concolorous. In one specimen
the wing is tinged with very delicate gray-blue and has a rather
large faint patch of smoky brown on the radial field towards the
posterior border, and the basal nervures are delicate lavender. Eyes
castaneous.

Length of body, 2, 44 mm., of head 7.75 mm., of pronotum 6.75
mm., of tegmina, 37 mm., of hind femora, 16.5 mm., of hind tibia,
13 mm.

Habitat—Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, July and
August (H. H. Smith). The type is deposited in the Carnegie

Museum.
Genus CoprioceRA Burmeister.

Copiocera BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, pp. 602, 611 (1838).
Glaphyracris WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 653 (1870).

The representatives of the genus Copiocera are all confined to
tropical America, where they occur in damp localities in and about
forests from Nicaragua to southern Brazil. Most of the species are
dark-colored, varied on the abdomen with red or orange markings.

127. Copiocera austera Gerstecker.
Copiocera austera GERSTCKER, Mitth. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm., XX, p. 36 (1889).
Habitat—The specimens at hand are labeled “‘ Rio de Janeiro,’
where they were taken in November by H. H. Smith.

’

Genus CHROSTHEIPUS Brunner v. Wattenwyl.

Chrostheipus BRUNNER V. WATTENWYL, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., Ser. 2, XIII, p. 137
(1893) footnote.

This genus was undoubtedly established especially for the reception
of Serville’s Opsomala varipes which certainly does not belong in the
same genus along with O. viridis, coccineipes, interior, etc. It should
not be included as a synonym of Opsomala.

128. Chrostheipus varipes (Serville).
Opsomala varipes SERVILLE, Ins. Orthopt., p. 584 (1839).
Habitat.—A single female specimen of this insect is at hand from
Rio de Janeiro, where it was taken in December by H. H. Smith.

90 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

The relationship of this insect js much closer to Copztocera than to
any of the insects which possess hind tibize with lamellate margins.
Its build is very robust and the prosternal tubercle is large, heavy, and
transverse, and has its apex emarginate; the antenne are pale-tipped,
while the hind tibia have the series of spines on the external margin
interrupted as in Coptocera. The description as given by Serville
(1. c.) agrees with this insect in every respect except size, which is a
little greater than that given, as will be seen by the following mea-
surements:

Length of body, 9, 69 mm., of head 11 mm.,, of pronotum, 9.25
mm., of tegmina, 35 mm., of hind femora, 24 mm., of hind tibia, 18
mm.

Serville’s citation of ‘““Amerique septentrionale’’ as the habitat is
certainly an error, since no record has since been made of a capture of |
a specimen of the species in that country, or for that matter, in any
other country.

Genus EPISCOPOTETTIX Rehn.
Episcopotettix REHN, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXIX, p. 13 (1902).

129. Episcopotettix ‘sulcirostris Rehn.
Episcopoteltix sulcirostris REHN, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXIX, p. 13 Goo):
Habitat.—The type of this species, a male, according to its author,
bore the label, ‘Forest of San Juan, Mexico.’’ Unfortunately the
female specimen now at hand is without a label of any kind.

Genus HoMALOSAPARUS Rehn.
Homalosaparus REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., LX, p. 17 (1908).

The present genus was erected for the reception of a locust allied to
Abila and Pheorparia. Since that date a second species of the genus
has been added. These insects are ferruginous in color with roseate
hind wings. They are confined to southern Brazil and Paraguayan
territory. so far as known at present.

130. Homalosaparus canonicus Rehn.
Homalosaparus canonicus REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., LX, pp. 17-20,

figs. 2, 3 (1908).

Habitat.—Sao Paulo, Brazil (A. Hempel). Not represented in the
Carnegie material at hand.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 91

131. Homalosaparus sordidatus Rehn.
Homalosaparus sordidatus REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 155-157,
figs. 36, 37 (1909).
Habitat—Corumba and Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso,
Brazil, May to August, many specimens of both sexes (H. H. Smith).

Genus BUCEPHALACRIS Giglio-Tos.
Bucephalacris GiGLi1o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 30 (1894).

The insects, which comprise the present genus, thus far have been
found over only a comparatively limited area in Bolivia, northern
Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. Two species have been described
heretofore, and now two others are added, although one of these latter
is far from being typical of the genus. All of the species, except the
type, are based on single individuals. Judging from the structure of
the hind tarsi and what is known of the habits of related forms, it is
surmised that these locusts are arboreal in habit and possibly also
rather rare. It would be interesting to know something more con-
cerning the structure of the male genitalia, as well as the comparative
size of the sexes, in the different species. They may be separated

as follows:
SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF BUCEPHALACRIS.

A. Form rather graceful, cylindrical, or subcylindrical. Tegmina and wings a
little shorter than the abdomen; the former with comparatively few
veins. Hind tibiz glaucous.

b. General color olivaceous, the tegmina tinged with rose or vinaceous. Size

smaller (Q, 23-25 mm.).

c. Head large and decidedly wider than the front edge of the pronotum.

borellii Giglio-Tos.

cc. Head smaller, but little wider than the front edge of the pronotum.

fuscipennis sp. nov.

bb. General color dull grayish brown, the tegmina not tinted with rose or

vinaceous. Size larger (9, 30mm.). Hind femora provided with three
fuscous bands, inner face and lower sulcus blood-red.

paraguayensis Bruner.

AA. Form rather robust. Tegmina and wings considerably shorter than the

abdomen; the former rather closely veined. Hind tibize coral-red.

Upper lateral edges of pronotum dusky-banded.....corallipes sp. nov.

132. Bucephalacris fuscipennis sp. nov.

General form slender, subcylindrical, reminding a little of the repre-
sentatives of the genus Coscineuta, but certainly nearer to Bucepha-

92 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

lacris in many of its characters. General color olive-green, the
tegmina with a strong tinge of vinaceous. Wings heavily infus-
cated.

Head of moderate size, scarcely wider than the front edge of the
pronotum, rather evenly and finely punctulate; eyes large, prominent,
fully a third longer than the anterior edge of the cheeks below them,
the vertex not quite as wide as the diameter of the first antennal
joint; fastigium about as long as broad, very gently depressed, its
disk rather strongly rugose-punctulate, and with the anterior border
truncate and strongly transversely carinate. Frontal costa prominent,
plane, and with parallel sides above the ocellus, weak, much narrower
and sulcate below. Antenne filiform, slender, about one-fourth longer
than the head and pronotum combined, the basal joint unusually long.
Lateral or facial carine moderately prominent, divergent, reaching
the clypeus. Pronotum subcylindrical, the hind lobe somewhat
expanding, rather finely and closely punctulate, the anterior edge
heavily bordered, a little advanced upon the occiput, with the middle
gently and widely emarginate; posterior margin of disk evenly
rounded, the transverse sulci continuous, the median carina faintly
present on hind lobe only. Pleura finely punctulate. Tegmina
rather narrow, a little tapering, their apex rounded, not quite reaching
the tip of the abdomen. Hind femora rather robust, evenly tapering,
the pinne of outer disk regular, as long as the abdomen. Hind tibiz
hirsute, robust, seven-spined externally and eight-spined internally;
first and second tarsal joints about equal in length, the third joint
almost as long as the first and second combined. Prosternal spine
broadly pyramidal, its apex blunt, slightly hirsute; mesosternal lobes
separated by a space considerably wider than long, the inner edge of the
lobes widely and obliquely rounded caudad. Valves of the ovipositor
normal.

General color dark brunnec-olivaceous, the pleura marked with
blotches of dirty yellow. Eyes dark brown. Tegmina tinted with
vinaceous on basal half of costal field and towards the apex discally.
Genicular portion of hind femora infuscated, the lunules ferruginous;
hind tibie glaucous. Antenne with the basal joint olivaceous, re-
mainder black. Wings strongly infuscated.

Length of body, 9 , 23 mm., of pronotum, 4.3 mm., of tegmina, 14.5
mm., of hind femora, 12.5 mm.

Habitat.—The type, the only specimen examined, was collected at.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 93

Benevides, Brazil, where it was taken by H. H. Smith during the
month of July. It is in the Carnegie Museum.

133. Bucephalacris corallipes sp. nov.

The present species is characterized by the red hind tibiae, the
banded pronotum, and the comparatively short tegmina and wings.
In size it approaches B. paraguayensis most closely.

Head large, about as wide as high, slightly exceeding the anterior
edge of the pronotum in width. Eyes large and prominent, strongly
divergent, in length nearly double the anterior edge of the cheeks
immediately below them. Vertex rather narrow, about the same
width as that of the diameter of the first antennal joint; fastigium
provided anteriorly with a longitudinal median carina, depressed, a
little shorter than wide, the anterior edge truncate, and furnished
with a rather prominent transverse carina which separates the disk
from the frontal costa. Latter moderately prominent and with
parallel sides between the antenne, in nowise sulcate, but furnished
with a few punctures, at the ocellus suddenly both narrower and much
lower, slightly sulcate, and becoming nearly obsolete. Facial carine
divergent, not prominent, but continuous to the outer base of the
clypeus. Front alone strongly punctured, the cheeks aud occiput
comparatively smooth. Pronotum closely, and fairly coarsely, punctu-
late, a little longer than wide, the hind lobe with its sides divergent
caudad; anterior margin a little advanced upon the occiput, its center
very gently emarginate; the posterior margin very breadly subangu-
late; the median carina slight, most apparent on the hind lobe; the
transverse sulci slight, continuous, the posterior one most profound
Pleura quite profusely, and the meso- and meta-sternum sparsely,
punctulate. Tegmina and wings abbreviated, a little more than
one-half the length of the abdomen, the former rather profusely
veined on basal two-thirds, comparatively narrow, somewhat tapering.
Wings with the apex nearly squarely docked, scarcely longer than
broad, smoky hyaline, the veins infuscated. Hind femora rather
slender, not reaching the tip of the abdomen; the tibie and tarsi
hirsute, the former six-spined externally and eight-spined internally,
the latter with the first and second joints about equal in length.
Prosternal spine short, robust, pyramidal, the apex blunt; mesosternal
interval subquadrate, a little wider than long. Valves of ovipositor
normal.

94 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

General color dark olive-green, the disk of pronotum bordered on
either side by a moderately prominent, but not wide, piceous band,
which reaches from the anterior to posterior margins. Legs greenish
olive, the inner side and lower sulcus of hind femora flavous, the
genicular region somewhat tinged with ferruginous; hind tibie and
tarsi coral-red.

Length of body, 9, 28.5 mm., of pronotum, 4.5 mm., of tegmina,
approximately 12 mm., of hind femora, 13 mm.

Habitat—Corumba, Brazil, April. The type is in the Carnegie
Museum.

Genus ZOSPERAMERUS Bruner.
Zosperamerus BRUNER, Biol. Cent. Amer. Orthopt., II, pp. 214, 274 (1907-8).
This is a genus composed cf medium-sized tropical! locusts, which,
so far as at present known, are confined to Central America aid the
northern parts of South America. These insects are characterized
by their excessively long and slender hind tarsi, the colored base
and infuscated apical half of the wings and by the very slender filiform
antenne. Three species have been described in the past and a fourth
is now added. These four species may be separated by the following
key:
SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF ZOSPERAMERUS.

A. Size smaller (9, 22 mm., o’,17 mm.). General color greenish olive to dark
brunneo-cinereous, varied with bands and mottlings of dirty white or
testaceous.

b. The femora of all the legs conspicuously banded with pallid and fuscous.
Nicaragua; i@entraleyAmericas|ijac.. aa-ctentoeiere ele zonatipes Bruner.
bb. Femora less conspicuously banded.

c. Face, cheeks, lateral lobes of pronotum, pleura, and hind femora con-
spicuously marked with dirty white patches. |[Peru, S. America.]
albopictus Bruner.
cc. Face, cheeks, lateral lobes of pronotum, pleura, and hind femora very

obscurely marked with testaceous. [Para, Brazil.]
brasiliensis sp. nov.
AA. Size larger (@, (?)., o&!, 27 mm.). General color luteous, varied with red and
black. [Para, -Brazills|/ eae ticcescre crete ce ensecteteee ener marginalis Walker.

134. Zosperamerus brasiliensis sp. nov.

As indicated by the above synoptic table the present species is
rather closely related to both gonatipes and albopictus. From the
former it differs by the less conspicuously banded femora and from
the latter by its more obscure and even color.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA.

General form slender, the tegmina and wings somewhat abbreviated,
not quite reaching the middle of the genicular area of the hind femora,
the former rather narrow and gently tapering apically, the apex
rounded. Head rather large, broad, and not especially high, very
perceptibly wider than the anterior margin of the pronotum; eyes
very large and prominent, considerably longer than the anterior
margin of the cheeks below them, separated above by the narrow ver-
tex, which is no wider than the diameter of the basal antennal joint;
fastigium of the vertex horizontal, slightly transverse, with its anterior
margin provided with a raised border, which separates it from the
upper extremity of the very wide frontal costa; this latter fully three
times the width of the vertex between the eyes, plane, save for a few
coarse punctures and a very gentle sulcation just above the ocellus,
the sides parallel to the ocellus, where they suddenly approach and
continue down the face, giving off laterally a short spur midway
between the point of narrowing and the clypeus and producing a
cross-like effect in the face. Lateral or facial carine very gently
bowed outward, their upper and lower extremities about equidistant.
Front rather strongly and profusely punctulate, viewed in profile
straight and only gently oblique. Antenne with the basal joint
rather large, the remaining joints very slender, about one-third longer
than the combined length of the head and pronotum. The latter rather
strongly and closely punctured, selliform, the median carina weak, ap-
parent only on the hind lobe, all three of the transverse sulci continu-
ous, the last most profound, situated very slightly back of the middle;
anterior margin very gently and roundly emarginate at middle, the
hind edge evenly rounded. Hind femora somewhat robust, evenly
tapering towards the apex, the pinne of outer face quite regular, the
genicular lobes acuminate. Hind tibie plainly shorter than the
femora, a little expanded at apex, the external row of spines composed
of seven in number; hind tarsi remarkably long and slender, the
second joint cylindrical, slightly longer than either the first or third.
Mesosternal lobes separated by a space about equal in width to the
lobes themselves, the latter with their inner edge rounded. Pro-
sternal spine robust, slightly transverse, the apex widely rounded:

General color dull brunneo-cinereous with an olivaceous tinge,
varied on front, occiput, cheeks, pronotum, and legs by markings of
dull testaceous. Legs dimly fasciate; hind tibiz cinereo-plumbeous,
the hind tarsi carmine, striped longitudinally with black on the first

96 ° ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and second joints. Eyes castaneous, the antenne pallid at base,
infuscated beyond.

Length of body, Q@, 22 mm., of pronotum, 3.35 mm., of tegmina,
12.5 mm., of hind femora, 11.5 mm.

Habitat——Para, Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type in Carnegie Museum.

Genus ABILA Stal.
Abila STAL, Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, no. 4, pp. 21, 56 (1878).

135. Abila smaragdipes sp. nov.

Size medium, the form somewhat slender. General color above
brunneo-ferrugionus, face and lower half of sides of pronotum pallid,
the underside testaceous; wings transparent smoky orange-red. Legs
oil-green, the tarsi and genicular area of hind pair ferruginous.
Antenne linear, black.

Head large and prominent, plainly wider than, and considerably
ascending above the dorsum of the pronotum, occiput transversely
rugose; eyes prominent, nearly twice as long as the cheeks below them.
Vertex about twice the width of the basal antennal joint, separated
from the fastigium by a transverse depression and an inconspicuous
elevation, the fastigium short, shallowly sulcate, and strongly de-
pressed, the sulcation almost confluent with the shallowly sulcate
frontal costa. Latter continued to the base of the clypeus and with
its sides but slightly divergent anteriorly; lateral or facial carine
fairly prominent, rather strongly divergent below. Antenne linear,
longer than the head and pronotum combined. Pronotum rather
closely punctulate and irregularly rugulose anteriorly and posteriorly,
subcylindrical, gently and roundly constricted at middle, without
lateral carine, the median weak; the transverse sulci inconspicuous,
but the last and middle ones continuous nearly to the lower margins
of the lateral lobes; anterior margin a little sinuose, hind margin
rounded. Tegmina of moderate width, extending beyond the abdo-
men and apex of femora in both sexes, their basal portion more or less
coriaceous and very closely and irregularly veined, beyond submem-
branous and less closely veined, the apex obliquely truncated. Hind
femora long and slender, considerably surpassing the tip of the abdo-
men in both sexes, the genicular lobes acuminate, superior carina some-
what serrated and terminating in a minute spine. Hind tibiz a little
enlarged apically, nine-spined externally, and ten-spined internally.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. Ie

Externally the apical spine is present and almost as prominent as the
others. The spines on the inner margin are heavier, longer, and some-
what curved, ascompared with the outer ones. Last ventral segment
of male abdomen gently upturned, long, slender, and acuminate.
Cerci slender, acuminate, hirsute. Prosternal spine moderately
slender, long, acuminate, the apex directed gently to the front.
Interspace between the mesosternal lobes elongate, narrower than
the lobes themselves, the inner margins of which are evenly rounded.

General color as described above. Tegmina brownish ferruginous,
the dorsal margin a little paler, quite evenly, but faintly, conspersed
with fuscous blotches. Occiput, and posterior portion of cheeks,
together with the upper half of sides of pronotum and upper edges of
pleura, brown. Eyes darkcastaneous. Tibial spines and the spiracles
black.

Length of body, o', 27 mm., 9, 38 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 4.1 mm.,
9, 6.5 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 23 mm., 9, 33.5 mm.; of hind femora,
eo. 56 mm., 9, 23 mm.

Hahitat—The collection contains three males, which were taken
at Para, Brazil, in July, and a single female labeled ‘‘Santarem”’
(H. H. Smith). The types are in the collection of the Carnegie
Museum.

Genus ADELOTETTIX Bruner.
Adelottettix BRUNER, Tiré Hore Soc. Ent. Russice, XXXIX, p. 476 (1910).

The present genus is composed of several rather dull-colored locusts
of moderately large size. They seem to be confined to middle America,
representatives occurring from Yucatan to Peru and Brazil. Judging
from their general dull brownish color these insects live in the tropical
forests among fallen leaves, or upon the shaded trunks of trees. Only
females have thus far been examined by me. The species collaris
may be taken as the type of the genus. The following table will assist
in separating the known forms:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF ADELOTETTIX.

A. Tegmina rather sparsely veined, especially apically.
b. Hind tibiz brunneo-testaceous, nine-spined on both edges. Pronotum

COlAtedm with = placks si [\MuCatanellue ora ceersremteiee creck ieton collaris Bruner.
bb. Hind tibiz with apical half deeply red, seven- to eight-spined. Pronotum
noe cOllared: .withe blacks | [Pertt-|ac-racere cece «oe ore obscurus Bruner.

AA. Tegmina profusely veined even on apical half. Hind tibiz vinaceous red,
seven-spined externally. [Para, Brazil.]............ brunneus sp. nov.

98 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

136. Adelotettix brunneus sp. nov.

Somewhat similar to both A. collaris and A. obscurus, but differing
from both of them in its smaller size and more profusely veined
tegmina.

Head very little, if any, wider than the front edge of the pronotum
The eyes large and prominent, about one-fourth longer than the
anterior edge of the cheeks, separated above by a space equal to the
diameter of the basal antennal joint; fastigium a very little depressed
anteriorly, a trifle longer than wide; occiput and vertex smooth; fron-
tal costa about as described for the other species; face, anterior
and lower edges of cheeks, pronotum, and pleura profusely, and some-
what finely, punctulate. Tegmina quite profusely veined, of moderate
width, and exceeding the length of the abdomen by-about as much as
their width, the apex broadly rounded. Hind femora robust, of
moderate length, the genicular lobes angulate, the angle slightly less
than a right angle. Hind tibiz slenderer than in the other described
species, eight-spined internally, seven-spined externally, the apical
one wanting. Prosternal spine short, robust, slightly transverse, the
apex broadly rounded; mesosternal lobes slightly wider than the
interspace between them.

General color testacec-brunneous, the hind femora a little paler.
Tegmina brown with testaceous veins. Lunules of hind femora and
base of tibize piceous; tibia and tarsi of hind legs vinous red. An-
tenne black with two basal joints brunneo-testaceous and the apical
three orange.

Length of body, 2, 38.5 mm., of pronotum, 7 mm., of tegmina, 32
mm., of hind femora, 16 mm.

Habitat.—The single specimen at hand, the type, comes from Para,
Brazil, where it was taken by H. H.-Smithin-May. It is in the
Carnegie Museum.

Genus ADIMANTUS Stal.
Adimantus STAL, Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, no. 4, p. 38 (1878).

A very characteristic tropical American locustid genus, to which at
least three recognized forms belong.

137. Adimantus vitticeps (Blanchard).
Acridium vilticeps BLANCHARD, in D’Orbign, Voy. Amer. Mérid. Ins., p. 216, pl. 27,
fig. 4 (1846).
Adimantus vitticeps BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 666 (1906).
Habitat—Corumba, Brazil (H. H. Smith).

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 99

Genus ZYGOCLISTRON Rehn.
Zygoclistron REHN, Ent. News, XVI, p. 30 (1905).

The present genus is composed of medium- or slightly above medium-
sized insects of modest coloration, which evidently live upon or near
the ground in or at the edges of forests. Two species have been
described in the past, and now a third is added. These insects are
found in southern Brazil and Paraguay. They may be separated by
the subjoined table.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF ZYGOCIISTRON.

A. Tegmina of females, at least, much shorter than the abdomen. Pronotum

SULOMSI YG TU POSE: shrcteta a arcs cforeioie! uate Stas oe ayn ech pao eear el trachystictum Rehn.

AA. Tegmina of females fully developed, as long as, or longer than, the abdomen.

Pronotum less strongly rugose.

b. Smaller (2 43 mm.). General color testaceo-ferruginous, not tinged with

green or greenish, nor plainly banded with flavous...modestum sp. nov.

bb. Larger (2,54 mm.). General color chrome-green, bay, and saffron; head,
pronotum, and pleura conspicuously banded with flavous.

superbum Rehn.

138. Zygoclistron modestum sp. nov.

As indicated by the preceding synoptic table, the present species is
readily separable from both of the other known species by its plain
and nearly uniform color; from trachystictum by the fully developed
tegmina and wings and the smoother pronotum; and from superbum
by its smaller size and the absence of flavous bands. In general
form and appearance similar to the figure of the latter (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sct. Philad., 1907, p. 182, fig. 12).

Size medium; head of moderate size, the occiput short, gently
bullate; vertex between the upper extremity cf the eyes a little wider
than the shortest diameter of one of them, the fastigium separated
from the rest of the vertex by a plainly depressed transverse line, its
posterior width nearly twice that of its length, the antero-lateral edges
slightly elevated, meeting at an obtuse angle, the middle widely and _
shallowly sulcate. Frontal costa fairly prominent, its upper end very
narrow, the sides strong and evenly divergent below, continuous to the
clypeus, deeply and widely sulcate throughout; lateral or facial
carine also prominent, rather strongly divergent below. Eyes elon-
gate, subpyriform, a little longer than the anterior edge of the cheeks
below them. Antenne moderately robust, about as long as the head
and pronotum combined. The latter subcristate, transversely rugoso-

100 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

punctulate, much more closely so on the poste:ior lobe, the sides
parallel; median carina prominent, profoundly severed by all three of
the transverse sulci, the intervening sections roundly lobate; both the
anterior and posterior margins obtusangulate. Pleura also quite
strongly and coarsely punctulate. Tegmina complete, fully as long
as the abdomen, the venation quite prominent; anterior margin
gently lobate on basal fourth. Hind femora slender, the superior carina
gently serrate; the tibiz normal, eight-spined externally. Valves of
the ovipositor slender, moderately curved. Interspace between the
mesosternal lobes narrow, more than twice as long as broad, the inner
edges of the lobes themselves evenly rounded. Prosternal spine fairly
prominent, the apical third compressed from the sides, its anterior
margin directed cephalad into a dull finger-like lobe.

General color as described above. Wings orange-vermilion basally,
becoming smoky apically, the extreme apex slightly paler. Spines
on inner side of hind tibia somewhat longer than those on outside,
their external edge infuscated to base, the inner basal portion pallid,
with the apex black.

Length of body, 9, 43 mm., of pronotum, 9 mm., of tegmina, 34
mm., of hind femora, 18.5 mm.

Habitat.—The collection contains three female specimens of the
species, all of which were taken at Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto
Grosso, Brazil, one of them in the month of July and the others
during August. The type is the property of the Carnegie Museum.

Genus ALEUAS Stal.
Aleuas STAL, Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, no. 4, pp. 25, 69 (1878).

The several species comprising the present genus belong to southern
Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. At least five forms are
known, four of them having been previously described, while the fifth
is now added. They must be separated as follows:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF ALEUAS.

A. Hind tibia armed externally with six or seven spines. Wings either fully
developed or more or less abbreviated. Pronotum strongly rugoso-
punctate.

b. Tibize normally with but six spines on the outer margin.
c. Tegmina slightly surpassing the apices of the hind femora.
vitticollis Stal.
tc. Tegmina much abbreviated, less than half as long as the abdomen.
brachypterus Bruner.

BRUNER: SouTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 101

bb. Tibia with seven spines on the outer margin.
ce. Tegmina and wings abbreviated, one-half the length of abdomen or less.
curlipennis sp. nov.
cc. Tegmina and wings surpassing the tip of the abdomen... gracilis Stal.
AA. Hind tibiz armed externally with eight or nine spines. Wings always full.

developed. Pronotum not rugose-punctate.............. lineatus Stal.

‘ 139. Aleuas vitticollis Stal.
Aleuas vitticollis STAL, Syst. Acrid., p. 69 (1878).
Habitat—Corumba, Brazil, in April (H. H. Smith). Also found
in Paraguay and southward.

140. Aleuas gracilis Stal?
Aleuas gracilis STAL, Syst. Acrid., p. 70 (1878).

Habitat.—A single specimen, also from Corumba, is referred to this
species with doubt. It was collected during the month of March by
fH. Smith.

141. Aleuas curtipennis sp. nov.

A medium-sized brachypterous species, in which the hind :emora
are more or less strongly infuscated on the lower sulcus and internally,
and the hind tibiz are coralline.

Head large, about as wide (oc) or a little wider than the anterior
edge of the pronotum (Q ), the occiput gently arcuate, about one-half
the length of the pronotum; eyes elongate, moderately prominent,
their anterior edge nearly straight, a little longer than the anterior
edge of the cheeks below them, separated above by a space equal to
the shortest diameter of one of them in the female, and by two-thirds
such diameter in the male. Fastigium gently depressed, somewhat
sulcate in both sexes. Frontal costa prominent, acuminate above,
the lateral walls sharp, in the female parallel from the antennz to
clypeus, in male slightly contracted just below the ocellus, in both
sexes sulcate; facial carine also prominent, divergent. Face feebly
and sparsely punctulate, viewed in profile gently arcuate, somewhat
oblique. Antenne filiform, slender, annulate, in the male as long as
the head and pronotum combined, in the female somewhat less.
Pronotum with the sides parallel, strongly rugoso-punctate, much more
closely so on the posterior lobe; the dorsum viewed laterally gently
arcuate, the median carina prominent, severed behind the middle
by the last transverse sulcus, the posterior margin broadly angulate.
Tegmina smooth, abbreviated, elongate elliptical, in the female

102 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

nearly reaching the tip of the third and in the male that of the fourth
abdominal segment, their apex rounded, the veining peculiar and
profuse, giving to these organs the appearance of being closely and
regularly punctulate. All the legs short and heavy. Pesterior femora
not reaching the tip of the abdomen in either sex. Abdomen cari-
nated, moderately slender in the male, more robust in the female.
Last ventral segment of the male abdomen acuminate; supra-anal
plate roundly triangular, the immediate apex slightly produced and
acuminate, its disk bulging, rugose, the basal third nearly covered by
two large flat attingent, triangular teeth, projecting from the hind
margin of the preceding segment. Cerci moderately long and slender,
evenly tapering from base to apex. Prosternal spine of medium size,
pyramidal, directed gently to the rear, the apex a little blunt, espe-
cially in the male. Interspace between the mesoternal lobes much
narrower than long, in the female one-half, in the male one-third,
as wide as the lobes themselves.

General color flavo-testaceous, more or less streaked and mottled
on head and pronotum with brunneous and olivaceous. Tegmina
pale brunneo-flavous. Antenne fuscous, the apex of each joint
pallid, giving them a strongly annulated appearance. In the female
the disk of the pronotum and middle of the occiput are marked
with a wide longitudinal dull brown band which is bordered on each
side by one of dirty testaceous; sides of head and lateral lobes of
pronotum alternately and irregularly longitudinally streaked with dark
olivaceous and testaceous. Face, pleura, and external face of hind
femora also somewhat varied with dark olivaceous. Hind tibize and
tarsi coralline, somewhat paler basally externally, lunules of hind
femora black, the internal lower genicular lobes red.

Length of body, co’, 26.5 mm., 2, 38 mm.; of pronotum, co’, 5.85
mm., 9, 8.25 mm., of tegmina, o&', 9 mm., 2, 10 mm.; of hind femora,
Gu 12.5¢mm., 2 16 mm

Habitat.—Chapada, Brazil, o, April, 9, May (H. H. Smith).
The types are in the collection of the Carnegie Museum.

Genus PARALEUAS Giglio-Tos.
Paraleuas Giciio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, XIII, no. 311, pp. 47, 57
(1808).
The genus Paraleuas is made up of small or medium-sized locusts,
which bear some resemblance to the larger species of Bucephalacris,

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 103

which occur in the same general region. Like the representatives
of Jodacris and Abracris Walker (Omalotettix Bruner) they are to
be met with among the dead leaves and herbage growing beneath the
larger shrubs and trees composing the forests, which prevail over
much of Brazi! and Paraguay.

142. Paraleuas fosteri Bruner.
Paraleuas fosteri BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 669, 670 (1906).

Habitat—Several specimens of this insect are at hand from Co-
rumba, Brazil. They were taken during the months of March and
July (H. H. Smith).

143. Paraleuas frater Rehn.

Paraleuas frater REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 144-146, figs. 28, 29

(1909).

Rehn describes a new Paraleuas (l. c.) which seems to be distinct
from any of the previously described species, as well as from the one
characterized here, although it approaches the latter most closely.

Habitat.—Rehn’s specimens came from Chapada, Matto Grosso,
Brazil, where they were taken by H. H. Smith.

The described species of this genus may be separated by a table
given in the paper just cited. The present collection, however,
contains numerous specimens of what appears to be a fifth species.
It comes closest to the P. minor from which it differs in the some-
what longer tegmina and wings. Like that insect it is without
banded hind femora. Its measurements are as follows: Length of
body o', 15 mm., 9, 18 mm.; of pronotum, o, 2.65 mm., OF 2.15
mm.; of tegmina, o’, 14 mm., Q, 16.5 mm.; of hind femora, Cte tells
mm., Q@, 10.5 mm.

Habitat.—A large series of specimens is at hand from both Corumba
and Chapada, Brazil, where they were taken during the months
of April to October inclusive (H. H. Smith).

The color of this insect is rather uniform brunneo-ferruginous with
inconspicuous lighter and darker markings on the head, thorax and
tegmina. The hind femora are not banded with fuscous. I have
called this insect Paraleuas longipennis. This may be the P. frater
Rehn, listed above.

104 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

144. Paraleuas punctipennis Bruner?
Paraleuas punctipennis BRUNER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 670, 671 (1906).
Habitat.—There are specimens of a third Paraleuas at hand which
are referred to this species, although they vary somewhat from the
type which has been used for comparisons. They come from Cor-

umba and Rio de Janeiro, where they were collected in May and
October by HH: 4H=Smith:

Genus ORTHOSCAPHEUS Bruner.
Orthoscapheus BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 671 (1906).
This genus is related to Jodacris Giglio-Tos, and occurs in the
same general region. Only a single species is known.

145. Orthoscapheus roseipennis Bruner.
Orthoscapheus roseipennis BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 672 (1906).
? Osmilia coriacea G1GLIo-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 18

(1894).

Habitat.—Corumba, Brazil, during the months of March to July
inclusive (H. H. Smith).

As noted in the paper where described (/. c., p. 672) this insect
may prove to be Giglio-Tos’s Osmilia coriacea. However, by the
use of that author’s synoptic table of genera of South American
Acridiens it runs to Jodacris instead.

Genus JoDAcRIS Giglio-Tos.
Jodacris GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, XII, no. 302, p. 32 note (1897).

Judging from the material before me, the present genus is com-
posed of several somewhat closely allied species of locusts, which
inhabit open woods, where they Jive among the fallen leaves and
spend much of the time upon herbage, shrubs, and the trunks of
trees. Accordingly they are inconspicuously colored. At least one
of the species, ferruginea, is quite variable in its coloration. They
probably deposit their eggs in decaying wood, or the bark of trees,
since the present writer, while at San Bernardino, found the insects
to be quite insistent in their desire to stick to fallen trees which had
begun to decay.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF JODACRIS.

A. Larger (oc, 19-20 mm., @, 22 mm.). Body rather robust. The sides of
pronotum, tegmina, and femora quite prominently mottled, or marked
with fuscous.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 105

6. Cerci of male moderately robust, tapering but little on basal two-thirds,
the outer third very slender and gently curved upwards and inwards,
the heavy portion provided at apex with a short inwardly directed
flattened lobe, or tooth.

c. Inwardly directed lobe or tooth of cerci of male normal; apical portion
of upwardly directed apex of main prong long and slender. Insect
rather strongly variegated with fuscous.......ferruginea Giglio-Tos.

ce. Inwardly directed lobe or tooth of cerci of male large, hatchet-shaped;

apical portion of upwardly directed apex of main prong shorter and

more robust. Insect uniformly ferrugineous...chapadensis sp. nov.

bb. Cerci of male less robust, evenly tapering to the small inwardly directed
tooth, beyond this very slender and gently curved both downwards

AM CUBIC AT AS acre, Ssh crt eben ces ieee eyvastal Sicha lel Soechape teks intermedia sp. nov.

AA. Smaller (o’, 16, 9, 20 mm.). Body fairly slender. The sides of pronotum,
tegmina, and femora inconspicuously, or not at all, marked with fuscous.

Apical slender portion of cerci strongly and abruptly bowed inwards and

CEOSSIN Oram CLD Shas ciue © sverssartueusne a5 6 fohewellch sia sratereje erential et ata furcillata Rehn.

146. Jodacris ferruginea (Giglio-Tos).
Anniceris ferrugineus GIGLIO-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184,
p. 30 (1894) in part.
Jodacris ferruginea GIGLIO-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, XII, no. 302, pp.
32-33, footnote (1897) in part.
Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, during May to November inclusive.
A large series of both sexes, H. H. Smith, one of the specimens
bearing the collector’s number, 2097.

147. Jodacris chapadensis sp. nov.

Uniformly brunneo-ferruginous throughout, and without marks or
mottlings of fuscous or pallid, except for the dark fuscous outer
lower sulcus cf the hind femora and an internal preapical band of the
same color, the lunules not infuscated. A little larger and slightly
more robust about the thorax than J. ferruginea Giglio-Tos. Cerci
of male of the same general pattern as in that species, but with the
internal branch much larger and forming an obliquely arranged
hatchet-shaped thickened blade, the main branch directed posteriorly
and gently curved upwards, somewhat shorter and more robust than
in the species to which it has just been compared. Supra-anal plate
with a long finger-like apical projection, the lateral margin thickened
basally and broadly upturned, the disk raised, and gently sulcate
near the base, but irregular beyond.

Length of body, co’, 20 mm., @, 22 mm.; of pronotum, oO’, 3.57

106 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuseuM.

mm., 2,4 mm,; of tegmina, c, ro mm,, 2, 19.5 mm.; of hind femora,
oO, ir mm, @, 11.5 mm,

Habditai—Corumba and Chapada near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso,
Brazil, May to October. A number of specimens of both sexes (H.
H. Smith). The types, @ and @, are in the Carnegie Museum.

In color this species reminds one strongly of the distinct and much
smaller J. farcillaia of Rehn.

148. Jodacris intermedia sp. nov.

About the same size, but noticeably slenderer than J. ferruginea
Giglio-Tos, to which it is most closely related. Especially character-
ized by the very narrow vertex of the male, in which this feature is
almost linear.

Head small, the width no greater than the anterior edge of the
pronotum; eves large, very prominent, broadly elliptical, a little
more than twice as long as the anterior edge of the cheeks below them,
diverging so that their hind margins form a night angle; vertex ex-
ceedingly narrow, scarcely half as wide as the diameter of the second
and subsequent antennal joints, the fastigium rather small, about as
long as its basal width, horizontal; frontal costa very prominent
above between the antenna, plane, except for a few scattered punc-
tures, and about as wide as the first antennal joint, almost obliter-
ated below the ocellus, viewed laterally the front is moderately
strongly obhque and sparsely, though somewhat strongly, punctu-
late. Antenne robust, filiform, nearly one-third longer than the
head and pronotum combined. Pronotum shaped much as in the
same sex of ferragimea, but a trifle narrower in proportion to its length;
median carina plainly visible throughout, save between the first and
second transverse sulci, the hind lobe closely punctulate and a tifie more
than one-half the leneth of the anterior lobe; anterior margin broadly
rounded, with the faintest possible indication of being very widely
emarginate, posterior margin of disk very obtusangulate. Pleura quite
plainly and coarsely punctulate. Tegmina and wings only slighily sur-
passing the apex of abdomen and tips of hind femora. Latter robust,
about as long as the abdomen. Hind tibiz seven-spined externally,
eight- or nine-spined internally. Abdomen moderately slender,
the apex not upturned, ending in a short, roundedly acuminate last
ventral segment; supra-anal plate elongate tiangular, with a low
median transverse carina, the lateral margins reflexed, or upturned.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 107

and the base of disk gently longitudinally sulcate. Cerc? about a
third longer than the supra-anal plate, as described in the synoptic
table of the species, reaching the tip of the last ventral segment.
Interspace between the mesosternal lobes quadrate, a little wider
than the lobes themselves. Prosternal spine minute, acuminate,
situated at the hind margin of a robust quadrate base.

General color (after preservation in spirits) dirty flavo-testaceous,
varied on the pronotum, pleura, and front with dull brown. Tegmina
showing traces of fuscous dots. Wings rather strongly infuscated,
especially apically. Hind femora without traces of transverse bands
or the usual dark lower sulcus, the lunules of apex of hind femora
piceous, the lobes dirty white; hind tibie slightly infuscated at apex,
very likely pale glaucous in life.

Length of body, o&, 19 mm., of pronotum, 3.6 mm., of tegmina,
13.5 mm., of hind feméra, 10 mm., of antennae, 8.5 mm.

Habitat.—The type, a male, bears the label ‘“‘Santarem.” It is
the property of the Carnegie Museum.

149. Jodacris furculata Rehn.
Jodacris furculata REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 147-149, figs. 30, 31
(1909).
Hahitat—Chapada near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, during
August. A fair series (H. H. Smith).

Genus AsBRAcRIS Walker.
Abracris WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 642 (1870).
Omalotettix BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 642 (1906).

The genus Omalotettix Bruner, according to W. F. Kirby of the
British Museum, is the same as Abracris of Walker, which was based
on A. dilecta from Santarem, Brazil. This genus was reviewed in
the Biologia Centrali-Americana where the annexed synoptic table of
the known species was published. It is modified herewith to include
Walker’s species dilecta.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF ABRACRIS.

A. Hind femora with the lower edge and sulcus more or less infuscated, or black-
ened, and their upper edges and outer disk more or less fasciate.
b. Smaller (length, @ 13-15 mm., 2,19 mm.). Hind femora provided with
a conspicuous fuscous patch on the outer face...... signatipes Bruner.
bb. Larger (length, o&|' 16-20 mm., 2 19-24mm.). Hind femora either without
fuscous bands, or with bands.

108 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

c. Hind femora with the basal fuscous oblique band well defined and con-
tinuous.

d. General color dull luteous, the tegmina cinereous, their veins tawny

[Santaremlie vy vy eucceoe olen oe tore ee iege ioe dilecta Walker.

dd. General color wood-brown; the tegmina gray-brown, their veins

obscure brown for the most part. [British Guiana; Victoria,

Brazile) grec ho ee ae ee meridionalis Bruner.
cc. Hind femora with the basal band more or less obliterated on the outer
face.

d. Males and females nearly equal in size, the former 20 mm., the latter
2Amm=ain lengths, si>razile|pas seus ones. eee chapadensis Bruner.
dd. The sexes unequal in size, o' 17 mm., Q 21 mm. in length.
nebulosa Bruner.
AA. Hind femora with the lower outer edge and sulcus pallid, the upper edge and
outer face only faintly fasciate.
b. Darker, varying from wood-brown to brunneo-ferruginous, not at all, or
but faintly, conspersed with fuscous. [South America.]
ceruleipennis Bruner.
bb. Lighter, varying from testaceous to brunneo-cinereous, profusely conspersed
throughout with fuscous. [Brazil.]............ conspersipennis Bruner.

150. Abracris nebulosa (Bruner).

Jodacris (2) nebulosa BRUNER, Locusts of Argentina, p. 67 (1900).
Omalotettix nebulosa BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 63 (1906).
Jodacris ferruginea GIGLIO-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, XII, no. 302 (1897)

in part.

Habitat—The specimens of this species contained in the present
collection come from Corumba, Brazil. They were taken during
April by H. He ‘Smith:

151. Abracris signatipes (Bruner).
Omalotettix signatipes BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 673 (1906).
Habitat—There are several specimens at -hand coming from
Corumba, Brazil, also taken in April by H. H. Smith.

152. Abracris dilecta Walker.
Abracris dilecta WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus. IV, p. 642 (1870).
This species is larger than signatipes Bruner, and comes nearer
meridionalis Bruner, from which !atter it appears also to be distinct.
Habitat.—The locality of Walker’s insect is given as Santarem,
Brazil. Not represented in the present collection, nor in any material
examined by me.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA,. 109

153. Abracris chapadensis (Bruner).
Omaloletlix chapadensits BRUNER, Biol. Cent. Amer. Orthopt., II, pp. 280, 282 (1908).

In size and general form similar to A. meridionalis, but readily
separable from it by the complete absence of the oblique obscure
bands on the outer face of the hind femora and by the uniformly
cinereous hind tibia, which show a close relationship of chapadensis
to nebulosa, ceruleipennis, and conspersipennis. In the present
species the cerci of the male are longer and slenderer than usual,
and, instead of being forked, have the apex slightly expanded and
flattened. The last ventral segment of the abdomen of the male is
small, short, and comparatively blunt, being nearly equalled by the
supra-anal plate and quite reached by the cerci.

Head of moderate size, as wide as the anterior edge of the pronotum;
viewed laterally considerably elevated above the pronotum; eyes
prominent, as wide above as below, separated by a very narrow sulcate
vertex scarcely as wide as the diameter of the slender antennal joint;
fastigium somewhat depressed, about as long as wide, very gently
sulcate anteriorly, the margins provided with a well-defined carina;
lateral ocelli large, occupying more than half the space between the
eyes and the upper, lateral edges of frontal costa. Latter prominent
and widest above between the antenne, and, when viewed in profile,
somewhat roundly produced antericrly; above the oce!lus coarsely
punctulate, plane, below the ocellus narrowed and sulcate, continuous
to the clypeus. Facial carine prominent, nearly straight, and but
gently divergent below. Antenne fairly robust, in the male about
one-fourth longer than the head and pronotum combined. Pronotum
subcylindrical in advance cf the principal sulcus, expanding gently
on the postericr lobe; the anterior edge emarginate, posterior edge
widely and roundly angulate, the surface of disk and sides of hind
lobe closely and confluently punctulate. Tegmina with the edges
nearly parallel, extending beyond the tip of the abdomen about one-
fourth their length, rather closely and strongly veined. Hind femora,
normal, a little surpassing the apex of abdomen. The latter evenly
tapering, the last ventral segment small, short, and comparatively
blunt; supra-anal plate elongate-triangular, the sides gently arcuate,
with the middle elevated and widely and deeply sulcate, the sulcation
slightly constricted midway from the base towards the apex. Cerci
as described above. Mesosternal lobes separated by a subquadrate

110 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

space about equal in width to the lobes themselves. Prosternal spine
rather long, slender, straight and acuminate.

Length of body, o’, 20.5 mm., of pronotum, 4 mm., of tegmina, 21
mim., of hind femora, I2 mm.

Habitat—The type was collected during December at Chapada,
Brazil, by H. H. Smith. It is deposited in the Carnegie Museum.
Other material is at hand from the same locality.

154. Abracris ceruleipennis (Bruner).

Jodacris (?) ceruleipennis BRUNER, Locusts of Argentina, p. 68 (1900).
Omalotettix ceruleipennis BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 674 (1906).

Hab:tat—Chapada, Brazil (H. H. Smith).

155. Abracis conspersipennis sp. nov.
Omalotettix conspersipennis BRUNER, MS., Biol. Cent. Amer. Orthopt., II, p. 281

(1908).

About the size of, and most nearly related to, the A. ceruleipennis
Bruner, which occurs most abundantly somewhat to the southward
of the habitat of the present species. Conspersipennis is a pale
testaceous insect, which is strongly and quite evenly conspersed
throughout with dull brown.

Of medium size and robustness, noticeably a little more stoutly
built than either ceruleipennis or nebulosa, the body and legs quite
strongly hirsute, the tegmina less so. Head of moderate size, fully
as wide as the anterior edge of the pronotum; eyes fairly prominent,
but less so than in the species with which compared, the vertex between
them about as wide as the frontal costa in’ both sexes, the fastigium
quite strongly depressed, about twice as wide as long. Frontal costa
plain and broadest above the ocellus, sulcate below, and continuous to
the clypeus. Antenne moderately robust, about as long (Q) or a
little longer (o’) than the head and pronotum combined. Front,
cheeks, pronotum, and pleura closely and strongly punctulate, and
also more or less decidedly rugose, the raised portions pallid. Tegmina
of moderate width and length. Hind femora robust. Hind tibie
rather heavy, plainly expanded apically, the spines large and strong,
largely pallid, but with black tips.

Length of body, o’, 16mm., 2, 20 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 3.15 mm.,
9,4mm.; of tegmina, o’, 16 mm., 9, 19 mm.; of hind femora, o’,
%.5 mm., © ,.10:6 mm.

3RUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA., isl

Habitat.—Chapada, Brazil (H. H. Smith). The types, @ and
9, are in the Carnegie Museum.

156. Abracris meridionalis (Bruner).
Omalotettix meridionalis BRUNER, Biol. Cent. Amer., Orthopt., II, pp. 280, 281

(1908).

In general appearance very similar to A. signatipes (Omalotettix
signatipes) Bruner, but decidedly larger than that species, from which
it differs also by having the oblique fuscous bands of the hind femora
continuous with the transverse patch across the upper edge. The
tegmina and wings of meridionalis are comparatively longer than in
the species with which compared, while the former are darker in color
and have their veins more uniformly obscure. In meridionalis the
cerci of the male are nearly straight, rather evenly tapering, and have
the inner fork minute and shorter than the outer, as compared with
the somewhat curved form and strong inner toothed structure, as
found in signatipes.

General color of head, sides of pronotum, pleura, legs, and abdomen,
ferrugineo-testaceous, marked on head back of eyes, on the upper
portion of the sides and disk of pronotum, and on the pleura, with dark
brown, giving te these parts the appearance of being banded with the
pallid coloring. Antenne testaceo-ferruginous. Hind femora marked
above by two strong bread transverse fuscous bands, the anterior or
basal one of which continues uninterruptedly obliquely forward upon
the outer disk two-thirds of the distance to its lower margin; the lower
outer margin of the femur is strongly marked with black. Hind tibiz
dark plumbeous, with a sub-basal pallid annulus in an infuscated
area, the apex also decidedly infuscated.

Length of body, o’, 17.5 mm., 2, 23 mm.; of pronctum, o’, 3.6
mm., 2, 4.35 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 18 mm., 9, 23 mm.; of hind
femora, o', 10.25 mm., 9, 12.4 mm. :

Habitat—The types which are in the authcr’s collection were col-
lected by R. J. Crew at Demerara, British Guiana. Other specimens
_are at hand from Victoria, Brazil (Coll. L. Bruner).

Genus CurysopsaAcris Bruner.
Chrisopsacris BRUNER, Biol. Cent. Amer., Orthopt., II, p. 282 (1908).
This genus is composed of medium-sized locusts with comparatively
large head, long filiform, twenty-jointed antennae, prominent sub-

T2 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

globular eyes. narrow vertex, short strongly punctate pronotum, more
or less abbreviated tegmina and wings, long robust hind femora, and
forked male cerci. The type of the genus is the Grvllus bucephalus
Marschall® as determined by the author.

Head medium or large, a little wider than the front edge of the
pronotum; the occiput short, rounded; face rather oblique, even in
the females; frontal costa prominent between the antenne, less
prominent and irregular below the ocellus, plane, or shallowly sulcate
above, more deeply so below; lateral or facial carinee somewhat
divergent below; fastigium sulcate, a little depressed and angulately
united with the frontal costa; vertex between the eyes very narrow
(o') or nearly as wide as the frontal costa at its widest part (9).
Antenne filiform, about twenty-jointed, moderately long, in the males
of some species longer than the hind femora. Pronotum coarsely and
deeply punctate, rather short, sub-cylindrical, a little widening
posteriorly, without lateral carine, the transverse sulci prominent,
anterior edge truncate, or a little rounded, hind border obtusangulate,
hind lobe much the shorter. Tegmina and wings abbreviated, so as
to equal the length of abdomen, fusiform, rather prominently veined,
plain, or mottled. Wings short and broad, blue, with black or fuscous
tips. Abdomen short and tapering. Hind femora fairly robust,
extending beyond the apex of abdomen in both sexes. Hind tarsi
long and slender, the third joint as long as first and second, second
one-half the length of first, or less; tibia and tarsi rather lengthily
hirsute. Hind tibize seven-spined in outer row, the apical one wanting.
Upper valves of the ovipositor strongly serrate or crenulate. Tip of
the male abdomen short and prow-shaped; the cerci rather heavy,
acuminate, and with an inner tooth near the middle. _ Prosternal spine
pyramidal, straight, acuminate. Lobes of the mesosternum widely
separated, the space as broad as, or broader than, the lobes themselves.

The insects comprising this genus bear a general resemblance to the
various members of Bucephalacris Giglio-Tos, but differ in a number
of respects. The most apparent difference, however, is in the com-
parative length of the hind tarsal joints. As described by Giglio-Tos
the species of Bucephalacris have the first and second joints equal,
while in Chrysopsacris the representatives have them very unequal, the
length of the second being only one-half, or even less than that, of the
first.

8 Ann. Wiener Mus., 1835, p. 217, No. 10, pl. XVIII, fig. 9.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 11S

By referring to the locality cited, it will be seen that at least three
species of the genus are known. These are separated by a synoptical
table. None of the representatives are at hand among the material
now being studied.

Genus MACH#ROPELES Rehn.
Macheropeles REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, p. 152 (1909).
This genus of locusts belongs to the Vilerne but seems to be quite a
distance removed from any of the other genera of the group. Thus
far only a single species is known.

157. Macheropeles rostratus Rehn.
Macheropeles rostratus REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 152-154, figs. 34,

35 (1909).

Habitat—There are at hand a large series of both sexes. They
come from Chapada and Corumba, Brazil, where they were taken
during the period embraced in the months of April to August inclusive
(H. H. Smith).

Genus LEPTOMERINTHOPRORA Rehn.
Leptomerinthoprora REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1905, p. 436.

The various members of the present genus are distributed over
Central America and the northern and central countries of South
America. Four of the previously described forms come from Costa
Rica and another from Para, Brazil. A sixth species is now added. It
was taken at Chapada, Brazil. These species may be separated as

follows:
SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF LEPTOMERINTHOPRORA.
A. General form rather robust. The antenne heavy, short, and annulated with
flavous.
6. Hind femora dull clay-color or brunneo-testaceous, either plain, or marked
with oblique fuscous bands and mottlings.
Gawemora plain; tinged with ereen.. 5.224 -:esee eee brevipennis Rehn.
cc. Femora obscurely marked externally with oblique and internally with
transverse bands; antennz inconspicuously annulate.
modesta Bruner.
bb. Hind femora green or greenish, unadorned, apex testaceous. Antenne
pale annulate.
c. Most of face, cheeks below the eyes, and pale lines on pronotum, pleura,
and tegmina bright wax-yellow.............. flavovittata Bruner.
cc. Most of face, cheeks below the eyes and pale lines on pronotum, pleura,
and tegmina brownish-testaceous........... smaragdipes Bruner.

114 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

AA. General form rather slender. The antenne slender, long, and without
annulations of flavous.

b. Hind femora with a large testaceous patch externally near the base; antenne

much longer than head and pronotum combined, filiform. [Chapada,

Brazile] ec eee ee aE ee gracilicornis sp. nov.

bb. Hind femora clouded externally with blackish; antenne but little longer

than head and pronotum combined, subensiform. [Para, Brazil.]

@qualis Rehn.

158. Leptomerinthoprora gracilicornis sp. nov.

Below the medium in size, slender, and with filiform antenne,
which equa! the hind femorain length. The latter with a conspicuous
large pale testaceous patch on upper half of outer face near base;
lower sulcus and inner face near base carmine.

Head small, scarcely as wide as the anterior edge of the pronotum;
front gently retreating; eyes prominent, oval, the vertex narrow,
less than the diameter of the comparatively slender antenne; fas-
tigium of medium size, about as broad as long, the antero-lateral
margins rounded, the disk rather widely and fairly deeply sulcate.
Frontal costa quite prominent between the antennae, where it is plane,
with a few coarse punctures, suddenly lowered before the ocellus,
where it is sulcate and narrowed to middle of front, when it again
widens and continues to the clypeus; lateral or facial carine slender
and continuous, but little divergent below, spaces between costa and
lateral carine occupied by an interrupted supplemental carina.
Pronotum without lateral carine, rather evenly divergent posteriorly,
hind lobe closely and deeply punctulate, anterior lobe and face faintly
so; median carina moderately well developed throughout, interrupted
by all three of the transverse sulci; anterior margin roundly advanced
at middle upon the occiput, hind margin widely angulate. Tegmina
and wings abbreviated, about one-half the length of the abdomen,
the former a little overlapping above, the costal margin gently arcuate,
the veins moderately profuse, but not prominent, their apices rounded.
Abdomen slender, tapering; valves of the ovipositor short, slender,
of normal form. Anterior and middle femora slender, hind femora
robust at base, slender apically, the upper carina minutely serrate
basally, and terminating in a small triangular tooth on the apex;
hind tibiz slender, somewhat sinuose, lengthily hirsute, seven-spined
externally, nine-spined internally. Interspace between the meso-
sternal lobes plainly wider than long, fully equalling in width the

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 115

lobes themselves. Prosternal spine pyramidal, of medium. size,
acuminate.

General color above brown, the disk of pronotum and sides of
occiput narrowly bordered on each side by a narrow longitudinal
dirty yellow line; sides of face, back of lower edges of eyes, and lower
edges of sides of pronotum together with a spot in advance of the
insertion of middle legs, similarly marked. Tegmina uniformly brown.
Hind femora externally and above embrowned, save for the large pallid
sub-basal patch referred to above, and the gene, which are also more
or less pallid. Bounding carine of outer disk of femora alternately
dark and pallid. Hind tibie testaceous basally, becoming dusky
apically. Spines black; antenne, anterior and middle legs, and hind
tarsi, testaceous. Dorsum and sides of abdcmen sparsely maculate
with dull brown.

Length of body, 2, 16 mm., of pronotum, 3.65 mm., of tegmina, 5.5
mm., of hind femora, 10.5 mm.

Habitat——Chapada, Brazil, where it was taken by H. H. Smith in
April. The type is in the collection of the Carnegie Museum.

Genus VILERNA. Stal.
Vilerna STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, pp. 38, 71 (1873).

The genus Vilerna cf Stal is confined to tropical! America, where
representatives occur from middle Mexico to northern Argentina.
All of the species are of medium size and brunneo-ferruginous in color.
They live among the low herbage in and about forests, where they
have a tendency to gather upon plants like the pineapple and aloes
about the bases of the thorny or serrate leaves where they are well
protected from enemies.

159. Vilerna zneo-oculata (De Geer). *

Acrydium @neo-oculata DE GEER, Mém. Ins., III, p. 502, pl. 42, fig. 11 (1773).

Vilerna e@neo-oculata STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 71 (1873).

Acrydium sanguinipes OLIVIER, Encycl. Méth. Ins., VI, p. 231 (1791).

Acridium sanguinipes SERVILLE, Ins. Orthopt., p. 670 (1839).
Habitat—Benevides, Para, Rio de Janeiro, and Chapada, Brazil,

April to July and October (H. H. Smith). It alse occurs in Central

America and all of the northern countries of South America.

160. Vilerna rugulosa Stal.
Vilerna rugulosa STAL, Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, no. 4, p. 61 (1878).
Habitat.—Specimens determined as this species are at hand from

116 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

both Para and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where they were taken during
October and November by H. H. Smith.

It is the common species in Paraguay about Asuncion, where it was
collected by the present writer in October.

161. Vilerna flavipennis Gerstecker.
Vilerna flavipennis GERSTCKER,. Mitth. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm., XX, p. 13 (1889).
Habitat.—Specimens determined as this species are at hand from
Para and Chapada, Brazil. They were taken during the months of
May to July inclusive by H. H. Smith.

Genus XIPHIOLA Bolivar.
Xiphiola Bottvar, Act. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., 1896, p. 17.

162. Xiphiola borellii Giglio-Tos.
Xiphiola borellii GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XV, no. 377,
pp. 5, 6 (1900).
Habitat.—Specimens of this species are at hand both from Rio de
Janeiro and Chapada, Brazil, where they were collected during the
months of May to August inclusive (H. H. Smith).

Genus OsMILIOLA Giglio-Tos.
Osmiliola G1GLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, XII, no. 302, p. 32 (1897).

163. Osmiliola aurita Giglio-Tos.
Osmiliola aurita G1iGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, XII, no. 302, p. 33

(1897).

Habitat——A pair of specimens are at hand that have been deter-
mined as this species. They come from, Chapada, Brazil (H. H.
Smith).

Genus RHABDOSCIRTUS gen. nov.

Related to Xiphiola Bolivar and Saparus Gigilo-Tos, but differing
from both in a number of respects, as will be seen by an examination of
the following description:

General shape of insect fusiform, being rather robust in the vicinity
of the mesothorax, from which it tapers both antericrly and posteriorly.
Head of medium size, a trifle narrower than the front edge of the prono-
tum; eves large, prominent, elliptical, a little longer than the cheeks
below them; vertex narrow, almost linear, depressed; the fastigium a
little elevated anteriorly, somewhat longer than broad; frontal costa

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. ifn by

produced between the antenna, about as broad as the basal joint, not
sulcate, but coarsely punctate above the ocellus, somewhat narrowed
and much weaker below and continued to the clypeus, sulcate; lateral
or facial carine subparallel, the face rugose between them. Antenne
twenty-jointed, rather long, heavy, and ensiform, or subensiform.
Pronotum coarsely rugoso-punctate, without Jateral carina, evenly
divergent posteriorly, the dorsum rounded, and with a well-defined
median carina; hind lobe shorter than the front, separated by a
strongly defined transverse sulcus; anterior margin straight, posterior
margin broadly obtusangulate. Tegmina long and narrow, rather
closely veined on basal, more distantly on distal, half. Wings blue,
infuscated apically, long, and narrow. Abdomen rather short, taper-
ing, strongly carinated above; valves of the ovipositor acuminate,
the outer edge of the upper pair crenulate. Hind femora extending
beyond the tip of the abdomen, more than ordinarily robust, and with
the upper carina serrate; hind tarsi with the second joint much shorter
than the first. Space between the mesosternal lobes subquadrate,
wider than long. Prosternal spine slender, straight. Hind tibie
with seven spines in outer row, the apical spine wanting.

164. Rhabdoscirtus vittatus sp. nov.

The type of this genus is vittatus. It is of medium size, has the
general color black, varied with flavo-testaceous vitte as follows: one
extending from the base of the antenne down each side of the face
to the base of mandibles, one from the back of each eye diagonally
across the cheeks and lower portion of sides of pronotum and pleura
to base of middle legs, one on each side of occiput and disk of pro-
notum and along dorsal angle of folded tegmina for two-thirds their
length. The tegmina are also provided with a second and shorter
line of this color just back of their costal edge. There is another on
each side, which runs from the base of the tegmina to the insertion of
the hind femora. These latter have a conspicuous stripe along the
lower edge of their outer face, and a second one extending from near
the middle of the base diagonally upward and to the rear, where it
crosses to the inner face about one-third the distance towards the
apex. A second short diagonal band of this color crosses the upper
edge just beyond the middle. The palpi are pale, their apical joints
being terete. The anterior edges of the three segments of the thoracic
sternites are also pale. The wings are rather dark transparent blue
with dusky apices.

118 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Length of body, 2, 24 mm., of antennae, 13.75 mm., of pronotum,
6 mm., of tegmina, 24 mm., of hind femora, 14.25 mm.

Habitat.—A single female, the type comes from Demerara, British
Guiana, where it was collected by R. J. Crew. (Coll. L. Bruner.)

Genus ANABLYSIS Gerstecker.

Anablysis GERSTECKER, Mitth. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm., XX, p. 14 (1889).

165. Anablysis pantharina Gerstecker.
Anablysis pantharina GERSTCKER, Mitth. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm., XX, p. 15 (1889).
Habitat——A couple of male specimens of medium-sized locusts are
at hand from Para, Brazil, which answer the description of this
species. They were taken during July by H. H. Smith.

166. Anablysis (?) fusco-maculata sp. nov.

Very similar in color and general appearance to Anablysis pantharina
Gerstecker, as determined by me, but with comparatively smaller
eyes, and without the prominent tooth or spine at the apex of the
superior carina of the hind femora. The two terminal joints of the
maxillary palpi flattened and amplified, conspicuously ivory-white.

General form elongate, subcylindrical, moderately graceful and
fairly hirsute throughout. Head as wide as the anterior margin of
the pronotum; eves large, prominent, subglobular, at least two-fifths
longer than the anterior margin of the cheeks; the vertex depressed,
a little narrower than the frontal costa, longitudinally sulcate through-
out; the fastigium still more depressed, and surrounded by a carina
forming an almost circular anteriorly depressed area. Frontal costa
prominent between the antenna, deeply and widely sulcate, below the
ocellus much lower and with the feeble sides gently divergent, fading
before reaching the clypeus; lateral or facial carinee prominent, nearly
parallel. Antenne filiform, long and slender, about twice as long as
the combined length of head and pronotum. Pronotum subcylin-
drical, feebly biconstricted laterally, the hind lobe gently expanding;
_ anterior edge broadly collared and roundly advanced upon the occiput;
first transverse sulcus faint, second and third profound, the last
located about one-third the length of the pronotum from its hind
margin which is widely angulate. Tegmina rather narrow, sparsely
veined, the edges nearly parallel, somewhat abbreviated, a little
shorter than the abdomen, their apex rounded. Hind femora moder-
ately slender, surpassing the abdomen by the length of the genicular

BRUNER: SouTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 119

area, the lateral lobes of the latter rounded, the superior carina nearly
smooth, terminating at the apex in a minute blunt tooth. Hind
tibia six-spined externally. Anterior and middle femora not at all
inflated. Abdomen elongate, not tapering, the apical portion gently
clavate; last ventral segment short, smooth, roundly triangular, the
apex entire; supra-anal plate scutiform, the disk rather complicated
by ridges and depressions, and the margin more or less sinuose, the
apex a little produced and depressed; cerci moderately heavy, long
and evenly tapering, directed backwards and a little upwards, plainly
passing the supra-anal plate. Mesosternal interspace slightly trans-
verse, broadening caudad, plainly wider than the lobes themselves,
the inner margins of which are rounded. Prosternal spine small,
located on the heavy anterior margin of the prosternum, which
gradually widens and increases in height as it approaches the center.

Pale brunneo-testaceous with a faint olive tinge on occiput, pro-
notum and legs, strongly and rather profusely maculate with fuscous
and dull black. Fastigium, front below the ocellus, sides of head
below the eyes and lower half of lateral lobes of the pronotum dirty
yellowish white; scrobes of antenne, frontal costa above, eyes, head
immediately back of them, upper half of sides of pronotum, and pleura
together with tegmina, largely fuscous, becoming black and inter-
rupted on the latter so as to form a series of three or four oval or
quadrate maculations. Mouth-parts, except palpi, and underside
piceous; anterior and middle legs conspicuously annulated with
fuscous, hind femora flecked with fuscous, which tends to the forma-
tion of bands, the genicular lunules faintly embrowned, but not fuscous;
hind tibia more or less infuscated, becoming darker as the apex is
approached. Antenne infuscated, with four or five pale annulations.

Length of body, o, 17-20 mm., of pronotum, 4—4.6 mm., of tegmina,
10 mm., of hind femora, II mm., of antenna, I2-13 mm.

Habitat—Two males collected during July at Para, Brazil, by
H. H. Smith. Type in the collection of the Carnegie Museum.

This insect does not exactly fit either Anablysis Gerstecker or
Demonax Stal, both of which it approaches in some of its characters.
It seems, however, to come closest to the former. So far as the am-
pliate terminal joints of the palpi are concerned it approaches Omma-
tolampis and its allies, of which there are undoubtedly several un-
described genera belonging to tropical America.

120 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Genus OMMATOLAMPIS Burmeister.
Ommatolam pis BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 636 (1838).

Specimens of the present genus are to be found throughout tropical
South America as well as the adjoining portions of Central America.
As at present restricted, the representatives of the genus are apterous,
or brachypterous, insects of medium size, in which the vertex is quite
narrow and the palpi have the apical joints flattened and ampliate.
The present writer has recently published a synoptical table of the
species (Hore Soc. Ent. Ross, XXXIX, pp. 483-485, Dec., 1910).

167. Ommatolampis collaris sp. nov.
Ommatolampis collaris BRUNER, MS., Hore: Soc. Ent. Rossice, XXXIX, p. 484

(1910).

A moderately robust and comparatively smooth species with narrow
tessellated back and testaceous tegmina, in which the prevailing color
of the male is testaceous varied with fuscous and of the female nearly
uniformly brunneo-testaceous.

Head large, the face rather short; eyes prominent, longer than the
length of the cheeks below them, separated at the vertex by a space
about equal to (2) or a little less than (07) the width of the frontal
costa; fastigium depressed, shallowly sulcate; frontal costa not very
prominent between the antenne, widely and shallowly sulcate, in the
male continuous to the clypeus, but in the female partly obliterated
below the ocellus. Pronotum evenly rounded and gently expanding
posteriorly, the transverse sulci rather profound in the males, much
less so in the females; anterior edge rounded, the middle emarginate,
hind edge truncate. Tegmina long and narrow, gently spatulate,
sparsely but coarsely reticulate, reaching nearly (2) or quite (07)
to the hind edge of the first abdominal segment. Abdomen cariuate,
evenly tapering, the tip of the male abdomen not upturned. Hind
femora robust, the upper carine serrate and gently tuberculate, slightly
surpassing the apex of the female abdemen and extending about
one-fourth their length beyond in the male. Supra-anal plate broadly
triangular, the lateral edges gently bowed, the disk provided with
about eight black tubercles, the larger four of which are arranged
equidistant along the base, the other four on the disk apically. Cerci
of male pyramidal with an inner basal fold. Prosternal spine slender,
straight, acuminate on a heavy base. Hind tibie seven-spined
externally.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 121

General color pale in the male to brunneo-testaceous in the female.
In the male the occiput to lower edge of eyes, the anterior border
together with the hind lobe of the pronotum, an oblique patch on
each side in advance of the middle coxe, the basal half and apical
segments of the abdomen, and the knees and base of hind tibiz,
infuscated. Veins of wings widely testaceous on a black background.
Hind tibiz cinereous, in the males with an olivaceous and in the females
a vinous tinge, the spines flavous with black tips. Antenne infus-
cated apically.

Length of body, o’, 21.5 mm., 9, 27 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 4.1
mm., 9,5.I1 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 4.5 mm., 2, 5 mm.; of hind femora,
o, 13.5 mm., 9, 16.25 mm.; of antenne, o’, 14 mm., 9, 12 mm.

Habitat——Para, Brazil, in April where they were taken by H. H.
Smith. Types in the Carnegie Museum.

Genus SITALCEs Stal.
Sitalces STAL, Bihang. Svensk. Akad, Handl., V, no. 9, p. 16 (1878).

The present genus is composed of small to medium-sized apterous,
or subapterous, locusts of modest appearance. The several known or
recognized species belong to tropical America, where they may be
found among the herbaceous plants in and about the margins of forests.
Most of the described species have been separated in a synoptical
key published by the present writer (Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt..
II. p. 291, April, 1908). An additional species was also described by
me recently from Peru (Hore Soc. Ent. Rossice, XX XIX, p. 485,
1QI0).

168. Sitalces robustus Bruner.
Sitalces robustus BRUNER, MS. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II, p. 291 (1908).

Apparently most closely related to volxemi Stal, from which it
differs most notably in the somewhat larger size, the brownish-olive
instead of olive-green color, and in having the median pronotal carina
well developed, instead of having it subobsolete. Outer margin of
hind tibiz eight-spined.

Eyes large and prominent, about one and one-half times as long as
the anterior edge of the cheeks; very narrowly separated at the vertex,
the interspace being slightly less than (o") or just about the same as
(2) the diameter of the antenne. Vertex depressed, the fastigium of
moderate size, a little broader than long, rounded in front and bordered
by a slight raised carina, the disk somewhat rugose and punctulate

122, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Antenne moderately heavy, filiform, in the female about equal to,
in the male a little longer than, the head and pronotum combined.
Frontal costa most prominent above the ocellus, where it is plane,
fully twice the width of the vertex between the eyes, and rather
coarsely punctulate, at the ocellus sulcate, below less prominent, also
punctulate. Facial carine moderately prominent, the interspace of
front punctate. Pronotum rugoso-punctate, most closely on the hind
lobe, divergent posteriorly; median carina well developed throughout,
except that it is severed by all three of the transverse sulci, the last
being most profound; hind margin angulately emarginate at middle,
the front somewhat sinuate. Tegmina minute, lateral, about half
as wide as long, in the female reaching half way across the metanotum,
in the male extending to the anterior edge of the first abdominal seg -
ment. Auditory apparatus obsolete. Apex of male abdomen gentlv
enlarged and upturned; supra-anal plate large, subauadrate, the sides
raised, the middle tumid, deeply and narrowly sulcate, terminating
in a finger-like projection beyond the apex. Hind margin of preceding
segment provided at middle with two slender parallel finger-like pro-
jections, which lie in the basal part of the sulcation of the supra-anal
plate. Cerci large, quite similar to those of volxemi Stal.

General color brownish olive, becoming piceous on occiput, cheeks,
the upper portion of lateral lobes of pronotum, and pleura. Front,
legs, and underside, pallid. A conspicuous patch on cheeks back of
lower edge of eyes, lower edges of pronotum and blotches on pleura
in advance of the insertion of middle and hind femora, sordid white
or ivory. Hind femora olivaceous, with more or less of a yellowish
tinge, the genicular portion pale ferruginous; hind tibiz glaucous.

Length of body, o, 15 mm., 9, 23 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 3.15 mm.,
Q9,4mm.; of tegmina, o and @, 1.25-mm.;-of hind femora, co’, 10
mm., 9, 12 mm.

Habitat.—Para and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, September to November,
several specimens of both sexes (H. H. Smith). Collection of the
Carnegie Museum.

169. Sitalces nudus Bruner.

Sitalces nudus BRUNER, MS. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II, p. 291; ib., Horz Soc.
Ent. Rossice, XXXIX, p. 486 (1910).

The present species, of which three specimens are at hand, is rather
closely related to the S. infuscatus, a description of which immediately

BRUNER: SourH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 123

follows. The S. nudus was partially characterized in the second paper
referred to above. In size it is practically the same as infuscatus,
from which it differs primarily in the entire absence of tegmina and
also in the less infuscated coloration.

Habitat—The three specimens at hand, one male and two females
were taken at Santarem, Brazil, by H. H. Smith.

170. Sitalces infuscatus Bruner.
Sitalces infuscatus BRUNER, MS. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II, p. 291 (1908).

Resembling S. ovatipennis Bruner from British Guiana, but much
darker colored, and having more disparity in size between the sexes.

Body moderately hirsute, the pronotum, and in the male the other
thoracic and first abdominal segments, rather strongly punctulate,
the remaining portions of the body smooth. Head a little wider
than the anterior end of the pronotum; vertex narrow, fastigium
depressed, and with the vertex longitudinally sulcate, bordered in
front by a well marked carina. Frontal costa plane and prominent
above the ocellus, becoming weaker and narrower below. Face
viewed in profile rather cblique. Antenne filiform, a little (Q) or
decidedly (o’) longer than the combined length of the head and pro-
notum. Transverse sulci of latter coarse and deeply impressed, con-
tinuous across the disk. Tegmina minute, squamiform, scarcely
reaching the middle of the metanotum. Auditory apparatus minute
almost obsolete. Hind femora normal, plainly extending beyond the
apex of the abdomen in both sexes. Apical portion of male abdomen
not enlarged, the last ventral segment short and blunt; supra-anal
plate triangular, its lateral edges thickened, crossed at middle by a
transverse carina, beyond this the plate is gently bent downwards;
cerci long and slender, the apical third curved gently inwards. Pro-
sternal spine minute on a rather robust base.

General color above dark brown to black, and. in some specimens,
exhibiting traces of two occipital, two lateral pronotal, and a medio-
dorsal, pale, bands. Cheeks below eyes, lower margins of sides of
pronotum, and middle of pleura, marked by bright yellow lines. Face,
except antennal grooves and the dusky band across the upper ex:
tremity of the frontal costa between them, the pectus, and much of
lower portion of abdomen, flavous; legs olivaceous, the hind tibize
greenish glaucous. Genicular lunules and base of tibia ferruginous.

Length of body, o’, 11 mm., 2, 15.5 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 2.1

124 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

mm., 9, 2.9 mm.: of tegmina, o& and 9, 1 mm.; of hind femora, 0,
7 mm., 9, 9 mm

Habitat—Chapada and Benevides, Brazil, in April (H. H. Smith).
Types in collection of the Carnegie Museum.

Genus PARASITALCES gen. nov.

This genus is established for a medium-sized entirely apterous,
smooth-bodied locust, which reminds at first glance of a Sitalces.
A closer examination, however, soon discloses many important dif-
ferences, sufficient to place it in a distinct genus, as will be seen from
the subjoined diagnosis.

General form elongate fusiform, rather strongly hirsute throughout,
very much so on tibie and tarsi. Head rather large, fully as wide
as (@ ), or slightly wider (o”) than the anterior edge of the pronotum;
viewed in profile the front is moderately oblique in the female and
quite strongly so in the male; the occiput smooth and fairly long.
Eyes prominent, about as long as (@ ) or a little longer than (o7) the
anterior edge of the cheeks, separated above by a space equal to the
diameter of the antennae in the females, narrower, almost linear in
the males; fastigium of moderate size, plainly wider than long, the
antero-lateral margin carinated, its anterior middle gently sulcate
and narrowly continuous with that of the frontal costa. Latter fairly
prominent above between the antennae, where it is broadest and nearly
thrice (o”) or at least twice (2 ) the width of the vertex between the
eyes, sulcate throughout and continued to the clypeus. Facial carine
prominent, but little divergent below. Antenne filiform, twenty-two
jointed, somewhat longer than the combined length of the head and
thorax. Prothorax without lateral carina, expanding on posterior
lobe, which is short and closely and minutely punctulate; anterior
edge broadly rounded, posterior margin truncated, both slightly
emarginate at middle. Pleura in advance of meso- and meta-coxe
closely punctulate. Auditory apparatus rather small, oval. Hind
femora with carine smooth, about normal in form, the outer disk
regularly paginate, about as long as the abdomen in the female, a
very little exceeding it in the only male specimen at hand, which is
somewhat distorted. Outer margin of hind tibiz six- to eight-spined.
Interspace between the mesosternal lobes slightly transverse, plainly
wider than the lobes themselves. Prosternal spine short, minute,
located on a robust quadrate base. Male abdomen gently clavate,.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 125

the last ventral segment triangular, with its apex entire; supra-anal
plate subquadrate, a little broader than long, the lateral margins
raised and gently convergent caudad, the middle widely costate and
sulcate, abruptly lowered half way to the apical, which latter is trun-
cate. Cerci large, heavy, with a large flat inwardly directed median
tooth sufficiently long to touch the apex of that from the opposite
cercus, the main prong also flat, somewhat twisted and gently bowed
inwardly.
171. Parasitalces sexnotata sp. nov.

General color above brunneo-olivaceous becoming paler medio-
dorsally and caudad; below flavous, sides of head, back of eyes, and
upper portion of sides of pronotum, piceous; front, cheeks, and sides
of pronotum below the piceous band, pale yellowish white, more or less
tinged with green. Legs olive-green, the hind tibiz greenish glaucous,
the lunules and lower margin of hind femora tinged with ferruginous.
Sides of occiput and lateral margins of disk of pronotum conspicuously
marked with orange patches, three on a side, 7. e., one on each side
of the occiput and two on each side of the disk of the pronotum. There
is also quite a conspicuous blood-red patch on the pleura in advance
of, and above, the insertion of the hind femora. Antenne flavous,
becoming somewhat infuscated apically.

Length of body, o’, 14 mm., 2, 20-22 mm.; of pronotum, co’, 2.6
mm., 9, 3.5 mm.; of hind femora, o’, 8.35 mm., 9, 11.75 mm.

Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, in April, three females and one male
(H. H. Smith). Types in the collection of the Carnegie Museum.

Genus SCHISTOCERCA Stal.
Schistocerca STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 64 (1873); ScUDDER, Proc. Amer. Acad.

Arts & Sci., XXXIV, p. 441 (1899).

The genus Schistocerca is one of the most characteristic of the
American genera of locusts, or short-horned grasshoppers. Its repre-
sentatives are for the most part quite large, and rather showy and
striking in appearance. Quite a number of the species are counted
among the destructive locusts of their respective regions. Especially
is this last remark true with reference to the tropical and subtropical
parts of the Americas, where such forms as S. americana, cancellata,
and paranensis are at times responsible for much injury to the agri-
cultural interests, and the destruction of the vegetation of the cattle-
ranges and even of the forests as well. The genus has been worked

126 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

up by Scudder (1. c., pp. 441-476). Since that time several additional
species have been added by Rehn and myself, and still another is
described in the present paper.

172. Schistocerca desiliens Scudder.

Schistocerca desiliens SCUDDER, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XXXIV, pp. 443, 445
(1899).
Habitat.—This species is represented by thirteen specimens. They
come from Rio de Janeiro, Para, and Chapada, Brazil, where they were
taken during the months of May and November by H. H. Smith.

173. Schistocerca flavofasciata (De Geer).

Acrydium flavofasciatum DE GEER, Mém. Ins., III, p. 488, pl. XL, fig. 8 (1773).

For additional synonymy see Scudder or Kirby.

Habitat.—This species is quite widely distributed in the tropical
portions of South America. Only four specimens happen to be con-
tained in the present collection. They come from Chapada, near
Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, and Para, Brazil. The former were taken in
April and the latter during May (H. H. Smith).

174. Schistocerca idonea Scudder.

Schistocerca idonea SCUDDER, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XXXIV, pp. 444, 461

(1899).

Habitat.—The collection before me contains a single male and two
females. They were taken at Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso,
Brazil, during the months of May and August by H. H. Smith.

These specimens are quite typical and come from the same region
as did Scudder’s types (‘‘Crapada”’ which must certainly be a mis-
print for ‘‘Chapada’’).

175. Schistocerca sp.?

There are at hand five specimens, two males and three females, of
another species of the genus. They do not quite fit any of the de-
scriptions available, but appear to be related to S. americana Drury.
They are, however, a little smaller and lack the infuscations of the
costal margin of the tegmina.

Habitat.—Para, Brazil, during May (H. H. Smith).

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 137

176. Schistocerca pallens (Thunberg).

Gryllus pallens THUNBERG, Mém. Acad. Petersb., V, p. 237 (1815).
Acridium (Schistocerca) pallens STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 66 (1873).
Schistocerca pallens BRUNNER ET REDTENBACKER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892,

p. 210.

Habitat—A series of thirteen specimens of this fine locust are
before me. They bear the label ‘‘Chapada, Brazil,’’ and were col-
lected during the months of May to July inclusive by H. H. Smith.

177. Schistocerca formosa sp. nov.

This insect, as the name would imply, is a remarkably beautiful
one in comparison with the various other species of the genus. In
color it is bright olive-green, testaceous, red, purplish brown and
white. It is also one of the largest representatives of the genus.

Head large and high, a little wider than the front edge of the pro-
notum, mandibles, clypeus, and labrum unusually large; eyes large,
but not especially prominent, in the male nearly elliptical, but in the
female with the front edge sub-straight; vertex rather broad, quite
as wide (co) or nearly equal (0) to the shortest diameter of the eyes,
the fastigium broad and coarse, quadrate, and shallowly sulcate;
frontal costa broad and prominent, of nearly equal width throughout,
broadly sulcate in the vicinity of the ocellus, coarsely punctate above.
Antenne just reaching (2) or a very little surpassing (co) the hind
border of the pronotum, the basal joint large. Pronotum long,
roundly tectate on anterior lobe, but more flattened behind; median
carina coarse and prominent throughout. The sides not especially
‘pinched’ so as to give the insect the strangulated appearance com-
mon to S. paranensis, pergrina, and exsul, surface profusely and
coarsely punctulate; transverse sulci coarse, but not deeply impressed,
the last situated a little behind the middle; hind margin broadly and
roundly angulate even in the male, front margin broadly rounded.
Tegmina of medium width, extending beyond the tip of abdomen in
both sexes. Hind femora rather long and fairly heavy, nearly reaching
the apex of abdomen in both the male and female. Front and middle
femora only moderately robust in male. Last ventral segment of
male abdomen deeply and narrowly notched. Prosternal spine long,
coarse, and directed to the rear, its apex pointed and resting on the
front edge of the mesosternum.

Head, pronotum, and pleura of meso- and meta-thorax pinkish

128 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

testaceous or dull salmon-colored broadly streaked with olive-green.
The former with the frontal costa, lateral facial carina, and front
edge of mandibles, a dash from the lower edge of eyes to lower hind
angle of cheeks, the vertex and occiput on the latter divided by a
forward projecting wedge of the salmon-color, olive-green. Pronotum
with a broad slightly widening median, longitudinal light band,
bordered on each side of disk by one of olive-green, and below this
another light band followed by an oblique one of the green, the lower
edge obliquely and rather broadly pale, a little lighter than the remain-
ing light portions. Pleura with two oblique green bands between
others of the salmon-color. Upper half of hind femora greenish, the
lower half pale; hind tibiz red, with black-tipped pale spines; middle
and front femora greenish, the tibiz and tarsi reddish. Under side
of body pale testaceous, abdomen above with more or less of a greenish
olive tinge. Tegmina with a broad pale dorsal band and a whitish
costal one on basal half; disk brown with a pale longitudinal median
streak, the bounding longitudinal veins of the discal area red. Wings
somewhat infumated. Antenne in the male red basally, darker
apically, in the female lighter. reddish testaceous.

Length of body, o’, 52 mm., 2, 69 mm.;,of antennae, o’, 16 mm.,
QO, 19 mm; of pronotum, o',10.5 mim., 9, 13, mm; of terminayic),
49. mm., 9, 63 mm.; of hind femora,’o’, 26 mm., 2. 36 mm.

Habitat—One male and one female, Cacagualito (1,500 ft.), Dept.
Magdalena, Colombia, S. A., during the month of November. Types
in Carnegie Museum.

This is by all odds the most attractive species of the genus which
has thus far come to light, and differs so greatly from all the described
forms that a knowledge of its haunts would be interesting. A smaller
and somewhat similarly colored species occurs in the vicinity of Sao
Paulo, Brazil. The latter is the insect which Rehn described as
Schistocerca gratissima (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad., Feb., 1908, pp.
20-22, figs. 4, 5).

Genus ATRACHELACRIS Giglio-Tos.
Atrachelacris GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, no. 184

pp. 19-20 (1894).

The genus Afrachelacris is confined to southern Brazil and south-
ward. Its representatives are unicolorous, green, and somewhat
hirsute. They differ from the representatives of Dichroplus, their
nearest ally, in the comparatively smaller head.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 129

178. Atrachelacris unicolor Giglio-Tos.
Atrachelacris unicolor G1GLi1o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, no.
184, p. 21 (1894).
Habitat.—Paraguay and northern Argentina. Not represented in
the H. H. Smith collection made in southwestern Brazil.

179. Atrachelacris gramineus sp. nov.

Very similar to A. unicolor Giglio-Tos in general appearance. but
larger, more robust, and of a yellowish instead of olive-green color.
Strongly hirsute throughout.

Head rather small, plainly narrower than the front edge of the
pronotum, into which it is set almost to the eyes. Latter very little
(o") or not any (Q) longer than the anterior margin of the cheeks,
separated above by a space a very little greater than the widest portion
of the frontal costa, the fastigium depressed and very broadly and
shallowly sulcate, most apparently so in the male, where this area is
plainly bounded by lateral carina, which are continuous with the
sides of the costa; the latter moderately prominent, broad, and con-
tinuous to the clypeus, widest just above the ocellus, sulcate through-
out, but most profoundly so below the ocellus; antennae somewhat
exceeding the combined length of the head and pronotum. Pronotum
strongly divergent caudad, its surface irregularly longitudinally rugose,
the rugee inconspicuous, except when viewed with a magnifier, the
hind lobe slightly longest; hind margin obtusangulate, the immediate
apex rounded. Tegmina sparsely veined, the basal third coriaceous,
remainder more or less membranous. Hind femora robust and coarse,
the carine prominent, very prominently hirsute; anterior and middle
femora of male not greatly enlarged; hind tibie eight- to nine-spined
externally, heavy. Tip of male abdomen as in wnicolor, but the
cerci less robust at base and quite strongly incurved apically; last
ventral segment noticeably longer, and with its apex more acuminate
than in the type species.

General color pale yellowish green on head, pronotum, tegmina,
pleura, hind femora above and externally, and tibiz; sides of abdomen,
venter, lower edges and inner face of hind femora, and pectus greenish
pale flavous. Antenne flavous, sometimes with a rufous tinge apically.
Lunules of hind femora tinged with rufous. Tibial and tarsal claws,
spines of hind tibia, and tips of valves of ovipositor, black; eyes
wax-vellow.

130 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Length of body, o, 24 mm., 9, 29-30 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 5.75
mm., 9, 7.35 mm., of tegmina, o’, 19 mm., 9, 25 mm.; of hind
femora, oO’, 13.5 mm., 2; 18 mm:

Habitat.—Southern portion of the province of Santa Fe, northern
Buenos Aires, Entre Rios, etc., in Argentina.

Whether or not this form is sufficiently distinct to warrant the
making of a separate species, I cannot say. Some of the differences
mentioned in the description are quite important, but others are not.
The larger size and more robust build of the temperate region form is
an extraordinary feature, as compared with the smaller and less robust
stature of the tropical form.

Genus DICHROPLUS Stal.
Dichroplus STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 78 (1873).

‘Many of the insects which comprise this extensive genus are very
closely related to one another in their general appearance, and the
comparatively few forms, which have thus far been noted by entomolo-
gists, have been so briefly described, that it is a little doubtful as to
the identity of all of them. This is especially true when the student
is limited in the material that is accessible for study. With com-
paratively few exceptions, the members of the genus are confined to
regions south of the equator in South America, with Paraguay and
northern Argentina as the center of their distribution. This being
true, most of the species may be expected to occur in the country now
under consideration. Specimens of at least seven distinct species
are at hand.

180. Dichroplus fuscus (Thunberg).

Gryllus fuscus THUNBERG, Mém. Acad. Pétersb., V, p. 235 (1815).
Pezotettix (Trigonophymus) fuscus STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 78 (1873).
Dichroplus fuscus G1GLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 21
(1894).
Habitat—There are several specimens at hand, including both
sexes. They were collected at Chapada, Brazil, during the months of
May and July by H. H. Smith.

181. Dichroplus gracilis sp. nov.

Of about the size and general appearance of D. punctulatus Thun-
berg, but very distinct from that species in a number of its structural
features. Sides of pronotum without the usual dusky bar, hind
femora beneath and internally bright blood-red, fuscous bands reduced

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 131

to faint traces on upper edge. Vertex much wider than normal in
members of the genus. Head and anterior lobe of the pronotum
smooth, scarcely at all punctulate.

Head of moderate size, slightly wider than the anterior edge of the
pronotum, the occiput well rounded and gently elevated above the
plane of the pronotum; eyes not at all prominent, scarcely if any
longer than the anterior edge of the cheeks, separated at the vertex
by a space fully one and one-half times the width of the frontal costa
between the antenna; fastigium depressed, scarcely sulcate even
anteriorly, the antero-lateral margins reaching as carine a trifle more
than half way to the eyes; frontal costa fairly prominent between the
antenne where it is plane, coarsely punctulateé, and about twice the
width of the second antennal joint, at the ocellus a little contracted,
below gently expanded, and somewhat sulcate to the base of the
clypeus. Facial or lateral carine fairly prominent and about parallel.
Antenne moderately robust, the joints a little depressed on upper side,
rather profusely and strongly pitted, somewhat longer than the head
and pronotum combined. Pronotum a little contracted at middle,
expanding posteriorly, the anterior middle rounded, the hind margin
broadly angulate; median carina obliterated in front, present, but
faint on the hind lobe, the two lobes about equalinlength. Tegmina
and wings fully developed, plainly surpassing both the femora and the
apex of the abdomen, the discal field provided with a prominent inter-
ealary vein. Hind femora fairly robust, or about normal, extending a
little beyond the tip of the abdomen, the tibiz strongly hirsute, nine-
spined on the outer edge. Middle and anterior femora but little
inflated. Interspace between the mesosternal lobes a little longer
than wide; prosternal spine robust, somewhat compressed from the
sides, and directed to the rear. Abdomen gently clavate, the last
ventral segment triangular, about as long as its basal width, the apex
entire, bluntly rounded; supra-anal plate broadly and roundly tri-
angular, the lateral margins a little thickened and gently upturned,
the disk widely and profoundly sulcate at base, where the marginal
apophyses from the preceding segment project as short blunt pro-
tuberances within the sulcation. Cerci heavy at base, but suddenly
narrowed beyond the basal fifth, directed backwards and upwards
and gently bowed inwards, the apical third somewhat flattened and
sulcate externally, the apex obliquely docked from above, total length
nearly a third greater than that of the supra-anal plate.

Sy ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

General color wood-brown, irregularly marmorate with brunneo-
testaceous; hind femora pallid externally, the upper margin irregu-
larly flecked with brown, which shows a tendency to form two traces
of transverse bars, discal borders alternately flavous and brunneous,
the genicular lunules in nowise darkened; lower sulcus and internal
face bright blood-red; hind tibia -brunneous with a faint vinaceous
tinge; the anterior and middle legs somewhat conspersed with brown.
Antenne pale ferruginous.

Length of body, o’, 16.5 mm., of pronotum, 3.5 mm., of tegmina,
14 mm., of hind femora, 10 mm.

Habitat—Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, repre-
sented by a single male, the type, which was taken in April by H. H.
Smith. Collection of the Carnegie Museum.

The wide vertex and scarcely sulcate fastigium of this insect are
similar to these characters as found in the different species of Lezotettix,
but other characters, as the form of the pronotum, etc., tend to place
it with the species of Dichroplus instead. The nine spines in the
outer row of the hind tibiz and a faint longitudinal dark line on the
hind coxe would associate the present species with fuscus Thunberg
and exilis Giglio-Tos, with closer relationship to the latter.

182. Dichroplus arrogans (Stal).

Acridium (Podisma) arrogans STAL, Eugenies Resa, Orthopt., p. 333 (1860).
Pezoteltix (Dichroplus) arrogans STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 78 (1873).
Pezottix arrogens STAL, Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, no. 9, p. 6 (1878).
Dichroplus arrogans BRUNER, 2d Rept. Locust Com. B. Aires, pp. 72, 75, 76, figs. 36

42 (1900).

Habitat.—This species is confined to Uruguay and middle Argentina.
A specimen is at hand from Montevideo, where it was taken during
December by H. H. Smith.

Dichroplus arrogans has a very similar appearance to that of the
North American Melanoplus atlantis Riley and some of its near allies.

183. Dichroplus punctulatus (Thunberg).

Gryllus punctulatus THUNBERG, Mém. Acad. Pétersb., IX, p. 408 (1824).

Pezotettix (Trigonophymus) punctulatus STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 77 (1873).

Pezotettix (Dichroplus) punctulatus STAL, Obs. Orthopt., III, p. 6 (1878).

Dichroplus punctulatus GiGLi1o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no, 184,
p. 21 (1894).

Acridium (Podisma) fraternum STAL, Eugenies Resa, Orthopt., p. 333 (1860).

Cyrtacanthacris munda WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 612 (1870).

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 133

Habitat—Specimens are before me from both Chapada and San-
tarem, Brazil. They were taken in April and September by H. H.

Smith.
184. Dichroplus brasiliensis Bruner.

Dichroplus brasiliensis BRUNER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 682 (1906).
Habitat—Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during the months of June to
November inclusive (H. H. Smith).

185. Dichroplus robustulus (Stal).
Pezotettix robustulus STAL, Obs. Orthopt., IIT, p. 7 (1878).
Dichroplus robustulus BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 679, 683 (1906).
Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, where it was taken in March and
November by H. H. Smith.

186. Dichroplus olivaceus sp. nov.

A medium-sized, but rather slender insect, reminding at first glance
of Atrachelacris unicolor Giglio-Tos in color and general appearance,
but possessing the characters in main of a Dichroplus. Head and
pronotal characters similar to those of D. gracilis described in the
present paper. Moderately hirsute throughout.

Head about as wide as the anterior edge of the pronotum, rather
smooth, impunctate; the eyes of medium size, not prominent, no
longer than the anterior margin of the cheeks below them, separated
on the vertex by a space fully one-half wider than the greatest width
of the frontal costa between the base of the antenna; fastigium
roundly depressed, very broadly and shallowly sulcate, decidedly
wider than long, the antero-lateral carinz arcuate and almost reaching
the eyes; frontal costa prominent, almost twice as broad between the
antenne as the diameter of the basal joint of the latter, a little nar-
rower at and below the ocellus, broadly, but not deeply, sulcate
throughout, continued to the clypeus; facial carine parallel. An-
tenne filiform (incomplete). Pronotum impunctate, gently expanded
on the hind lobe, the median carina faint, present only on the hind
lobe. the two lobes nearly equal in length, the hind margin slightly
obtusangulate, the immediate apex rounded. Tegmina and wings
somewhat surpassing the tip of hind femora and apex of abdomen,
sparsely veined and membranous beyond the basal one-fourth, the
discal field provided with a well defined intercalary vein. Anterior
and middle femora only gently inflated, the hind femora about normal,

134 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

their apex extending a little beyond the tip of the abdomen. Hind
tibie eight-spined externally. Interspace between the mesosternal
lobes decidedly longer than wide, and scarcely over half the width of
the lobes themselves. Prosternal spine rather coarse and of consider-
able length, acuminate, directed gently caudad. Tip of abdomen
gently clavate, the last ventral segment a little broader than long,
the apex very broadly and roundly emarginate at middle. Supra-anal
plate about as long as broad at base, the sides somewhat sinuose and
rounded, with the edge a little thickened and upturned, the apex a
little, but widely, produced, the middle longitudinally sulcate. fsr ine
most part narrowly, at the base a little wider, and rec?iving the small
marginal apophyses of the preceding segment. Cerci as described
for D. gracilis, but a little heavier.

General color dull olive-green, irregularly marmorate with flavous.
Sides of head back of eyes and sides of pronotum without traces of
the usual fuscous bar. Lunules of hind femora and hind tarsi stained
with ferruginous, lower sulcus and inner face of former flavous.

Length of body, o, 21 mm., of pronotum, 4.85 mm., of tegmina,
17 mm., of hind femora, 12 mm:

Habitat—Chapada, Brazil, in April. A single male (H. H. Smith).
Collection of the Carnegie Museum. .

Genus LEIOTETTIX Bruner.
Leiotettix BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 643, 684 (1906).
The species of the genus Lezotettix are medium-sized locusts, which
are related to both Dichroplus and Scotussa. They are found chiefly
in Brazil and Paraguay, where they frequent grassy fields.

187. Leiotettix viridis Bruner.
Leiotetlix viridis BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 685 (1906).
Habitat.—Specimens of this insect are before me bearing locality
labels of both Chapada and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. They were
taken during the months of May, July, August, and October.

188. Leiotettix sanguineus Bruner.
Leiolettix sanguineus BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 685, 687 (1906).
Habitat—Chapada, Brazil (H. H. Smith).

Genus PArascopas Bruner.
Parascopas BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 643, 689 (1906).
Scopas GiGLio-Tos (nec Bonaparte), Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184,
p- 29 (1894).

BRUNER: SouTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 135

189. Parascopas chapadensis Rehn.
Parascopas chapadensis REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 159-162,
figs. 38, 39 (1909).
Habitat——Chapada, Brazil, in April (H. H. Smith).

190. Parascopas obesus (Giglio-Tos).

Scopas obesus GicLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 29 (1894).
Parascopas obesus BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 689 (1906).

Habitat—Corumba, Brazil, in March (H. H. Smith).

A third species, P. sanguineus Bruner, has been added to this genus
(Ent. News, XXI, pp. 306-307, 1910). It comes from Puerto
Bertoni, Paraguay, which is in the same general region.

Genus EUROTETTIX Bruner.
Eurotettix BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 643, 691 (1906).

The representatives of the present genus seem to be confined in
their distribution to a rather limited region embraced in Paraguay,
northern Argentina, and southern Brazil. Like the majority of the
other Melanopline locusts they are grasshoppers, 7. e., they are most
frequently found in open grassy localities. The two previously known
forms, together with a third now described, are readily separable by
the annexed synoptic table:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF EUROTETTIX.

A. Larger (o’, 18.5-19 mm.). Hind tibie vinaceous, the lower sulcus of hind

femora flavous with a pinkish tint internally near base..robustus sp. nov.

AA. Smaller (o’, 11-15 mm.). Hind tibie purple or lavender, lower sulcus purple,
or scarlet.

b. Hind femora very robust, without indications of dusky bands across their

upper edge. The lower sulcus deep purple....... femoratus Bruner.

bb. Hind femora less robust, their upper edge with two dusky bands. The

lower, Suleusiscarlets, = cai) astcaid sive cece cinerea crn minor Bruner.

191. Eurotettix robustus sp. nov.

A much larger and more robust insect than either of the previously
described species, in which the tegmina of the female overlap on the
dorsum. Hind femora robust, the tibia vinaceous. While the gen-
eral color of this insect is ferruginous, there is a faint tinge of olivaceous
in the male above and on the anterior and middle femora.

Head inserted into pronotum almost to the eyes and about as wide,
the occiput rounding and gently elevated above the plane of the pro-

136 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

notum; vertex as wide as the broadest portion of the frontal costa
(o") or about one-fourth wider (@ ), the fastigium comparatively large
and broadly, but shallowly, sulcate, roundly depressed, provided with
a faint transverse carina where it meets the frontal costa. Latter
flat and punctulate above, sulcate at the ocellus and below, about
reaching the clypeus, of nearly equal width. Antenne filiform,
slender, almost as long as the hind femora. Pronotum expanding
behind, the hind margin subangulate, the transverse sulci fairly
prominent, especially the posterior, which is straight and situated
plainly behind the middle; median carina visible only on the smooth
hind lobe. Tegmina lobate, nearly as broad as long, in the female
slightly overlapping on the dorsum, in the male not quite touching.
Hind femora large and robust, in both sexes reaching beyond the tip
of the abdomen by nearly the length of the knees. Hind tibiz also
rather robust and eight-spined externally. Tip of male abdomen not
enlarged, the last ventral segment short, its upper or outer margin
meeting in a slightly acute angle; supra-anal plate small, plain, tri-
angular, its sides gently curved, the median base provided with a small
sulcus; cerci rather long and slender, but little tapering apically,
curved gently inward and to the rear. Mesosternal lobes separated
by a space a little longer than wide. Prosternal spine of moderate
size. acuminate. Valves of ovipositor comparatively small and
slender—of normal form among the Melanopli.

General color above brunneo-ferruginous, profusely and irregularly
mottled with fuscous; below flavous. Sides of head and upper half
of sides of pronotam provided with well defined darker bands, most
prominent in the male, face, cheeks below the eyes, and lower portion
of lateral lobes of pronotum of latter sex pale flavous, as are also dashes
on the pleura in advance of the base of the hind femora. Inner face
of hind femora infuscated, the upper edge and genicular area also
more or less strongly fuscous, in the male each femur is provided a
little before its middle above with a well defined fuscous patch; lower
edge flavous, in the female with a pinkish tinge basally and next to
the inner edge.

Length of body, o, 18.5 mm., @, 24 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 5 mm.,
9, 6.5 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 3.25 mm., 2, 5.5 mm.; of hind femora,
Cit mms, o., 15. mim:

Habitat.—Several specimens comprising both sexes are before me
coming from Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, where

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 137

they were taken in April (H. H. Smith). Types in the Carnegie
Museum.
Genus CuLorus Giglio-Tos.

Chlorus G1GLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, XIII, no. 311, p. 50 (1898).

This is another brachypterous genus of locusts of the group Melano-
pli, the representatives of which are, for the most part, confined to
southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina. At least four
species are known, including the one now described.

192. Chlorus brunneus sp. nov.

Quite closely related to both C. borellii Giglio-Tos and C. vittatus
Bruner in size and form, but differing from both of them by almost
entirely lacking any green tintsinitscoloration. About the size of and
having the pattern of its markings similar to those of vittatus. At once
recognized by the pale greenish-yellow hind tibia and the heavy
longitudinal dusky marking on the outer disk of the hind femora; inner
disk on apical half also black or very strongly infuscated. Lower
sulcus and basal half of inner face deep blood-red, remaining portions
flavo-ferruginous, irregularly conspersed above with fuscous, the
genicular portion also strongly infuscated. Occiput and dorsum of
pronotum infuscated and bordered on each side by the usual ferrugineo-
testaceous bands. Cheeks below the eyes, lower half of lateral lobes
of pronotum and pleural bands in advance of the middle and hind
coxe, testaceous. Abdomen brunneo-testaceous, above conspersed
with brown flecks, and at sides marked near base with rather large
patches of piceous. Antenne pallid.

Length of body, 2, 27 mm., of pronotum, 6.5 mm., of tegmina, 5.5
mm., of hind femora, 16 mm.

Habitat—Corumba, Brazil, March, two females (H. H. Smith).
In the Carnegie Museum.

Genus PARADICHROPLUS Brunner v. Wattenwyl.
Paradichroplus BRUNNER V. WATTENWYL, Ann. Mus. Genova, XXXIII, p. 145

(1893).

The genus Paradichropius of Brunner is represented in South
America by several species. These insects are, for the most part,
confined to Paraguay and southern Brazil. The following table will
aid in their separation:

138 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PARADICHROPLUS.

A. Hind tibiz provided with nine spines in the outer row.
b. General color yellowish, the dorsum of the pronotum and abdomen dusky.

WWead iblack..2, hb. recne tetera dekoke! Sct ode. Faptas fee eksnsue tees bilobus Giglio-Tos.
bb. General color greenish olivaceous, the dorsum of the pronotum and abdomen
light. Headsconcolorouse asec arene brunneri Giglio-Tos.

AA. Hind tibiae provided with eight spines in the outer row.
b. Hind tibiz of the normal form, their lateral edges not expanded and acute.
c. Larger (Q, 22-25 mm.). Moderately robust, the head large. General
color ferruginous, the abdomen with four or six basal segments
twice spotted at middle with black.....bipunctatus Giglio-Tos.
cc. Smaller (@, 18-21 mm.). Rather slender, the head normal. Color
variable.
d. Color testaceo-ferruginous. Hind tibiz orange-red; internal and
external disk of hind femora infuscated or obscure.
rubripes sp. nov.
dd. Color more or less olivaceous. Hind tibizw greenish; internal and
external disk of hind femora not especially infuscated.
e. Genicular area of hind femora with black lunules.
fustformis Giglio-Tos.
ee. Genicular area of hind femora pale ferruginous, without the dark
NT les Fess, =, eres woo ope evceice Ware evans es aye teletiencts geniculatus sp. nov.
bb. Hind tibiz expanded apically and with the lateral edges acute.
aberrans Giglio-Tos.

193. Paradichroplus rubripes sp. nov.

Very similar in general form to P. geniculatus, but noticeably
larger. General color testaceo-ferruginous, the hind femora internally
rather strongly infuscated, externally in the female strongly tinged
with olivaceous; the tibiz orange-red.

Head of moderate size, about the width of the anterior edge of the
pronotum; eves a little prominent, oval (@ ), a little longer than the
front edge of the cheeks below them, subglobular (o7), nearly twice
the length of the anterior edge of the cheeks. Vertex as in geniculatus,
the frontal costa rather wide and broadly sulcate, more or less punc-
tured above the ocellus, in both sexes ending above the base of the
clypeus. Antenne slender, filiform, quite noticeably longer than
head and pronotum together. Pronotum expanding posteriorly,
viewed laterally tumid anteriorly; transverse sulci quite prominent,
hind lobe closely and minutely punctulate, the median carina faint,
most apparent on the posterior portion; hind margin gently and
broadly emarginate. Tegmina minute, narrow, lateral, a very little
surpassing the hind margin of the first abdominal segment. Hind

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 139

femora of moderate robustness, reaching a little beyond the apex of the
abdomen in both sexes; tibia provided externally with eight spines.
Supra-anal plate triangular, the middle sulcate at base; cerci of male
long, slender, gently incurved apically; last ventral segment short,
narrowing, entire at apex. Prosternal spine pyramidal, of moderate
size.

General color testaceo-ferrugineous with some fuscous mottlings on
head, pronotum, and legs, much darkest in the male. Hind femora
infuscated internally, tinged with olivaceous on the outer disk; the
genicular lunules black. Hind tibia pale orange-red; antenne of males
testaceous, of females reddish becoming infuscated apically.

Length of body. o', 16 mm., 9, 21 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 3.1 mm.,
Q, 4-1 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 2.3 mm., 9, 3 mm.; of hind femora,
=, 9.5.mm., 9, 12 mm.

Habitat—The types, & and Q, together with a paratypica! 9
come from Corumba, Brazil, where they were taken during March
by H. H. Smith. These insects are deposited in the Carnegie Museum.

194. Paradichroplus geniculatus sp. nov.

Most closely related to P. fusiformis Giglio-Tos, but differing from
that species by having the knees of hind femora uniformly pale fer-
ruginous, while the legs themselves are pale greenish olive. Abdomen
of male strongly tinged with orange.

Size small, form rather slender. Entire insect sparsely hirsute.
Head of medium size, about as wide as the front edge of the pronotum,
the front gently oblique; eyes fairly large, but not prominent, in the
female very little, in the male about one-fourth, longer than the
anterior margin of the cheeks immediately below them, vertex a little
wider than (Q ), or not quite as wide (co) as the basal antennal joint;
the fastigium strongly depressed, in the male deeply, in the female
shallowly, sulcate. Frontal costa prominent and profoundly sulcate
throughout, slightly widest above the ocellus, in the female not quite
‘reaching the clypeus. Lateral or facial carine prominent, straight,
but little divergent below. Antenne filiform, slender, somewhat ex-
ceeding the combined length of head and pronotum. Pronotum
smooth, moderately divergent, without traces of lateral carina and
with the faint median carina showing only on the hind lobe; transverse
sulci prominent; anterior margin broadly rounded upon the occiput,
the posterior margin very widely shallowly and roundly emarginate.

140 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Tegmina minute, lateral, narrow, in both sexes reaching slightly past
the hind margin of the first abdominal segment. Hind femora robust,
in the female reaching, and in the male extending beyond, the apex
of the abdomen by the length of the genicular portion; the hind tibie
with eight spines externally. Abdomen carinated above, gently taper-
ing, in the male not enlarged apically, the last ventral segment short,
the apex entire; supra-anal plate triangular, sulcate at middle basally,
the lateral edges somewhat margined; marginal apophyses small,
inflated; cerci long and slender, the apical half curved inwards so that
their points meet at the apex of the supra-anal plate. Prosternal spine
rather robust, quadrate, pyramidal.

General color of female above rusty olivaceous, in the male inclining
to dark brown on occiput and meso- and meta-thorax, with the abdo-
men of latter strongly tinged with reddish orange; cheeks behind lower
margin of eyes and lower half of sides of pronotum together with
pleura, pallid, bordered above by a piceous band in the males, but
obliterated in the females, sides of basal segments of latter black-
maculate. Underside pale testaceous, femora and tibie of all the
legs chiefly greenish olive, the knees of hind pair and all the tarsi
strongly tinged with pale ferruginous. Antenne bright ferruginous
to rufous.

Length of body, o’, 14 mm., 9, 18 mm.; of pronotum, o, 3 mm.,
Q,3.5 mm.; of hind femora, o’, 8.75 mm., 2, 9.5 mm.; of tegmina,
o and 92, 2.5 mm.

Habitat—Chapada, Brazil. Several specimens of both sexes, in-
cluding immature individuals, collected during April by H. H. Smith,
The types are in the collection of the Carnegie Museum.

195. Paradichroplus fusiformis Giglio-Tos.
Paradichroplus fusiformis GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, XII, no. 302

p- 35 (1897).

Habitat—Corumba and Chapada, Brazil, during March and April
(H. H. Smith).

Genus OsmILia Stal.
Osmilia STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 68 (1873).

The genus Osmulia is made up of a number of closely related tropical
American species, which are quite difficult to separate, especially in
the case of the forms described by the earlier authors. At least four
of the nine species listed by Kirby in his Catalogue of Orthopbtera
belong to Brazil.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 141

196. Osmilia violacea (Thunberg).
Gryllus violaceus THUNBERG, Mém. Acad. Pétersb., IX, pp. 396, 413 (1824).
Acridium (Osmilia) violacea STAL, Recens, Orthopt., I, p. 68 (1873).
Osmilia violacea GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 18

(1894).

Habitat—Numerous specimens of this species are before me as I
write. They were taken at Para, Santarem, Corumba, Rio de
Janeiro, Chapada, and other Brazilian localities. The dates of
capture include the months of April to December inclusive (H. H.
Smith).

Genus RHYTIDOCHROTA Stal.
Rhytidochrota STAL, Recens, Orthopt., I, pp. 35, 54 (1873).

_ 197. Rhytidochrota levifrons Stal.
Rhytidochrota levifrons STAL, Bihang, Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, no. 4, p. 78 (1878).

Habitat—Two males and a single female, Para, Brazil, in April (H.

H. Smith).
198. Rhytidochrota turgida Stal?

Rhytidochrota turgida STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 54 (1873).
Habitat.—A single female specimen from Para, Brazil, is referred

to this species with some hesitation. It, like the preceding, was col-
lected during the month of April by H. H. Smith.

Genus PSILOSCIRTUS gen. nov.

There is still another of the numerous medium-sized apterous, or
subapterous, South American locusts at hand, which cannot be made
to fit any of the known genera. It is therefore my decision that
hereafter it shall be designated as Psiloscirtus olivaceus. The
present genus comes closest to Rhachicreagra Rehn, but differs from
that insect in a number of respects. It also bears resemblance to
Rhytidochrota Stal, as may be seen by a reference to the following
diagnosis.

Body sparsely hirsute throughout, apterous, very coarsely punc-
tulate and rugulose on head, thorax, and first abdominal segment.
Head of moderate size, the vertex very narrow, linearly sulcate, the
fastigium depressed, also longitudinally and narrowly sulcate, not
quite merging with the sulcation of the frontal costa. Latter rather
prominent between the antennae, punctulate, fading below the ocellus.
Eyes large, prominent, their longest diameter nearly twice the length
of the front margin of the cheeks. Face somewhat oblique. An-

142 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

tenne filiform, as long as the hind femora, composed of about twenty
joints, which beyond the immediate basal ones are rather evenly,
strongly, and profusely pitted. Pronotum subcylindrical, the pos-
terior lobe being gently dilated, a little less than half as long as the
anterior one, and straight behind; median carina wanting. Hind
femora about two-fifths longer than the abdomen, moderately robust,
the upper and lower carine serrate, the genicular lobes not acute.
Hind tibia seven-spined externally and nine-spined internally. Tip
of male abdomen upturned, the last ventral segment short, tapering,
its outer margin entire. Supra-anal plate elongate-triangular, the
lateral edges upturned and sinuate, the apex bluntly rounded, the
middle roundly elevated and_ longitudinally faintly sulcate.
Cerci rather broad at base, somewhat flattened, gently tapering to
middle, where they give off a backwardly directed tooth, turn in-
ward, and again fork, the inner branch being the larger and longer.
Mesosternal lobes separated by a quadrate space a little narrower than
the lobes themselves. Prosternal spine with a heavy base, but short
and small.
199. Psiloscirtus olivaceus sp. nov.

General color olivaceous. On the head and thorax above tinged
with ferruginous; on the femora and beneath with flavous.. Genic-
ular lunules of hind femora and surroundings strongly infuscated.
Auditory apparatus large, nearly circular.

Eyes pale castaneous with a metallic lustre in certain lights. All
three transverse sulci of pronotum continuous, fairly deep; the pos-
terior one about one-fourth the length of the disk from the hind mar-
gin. Latter very gently, but widely, emarginate. Lower edges of
pronotum, cheeks back of eyes, and pleura concolorous, without
paler or darker markings. Anterior and middle femora only moder-
ately inflated. Hind tibiz and tarsi rather profusely hirsute.

Length of body, o, 14.5 mm., of pronotum, 3 mm., of hind femora
10.25 mm.

Habitat.—Benevides, Brazil, in July, a single male (H. H. Smith).
This insect is in the Carnegie Museum.

Genus EUSITALCES gen. nov.

At first glance reminding one of a Sitalces Stal, but upon a closer
examination showing a nearer relationship to Rhachicreagra Rehn.
From the last named genus it differs in having but six spines on the outer

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 143

carina of the hind tibiz, instead of eight, in the more prominent
and less depressed fastigium of the vertex, the blunter and shorter
prosternal spine, and in having much larger and broader tegmina.

The type of this genus is the following described species which is
represented by a single male from Bartica, Demarara, British Guiana.
It was taken during late March or early April by Mr. R. J. Crew,
and sent to the author, in whose collection it now is.

200. Eusitalces vittatus sp. nov.

Size rather small; antenne long and coarse; body very dark brown
or black, striped with yellow; the femora stout and chiefly ferru-
ginous, becoming olivaceous apically, the knees infuscated; the tibic
and tarsi greenish gray; face and venter yellowish. }

Head moderately large, a little wider than the front edge of the
pronotum, the occiput somewhat ascending above the plane of. the
pronotum; eyes large and prominent, subglobular, with a brassy
tinge, separated above bya space scarcely more than one-half as great
as the width of the frontal costa between the base of antenne; fas-
tigium of the vertex triangular, about as broad as long, the center
provided with a fairly broad longitudinal median sulcus, which narrows
posteriorly and continues to the front edge of the occiput; frontal
costa prominent above the ocellus, a little narrowed immediately
below, then again expanding and continuous to the clypeus, broadly
and deeply sulcate, with coarse walls; viewed laterally the face is
nearly straight; facial carine prominent, nearly parallel. Antenne
coarse, about as long as the hind femora, twenty-jointed. Pronotum
without lateral carina, somewhat constricted laterally at the middle
transverse sulcus, all three sulci profound, the median carina plain
in front of anterior sulcus and prominent on the hind lobe; the latter
considerably expanding posteriorly, front lobe sparsely punctate
and somewhat transversely rugose, hind lobe closely and _ finely
punctate; anterior edge of disk roundly emarginate, hind border
angulately so, and with the edge slightly elevated in the emargina-
tion. Tegmina lobate, lateral, broadly oval, reaching nearly to the
hind edge of the metathorax. Tympanum or auditory:apparatus
inconspicuous. Hind femora large, robust, extending beyond the
apex of the abdomen nearly one-half of their length, the upper carina
with faint serrations or tubercles, at the apex ending in a minute
spine; terminal joint of hind tarsi equal to, or a little more than, the

144 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

first and second joints combined, the, arolium large, transverse.
Apex of male abdomen bluntly acuminate, short; supra-anal plate
triangular, a little longer than basal width, sides somewhat elevated,
apex rounded; cerci a little longer than plate, moderately heavy,
directed backward and bent roundly inwards on apical half, forked,
the lower prong longest and the slenderer of the two. Hind tibie
and tarsi strongly hirsute. Prosternal spine short and _ weak,
directed slightly to the front.

Cheeks, thorax, and basal half of abdomen blackish, a line on hind
edges of eves above, across occiput and continued as a lateral border
to the disk of the pronotum, the upper portion of tegmina, across
first and showing as dots on the two succeeding abdominal segments,
the dorsal carina of abdomen, also a band across the cheeks, the lower
portion of sides of pronotum and mesothorax, yellow. There are
also two similarly colored spots on the metathorax above the coxe
of the hind femora. Antenne at base testaceous, changing to ferru-
ginous towards the middle, and apically infuscated. Tibial spines
pale, black-tipped.

Length of body, o&, 12 mm., of pronotum, 2.85 mm., of tegmina,
1.15 mm., of hind femora, 8.9 mm.

Genus EUJIVARUS gen. nov.

Resembling the members of the genus Jivarus in their genera
characteristics, but at once separable from them by the absence of
the terminal spine on the outer margin of the hind tibia. Related
to Microtylopteryx Rehn.

Insects medium or small in stature, fusiform or subfusiform, very
coarsely, deeply, and somewhat closely punctulate throughout,
but more especially so upon the pronotum and dorsum of meso- and
metanotum. Tegmina very much abbreviated, lateral, lobiform,
or spatulate, rather strongly veined near base and on the costal field,
remainder simply sparsely but coarsely punctulate. Auditory appa-
ratus minute. Pronotum without lateral carina, evenly expanding
posteriorly, the median carina fairly prominent throughout, severed -
by all three transverse sulci, the last at least two-thirds of the distance
towards the hind margin; latter somewhat emarginately truncate at
middle. Abdomen of both sexes strongly and evenly tapering apically
as in Rhytidichrota; the supra-anal plate elongate, triangular, with
the sides gently bowed and somewhat thickened. ending at about
one-third the distance from the apex, the latter projecting as a flat-

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 145

tened median smaller triangular process. Cerci heavy at base, on
outer half suddenly contracted to a rather slender finger three times
as long as thick, the apex acuminate. Prosternal spine large, broadly
transverse, the apex either simple or bilobed. Interspace between
the mesosternal lobes nearly or quite as long as wide, the inner margin
of the lobes themselves rounded, the interspace narrowest caudad.
Hind tibiz six- to eight-spined externally. Two species are at hand.
They may be separated as follows:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF EUJIVARUS.

A. Larger (Q, 14-16 mm. in length). Sides of pronotum nearly as strongly and
closely punctulate as the disk. Hind femora without fuscous transverse
ESA Cl Gerceeceeene sei teyee ee rhore Une tayirey cian ear. oy See ae Or ne MTR aA fustformis sp. nov.
AA. Smaller (2, 13 mm. in length). Sides of pronotum, especially in the black
band glabrous and almost entirely free from puncturation. Hind femora

obliquely banded externally and transversely above with fuscous.
meridionalis sp. nov.

The species fusiformis may be considered the type of the genus.

201. Eujivarus fusiformis sp. nov.

Size small. General shape fusiform, evenly tapering both cephalad
and caudad from the base of the hind femora. Head small, a little
narrower than the front edge of the pronotum, into which it sets
almost or quite to the hind margin of the eyes. Latter prominent,
in the female about one-third longer than, in the male nearly double,
the anterior edge of the cheeks in length; vertex rather narrow,
scarcely as wide (o’) or as wide (@) as the diameter of the rather
robust filiform antenne, its posterior portion and anterior part of
occiput longitudinally carinate; fastigium a little depressed, triangular,
a trifle wider than long, in the middle widely and shallowly sulcate,
the surface rather coarsely punctulate, separated from the upper
portion of the frontal costa by a well-defined angle; front gently
oblique, rather strongly punctulate, frontal costa prominent above
between the antenna, at the ocellus and below very much less promi-
nent, sulcate and continuous to the base of the clypeus, its sides rather
coarse and somewhat sinuose. Antenne heavy, about as long as the
head and pronotum together, seventeen-jointed, all but the two basal
joints strongly pitted and hirsute. Terminal joints of palpi a very
little flattened and squarely truncate at apex. Pronotum expanding
posteriorly and evenly rounded above, without traces of lateral carine,
the deflected lobes almost as closely and deeply punctulate as the

146 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

disk, except on a narrow area anteriorly back of the eyes; median
carina present and equally prominent, cut back of the anterior two-
thirds by the last sulcus; posterior border sinuose, broadly emarginate,
anterior border subtruncate; lower lateral edges also sinuose, the
hind angle broadly rounded. Tegmina small, lateral, very narrow
at base, the anal edge straight and longitudinally veined; costal edge
rather strongly lobate, without veins, but deeply punctured, the apex
rounded. Pleura strongly punctured. Auditory apparatus incon-
spicuous, entirely covered by the apical half of the tegmina. Abdo-
men strongly carinated above throughout, as is also the metathorax.
Hind femora robust, the upper and lower edges punctured, the disk
glabrous, carine smooth, not at all serrate. Hind tibiz six- to seven-
spined externally. The strongly transverse prosternal protuberance
faintly, or not at all, notched at middle.

General color of occiput, sides of head back of eyes, the pronotum,
except narrowly at lower edges, dorsum of meso- and meta-thorax,
pleura for most part, and abdomen basally, dark brown to black.
Most of front, cheeks below the eyes, lower edges of sides of the pro-
notum, two patches on pleura in advance of the insertion of the middle
and hind legs, and lower side of insect, flavous. Sides and apical
portion of abdomen, anterior and middle legs, upper and lower edges
of hind femora, largely testaceous. Immediate base and _ several
patches beyond internally of latter and the upper half of external
disk varied with black or fuscous, the lower half of disk tinged with
gray. Hind tibia dull vinaceous red. Anterior and middle tibize
and tarsi, and sometimes the femora, fasciate and maculate with black.
Antenne infuscated.

Length of body, 9, 14 mm., of pronotum, 3.65 mm., of tegmina,
2.8 mm., of hind femora, 9 mm.

Habitat—Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, May to
November (H. H. Smith). Typein the Carnegie Museum.

Several specimens are at hand in addition to the type. Two of
these latter were collected during April and differ from the other in
being of a much paler color dorsally and in having more fuscous on
the hind femora. ‘They do not, however, differ sufficiently to warrant
describing them as distinct.

202. Eujivarus meridionalis sp. nov.

Smaller and more robust than FE. fusiformis. The head fully as
broad as the anterior edge of the pronotum; front less oblique than

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN ACRIDOIDEA. 147

in that species and the frontal costa but little produced between the
antenne. Eyes large and prominent, fully twice the length of the
anterior edge of the cheeks below them, separated above by a space
a little narrower than the diameter of the antenne (2) or by one
almost linear (07). Occiput heavily carinated longitudinally; the
vertex as in fusiformis. Antenne robust, about two-thirds (9) or
four-fifths (o") as long as the head and pronotum combined. Pro-
notum with a glabrous area on upper portion of lateral lobes bordered
above by a subcarina, which would take the place of lateral carine
were these actually present. Tegmina more broadly expanded apically
than in fusiformis, reaching hind margin of first abdominal segment,
their dorsal edge pallid and irregularly rugose rather than veined,
bowed both upwards and inwards apically; the disk shining black and
strongly and irregularly punctulate. Basal abdominal segment plainly
longitudinally ridged on dorsum between the tegmina and the medio-
dorsal carina, the latter prominent and continuous with that of the
occiput and thorax. Hind femora rather short and robust, a little
surpassing the apex of the abdomen in the female, fully one-third of
their length in the male. Outer margin of hind tibiz eight-spined.
Prosternal spine strongly transverse and bituberculate at apex.

General color-pattern as in the preceding species, but inclining to
brown instead of testaceous. Hind femora plainly bifasciate trans-
versely on upper edge, and obliquely on outer face, upper basal third
with a conspicuous grayish brown patch. Anterior and middle legs
pallid, more or less mottled and fasciate with fuscous; hind tibiz as
in fusiformis.

Length of body, o’, 10 mm., 9, 13 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 2.5 mm.,
9, 3.25 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 1.85 mm., 2, 2 mm.; of hind femora,
o', 6.5 mm., 9, 7.65 mm.

Habitat—Pernambuco, May (L. Bruner). Types in the author’s

collection.
Genus PycNnosarcus Bolivar.

Pycnosarcus BOLivARr, Bol. Soc. Espafi., VI, p. 392 (1906).
Polysarcus SAUSSURE (nec FIEBER), Rev. Zool., Ser. 2, XI, p. 392 (1859).

203. Pycnosarcus atavus (Saussure).

Polysarcus atavus SAUSSURE, Rev. Zool., Ser. 2, XI, p. 393 (1859).
Pycnosarcus atavus BOLIVAR, Bol. Soc. Espafi., VI, p. 392 (1906).

Habitat—Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Three nymphs, one male, and
five females, taken in October by H. H. Smith.

iON THE SPECIES FOr (HASE MAN TAGE Y PEE Ss@:
BRYCON, AND HEMIGRAMMUS COLEECTED BY
J. D. HASEMAN FOR THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

By MArRIon DuRBIN ELLIS.
(Plates I-III.)

Genus HASEMANIA gen. nov.’

(Type, Hasemania melanura spec. nov.)

A Tetragonopterid, with two rows of premaxillary teeth, the
maxillary without teeth, or with a few teeth in its upper angle,
the lateral line incomplete, the caudal naked. No adipose fin.
Like Hyphessobrycon, but without an adipose. Pectoral frequently
archaic in small specimens.

a. Maxillary equal to the eye, with two small tricuspid teeth. Premaxillary
teeth narrow, tricuspid, or conical. Snout sharp; interorbital narrow,

less than the eye, 4in the head. D. 11; A. 19; scales 7—32-5 or 6.
maxillaris sp. nov.
aa. Maxillary less than the eye, elliptical, without teeth. Teeth in the inner row
of the premaxillary with more than three points. Interorbital 3, or less,

in the head.

b. Snout short and blunt. Dentary with four or five five- or six-pointed teeth.
A distinct blackish caudal spot extending to the tips of the middle
caudalrays. D.11; A. 16 to 18; scales 6-33 to 36—-5...melanura sp. nov.
bb. Dentary with three broad, chisel-shaped, eight- or nine-pointed teeth. No
distinct caudal spot; a heavy black lateral stripe; another black stripe
along the under side of the caudal peduncle, extending to the base of
the last anal ray, and continued in a straight line to just above the first
analray. D. 11; A. 14 to 17; scales 5-33 or 34—4....-bilineata sp. nov.

1. Hasemania maxillaris sp. nov.
Plate I, fig. 1.
Type unique. 29 mm. C. M. No. 2937. Porto Unido, Rio Iguasst.
Head 3; depth 3; D. 11; A. 19; scales 7-32—-5 or 6. Eye 3 in the
head; interorbital less than the eye, about 4in the head. Compressed,

1 Contributions from the Zodlogical Laboratory of Indiana University, under
the direction of C. H. Eigenmann. No. 115.

2For Mr. John D. Haseman, who collected all of the specimens of this genus
thus far known.

148

Eviis: HasEMANIA, HyPHESSOBRYCON, AND HEMIGRAMMUs. 149

depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.2 in the greatest
depth. Preventral region rounded. Predorsal region rounded, with-
out a regular series of median scales. Occipital process a little
more than 5 in the distance from its base to the dorsal. Inter-
orbital nearly flat. Frontal fontanels triangular, as wide as the
parietal, and two-thirds as long as the parietal without the occipital
groove. Second suborbital with a wide naked margin behind and
below. Snout pointed, rather short, mouth large. Maxillary equal
to the eye. Mandible longer than the eye, 2.4 in the head. Pre-
maxillary with five tricuspid and conical teeth in the inner row,
and three conical teeth in the outer row. Maxillary with two coni-
cal teeth. Dentary with five or six tricuspid teeth, followed by
three to six very small conical teeth on the sides. Gill-rakers 6 + 9.
Scales cycloid, stria crooked, more numerous near the sides of the
free margin of the scale, variable in number (18 +). Caudal naked.
No anal sheath extending over the rays of the fin, but a series, or
part of a series, of small scales along the base of the anal. Lateral
line with pores developed on about six scales. Origin of the dorsal
the length of the eye nearer to the caudal than to the snout, its long-
est ray about 4.5 in the length. Caudal probably about 1.33 in
the head. Origin of the anal on the vertical from the ninth dorsal
ray. Anal truncate. Ventrals on the vertical from the first dor-
sal ray, very short, just reaching the second scale in front of the
anal. Pectorals archaic. Adipose lacking. No humeral spot, a
faint caudal spot, not continued on the rays. Lateral stripe very
faint. Dorsal, caudal, and ventrals uniformly dusky; distal half
of anal dusky. All the scales, excepting those in the preventral
region, outlined with dusky; much darker along the back. Silvery
except along the back.

2. Hasemania melanura sp. nov.
Plate I, fig. 2.

Type, one specimen, 35 mm. C. M. No. 3002. Porto Unido, Rio Iguasst.

Cotypes, forty-nine specimens, 25 to 44 mm. C. M. No. 3003. Porto Uniao,
Rio Iguasst.

Head 3.2 to 3.7; depth 2.6 to 2.8; D. 11; A. 16 to 18; scales 6-33
to 36-5; eye rather small, 3 in the head; interorbital equal to, or
greater than, the eye, 2.8 to 3 in the head. Compressed, depth
of head at the base of the occipital process 1.6 in the greatest depth.

150 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Predorsal region rounded, with, or without, a complete series of eleven
median scales. Occipital process short, about 6 in the distance from
its base to the dorsal, bordered by two or three scales. Frontal
fontanel an almost equilateral triangle, narrower than the parietal
fontanel, and 1.6 in the parietal without the occipital groove. Sec-
ond suborbital leaving a naked margin behind and below. Snout
short and moderately blunt, less than the eye, 4 in the head. Max-
illary shorter than the eye, equal to the length of the snout, ellip-
tical in outline, the front and back not parallel. Mandible equal
to the eye. Premaxillary with four or five five- to seven-pointed
teeth in the inner row, and three three-pointed teeth in the outer
row. Maxillary without teeth. Dentary with a graduated series
of four or five five- or six-pointed teeth, followed by four or five
minute teeth on the sides. Gill-rakers6 +8. Anal sheath very short.
Lateral line with pores developed on seven or eight scales. Origin
of the dorsal half the length of the eye nearer to the caudal than to
the snout. Longest dorsal ray 4.7 in the length. Origin of the
anal on the vertical from the third or fourth scale behind the dorsal;
anal truncate, the longest ray equal to the length of the base. Caudal
shorter than the head, 4 in the length. Ventrals on the vertical
from the first dorsal ray, very small, reaching the third or fourth
scale in front of the anal. Pectorals normal, but small, reaching
the third to fifth scale in front of the ventrals. No humeral spot,
Lateral stripe narrow, lead-gray, extending from the humeral region
to the triangular caudal spot. Caudal spot narrowed abruptly
behind and continued to the tips of the middle caudal rays. Dorsal,
anal, ventrals, and pectorals unmarked, but somewhat dusky.
Scales silvery below the lateral line.

3. Hasemania bilineata sp. nov.
Plate I, fig. 3.

Type, one specimen, 41 mm. C. M. No 3004. Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo, ina
creek.

Cotypes, four specimens, 38 to 20 mm. C. M. No. 2938. Mogy das Cruzes.

Cotypes, four specimens, 16 to 14 mm. C. M. No. 2939. Mogy das Cruzes.

Head 3.5; depth 2.8 to 3;-D. 11;.A. 14 to.17; scales 5-33 or 34=48
Eye 2.5 to 3 in the head; interorbital equal to the eye. Compressed,
depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.33 in the greatest
depth. Preventral region rounded, without complete series of median

EvLuiis: HASEMANIA, HyYPHESSOBRYCON, AND HEemMIGRAMMUS. 151

scales. Predorsal region rounded, with a regular series of about
eleven scales. Occipital process short, 6 or more in the distance
from its base to the dorsal. Interorbital almost flat. Frontal
fontanel truncate, not so wide as the parietal, three-fourths as long
as the parietal without the occipital groove. Second suborbital
with narrow naked margin behind and below. Maxillary less than
the eye, 3.6 in the head. Mandible equal to the eye. Premaxillary
with four seven-pointed teeth in the inner row, and one conical or
tricuspid tooth representing the outer series. Maxillary without
teeth. Dentary with three broad, chisel-shaped teeth with eight
or nine points. Gill-rakers 8+ 11. Scales cycloid. Probably
no interpolated scales or rows of scales. Anal sheath very short
or lacking. Lateral line with pores on the first three to six scales.
Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal, the long-
est ray 3.8 in the length. Origin of the anal on the vertical from
the last dorsal ray. Anal rounded, the longest ray equal to the
base. Ventrals on the vertical from the third or fourth scale in front
of the dorsal. Ventrals reaching to the third or fourth scale in
front of the anal. Pectorals (of fishes over 16 mm. in length) nor-
mal in form, and reaching the fourth or fifth scale in front of the
ventrals. Pectorals of specimens of less than 16 mm. in length
archaic. Adipose lacking. No true humeral or- caudal spots. A
heavy black lateral stripe from the caudal peduncle to the head,
much fainter over the region of the body-cavity. An almost straight
black line from the caudal along the under side of the caudal peduncle
to a point just above the origin of the anal. Last four scales of the
back black. Fins all unmarked. Scales above the lateral stripe
heavily outlined with dusky.

Genus HypHESSOBRYCON Durbin.
4. Hyphessobrycon taurocephalus sp. nov.
Plate I, fig. 4.*

Type, 55 mm. C. M. No. 3007. Serrinha Parana, Rio Iguassi.

Cotypes, thirty-two specimens, 39 to 55 mm. C. M. No. 3008. Serrinha
Parana, Rio Iguassu.

Cotypes, twenty-two specimens, 30 to 45 mm. C. M. No. 3009. Porto Uniao,
Rio Iguassii.

* The figure is incorrect, in that it does not show the pygiform, which is located
vertically above the posterior extremity of the insertion of the anal.—Editor.

152 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Cotypes, thirteen specimens, 27 to 36 mm. C. M. No. 3010. Porto Unido,
Rio Iguasst.

Head 3.8-4; depth 3; D. 11; A. 14 to 16; scales 5 or 6-32 to 36-4
to 5. Eye 3 to 3.25; interorbital much wider than the eye, 2.2 in
the head. Little compressed, depth of the head at the base of the
occipital process 1.25 in the greatest depth. Preventral region
rounded, without complete series of median scales. Predorsal region
rounded. Occipital process a little more than 4 in the distance from
its base to the dorsal, bordered by two or three scales. Frontal
fontanel triangular, as wide as the parietal, two-thirds as long as the
parietal without the occipital groove. Second suborbital leaving a
narrow naked margin behind and below. Mawillary margin very
convex, the proximal third much constricted, very short, 1.5 in the eye
or nearly 5 in the head; mandible also short, equal to the eye, about
3 in the head. Mouth moderately large; snout very short, equal to
the maxillary. Premaxillary with three three- to five-pointed teeth
in the outer row, and five broad five- to seven-pointed teeth in the
inner row; the last of the inner series is often much reduced. Mavxil-
lary without teeth. Dentary with graduated series of four or five five-
to seven-pointed teeth, followed by one or two small notched teeth
on the sides. Gill-rakers7 + 10. Anal sheathrudimentary. :Lateral
line with pores developed on five to nine scales. Origin of the dorsal
the length of the eye nearer to the caudal than to the snout, the longest
ray 4.6 in the length. Caudal equal to the head. Origin of the anal
on the vertical from the second or third scale behind the dorsal.
Anal emarginate; the longest rays almost equal to the anal base,
which about equals the head without the preopercle. Anal armature
developed on the first six or seven rays. Ventrals on the vertical
from the first or second scale in front of the dorsal; reaching the first,
second, or third scale, in front of the anal. Pectorals reaching the
second, or third scales, in front of the ventrals. Humeral spot lacking.
Caudal spot sharply constricted behind, and continued to the end of the
middle caudal rays, continued forward as a heavy lateral stripe, which
often reaches the upper angle of the preopercle. The lateral stripe over-
laid with dull silvery. Dorsal, caudal, pectorals, and first five anal
rays, dusky. Scales of the back outlined with dusky. Bluish irrides-
cent on the sides over and below the lateral stripe.

EvLuis: HASEMANIA, HyPHESSOBRYCON, AND HEMIGRAMMUS. 1538

5. Hyphessobrycon parvellus sp. nov.
Plate II, fig. 1.

Type, 30 mm. C.M. No. 3011. Alagoinhas, Rio Catt.

Cotyvpes, three specimens, 20 to 22 mm. C.M. No. 3012. Alagoinhas, Rio
Catu. :

Cotype, one specimen, 22 mm. C. M. No. 3013. No label.

Cotypes, seven specimens, 13 to 19 mm. C. M. No. 2032. Queimadas, Rio
Itapicurn.

Cotype, 1 specimen, 17 mm. C. M. No. 3014. Aqua Quente.

Cotype, one specimen, 18 mm. C. M. No. 2930. Riberao, Azula Lagéa.

Colype, one specimen, 12 mm. C. M. No. 2931. Rio Tieté.

Head 3.5; depth 2.75; D. 11; A. 20 or 21; scales 5-32 to 34-3 to 4.
Eye 2.3 in the head; interorbital less than the eye, about 2.7 in the
head. Compressed, depth of head at the base of the occipital process
1.25 in the greatest depth. Occipital process bordered by two and a
half scales. Interorbital convex. Frontal fontanel triangular, very
small. Second suborbital leaving a narrow naked margin behind and
below. Mouth rather small; snout very short, about 1.66 in the eye.
Maxillary less than the eye, 2.6 in the head. Mandible equal to the
eye. Premaxillary with three or four narrow, conical teeth in the
outer row, and five or six tricuspid teeth in the inner row. Maxillary
with, or without, one small, conical tooth. Dentary with a graduated
series of four tricuspid teeth followed by three conical teeth on the side.
Gill-rakers 11 + 9, short and strong. Anal sheath composed of six
scales covering the base of the first ten rays. Lateral line with pores
developed on the first six to eight scales. Origin of the dorsal equi-
distant from the snout and the caudal. Longest dorsal ray 3.5 in the
length. Caudal a little longer than the head. Origin of the anal on
the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Anal usually emarginate.
Ventrals on the vertical from the first scale in front of the dorsal;
ventrals just reaching the anal. Pectorals just reaching the ventrals.
No humeral spot. Caudal spot either diffused or condensed. Lateral
stripe narrow, faint, overlaid with silvery. Anal often with a dark
margin. Longest anal and dorsal rays tipped with white. Sides, exclu-
sive of the region over body cavity, with numerous chromatophores.

6. Hyphessobrycon reticulatus sp. nov.
Plate II, fig. 2.

Type, 48 mm. C. M. No. 3018. Campos.
Colype, one specimen, 49 mm. C. M. No. 3010. Morretes.
Cotypes, seven specimens, 40 to 43 mm. C. M. No. 3020. Muniz Freire.

154 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Cotype, one specimen, 45 mm. C. M. No. 3021. Mogy das Cruzes, Rio Tieté.

Cotypes, eight specimens, 20 to 46 mm. C. M. No. 3022. Iguapé, in fresh
water near the sea. Five specimens, 15 to 18 mm. (without caudal), have archaic
pectorals.

- Cotype, one specimen, 26 mm. C. M. No. 2946. Cacequy.

Cotype, one specimen, 30 mm. C. M. No. 3586. Rio Doce, May 26, 1908.

Head’ 3.5=3.7; depth 2.5 or 2.6% D, 11> A. 1é- to 21: scalesu6
to 7-31 to 34-4 to5 eye 2.7 to3 inthe head. Interorbital a little
more than the eye, 2.2 in the head. Compressed, depth of the head
at base of the occipital process 1.5 in the greatest depth. Peventral
region rounded, without complete*median series of scales. Predorsal
region usually with a regular series of eleven to fourteen median
scales. Occipital process 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal,
bordered by: two scales. Interorbital nearly flat. Frontal fontanel
triangular, as wide as the parietal, and three-fourths as long as the
parietal without the occipital groove. Second suborbital in contact
with the preopercle below and behind. Maxillary equal to the eye,
mandible a little longer than the eye, 2.1 in the head. . Mouth large,
snout very short. Premaxillary with three to five tricuspid teeth in
the outer row, and five three- to five-pointed teeth in the inner row.
Maxillary rarely without teeth, usually with one small three- to five-
pointed tooth. Dentary with a graduated series of four or five three-
to five-pointed teeth, followed by one or two small tricuspid teeth and
five or six very minute conical teeth on the side. Gill-rakers 7 + 9.
Anal sheath of about nine scales covering the bases of the first ten
rays. Lateral line with pores developed on the first five to seven rays.
Origin of the dorsal the length of the eye nearer to the caudal than
to the snout, penultimate ray 2.5 in the longest, which is 4.25 in the
length. Caudal a little longer than the head. Origin of the anal
on the vertical from the seventh or eighth dorsal rays. Base of anal
convex. Anal subtruncate or only slightly emarginate, the longest ray
1.5 in the base. Ventrals on the vertical from the fourth scale in
front of the dorsal. Ventrals just reaching the anal. Pectorals
little more than just reaching the ventrals. Humeral spot intense
black, round, but with faint vertical elongations, sometimes surrounded,
more often followed, by a light area. Caudal spot irregular, more in-
tense on the fin than on the caudal peduncle, never extending as far
as half-way to the end of the middle caudal rays. A narrow but intense
lateral stripe in the region above the anal, fading out just before it
joins the caudal spot and just in front of the vertical from the dorsal-

ELiis: HASEMANIA, HYPHESSOBRYCON, AND HEMIGRAMMUS. 155

A dark line along the base of the anal. Fins all dusky, especialy the
anal and lower lobe of the caudal. Scales all clearly outlined with
brownish. Cheeks and back thickly peppered with brown chromato-
phores.

7. Hyphessobrycon duragenys sp. nov.
Plate II, fig. 3.

Type,68 mm. C. M. No. 3023. Mogy das Cruzes, Rio Tieté.

Cotypes, five specimens, 45 to 53 mm. C. M. No. 3024. Mogy das Cruzes.

Cotypes, nine specimens, 28 to 43 mm. C. M. No. 3025. Jacarehy.

Head 3.25-3.7; depth 2.5; D. 10 to 12; A. 16 to 18; scales 5 or
6-32 to 36-4 to 5. Eye small, 3.0 to 3.5 in the head; interorbital wider
than the length of the eye, 2.8 to 3.2 in the head. Compressed, depth
of the head at the base of the occipital process 1.5 in the greatest
depth. Preventral and predorsal regions rounded, usually without
complete series of median scales. Occipital process about 5 in the
distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered by three or four scales.
Interorbital only slightly convex. Frontal fontanel triangular, as
wide as the parietal, and one-half to three-fourths as long as the
parietal without the occipital groove. Second suborbital usually in
contact with the preopercle. Third suborbital abou’ one-half as wide
as the eye. Mouth moderately large; snout short; maxillary equal to
the eye; mandible longer than the eye, 2.5 to 3 in the head. Pre-
maxillary with three or four tricuspid teeth in the outer row and a
graduated series of five three- to five-pointed teeth in the inner row.
Maxillary with one tricuspid tooth. Dentary with a graduated series of
four five-pointed teeth, followed by three or four narrow, conical teeth
on the sides. Gill-rakers 8+ 10. Anal sheath short, of about five
scales, covering the base of the first seven rays. Lateral line with pores
developed on nine to twelve scales. Origin of the dorsal a little more
than one-half the eye nearer to the caudal than to the snout; penulti-
mate ray one-half the longest, which is 3.5 to 4in the length. Caudal
not as long as the head. Origin of the anal on the vertical from the
first or second scale behind the dorsal. Anal obliquely truncate, the
longest ray 1.33 in the base. Ventrals on the vertical from the third
scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals reaching the second or third
scale in front of the anal. Pectorals reaching the first or second scale
in front of the ventrals. Humeral spot narrow and vertically elongate.
Caudal spot intensely black, tapering forward into the lateral stripe, more

156 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

suddenly constricted behind and continued to the end of the middle caudal
vays. Lateral stripe overlaid with silvery. Distal third of the anal
more or less dusky. Scales of the back dusky. Scales of the sides,
especially below the lateral stripe, with a silvery blue iridescence.
One specimen 73 mm., Rio das Velhas (C. M. Cat. No. 3076a)
differed from typical specimens as follows: Depth 3.2. Maxillary
with three small tricuspid teeth. Caudal spot and lateral stripe quite
diffuse; humeral spot intense, and somewhat widened dorsally.

8. Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus sp. nov.
Plated, fic. 2c sehlate sh, fear, 0:

Type, 44 mm. o', 37 mm. 9. C. M. No. 3026. Campos.

Cotypes, thirty-five specimens, 29 to 44 mm. C. M. No. 3027. Sao Jodo da
Barra.

Cotypes, two specimens, 41 and 38 mm. C. M. No. 3028. Xiririca.

Colype, one specimen, 40 mm. C. M. No. 3029. Porto Alegre.

Cotypes, two specimens, o',35mm.;and 9,47mm. C.M.No.3030. Morretes.

Cotypes, forty-two specimens, 26 to 46 mm. C. M. No. 2936. Muniz Freire.

Cotypes, thirteen specimens, 31 to44mm. C. M. No. 3032. Lagéa Feia, Tocas.

Cotypes, seventy-eight specimens, 29 to 47 mm. C. M. No. 3034. Campos.

Coty pes, twenty-seven specimens, 16 to 24 and 44 mm. C. M. No. 2935. Ca-
cequy.

Head 3.8; depth 2.5; D. 11; A. 29-32; scales 6 or 7-33 to 36-5 or
6; eye 2.3 to 2.5 in the head. Interorbital almost equals the eye, 2.8
in the head. Compressed, depth of the head at the base of occipital
process 1.67 in the greatest depth. Preventral and predorsal regions
rounded, without complete series of median scales. Occipital process
about 5 in the distance from its base to the dorsal. Interorbital
slightly convex; frontal fontanel triangular, as wide as the parietal
and four-fifths as long as the parietal without the occipital groove.
Second suborbital leaving a naked margin, equal to half its own width,
behind and below. Maxillary not quite equal to the eye, a little more
than 3 in the head. Mandible equal to the eye. Mouth moderate,
snout .5 in the eye. Premaxillary with three or four narrow tricuspid
or broadly conical teeth in the outer row, and four or five five- to
seven-pointed teeth in the inner row. Mawillary with one three- or
five-pointed tooth of medium size. Dentary with a weakly graduated
series of four, sometimes five, five- to seven-pointed teeth, followed
by two or three quite small teeth on the sides. Gill-rakers 6 + Io.
Scales on the ventral half of the sides facing a little obliquely backwards

EL tis: HASEMANIA, HYPHESSOBRYCON, AND HEMIGRAMMUS. 157

and downwards, especially in the region directly over the base of the
anal, where they are often more or less crowded. A small scale inter-
polated at the base of each analray. The first eleven to thirteen of these
interpolated scales larger, and extending upon the base of the rays
so as to form a short anal sheath. Lateral line with pores on the
first six to nine scales. Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout
and caudal; penultimate ray about one-third of the longest—which
is 3.33-3.67 inlength. Caudal a little shorter than the head. Origin
of the anal on the vertical from the eighth dorsal ray. Anal of male
somewhat rounded, the last ray one-half the longest which 1s almost twice
the length of the eye. Anal armature developed as a series of small
recurved hooks on each of the first fifteen to twenty rays. Anal of the
female emarginate, the longest ray 1.67 in the base; the last rays much
shorter than in the males of equal size. Ventrals on the vertical from
the first or second scale in front of the dorsal, barely reaching the anal
in females, but prolonged to the base of the seventh to tenth anal rays in
males. Pectorals just reaching the ventrals. <A vertically elongate
humeral spot, followed by a bright bar, and a second dusky bar ex-
tending almost entirely across the sides. Seven to twelve black V-shaped
lines, the angle toward the head, along the very faint silvery lateral
stripe. No caudal spot. Fins all somewhat dusky, except along the
outside of the ventrals of the males and sometimes at the bases of
the caudal and anal in females. Scales of the back and upper half of
the sides outlined with dusky. The region over the anal with many
large pale chromatophores. The very young specimens, sixteen to
twenty-four millimeters long, from Cacequey, had all the markings
very poorly developed, the chromatophores being more evenly dis-
tributed.

9. Hyphessobrycon melanopleurus sp. nov.
Plate IIT, fig. 2.

Type,34 mm. C. M. No. 3035. Alto da Serra, Sado Paulo.

Cotypes, two specimens, 32 and 35 mm. C. M. No. 3036. Alto da Serra, Sao
Paulo.

lead 3.9; depth 3.2. to 3:5; D. 10.0r 11; A. 26 to 28;, scales 6 or
7-30 to 36-5; eye 3 in the head; interorbital a little greater than the
eye, 2.5 in the head. Compressed; depth of head at the base of the
occipital process 1.3 in the greatest depth. Preventral and predorsal
regions narrowly rounded, without complete series of median scales.

~

158 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Occipital process short, about 8 in the distance from its base to the
dorsal. Interorbital nearly flat; frontal fontanel narrowly triangular,
as wide as the parietal and 1.5 in the parietal without the occipital
groove. Maxillary a little less and mandible a little more than the
eye. Snout very short, 1.8 in the head; mouth rather large. Pre-
maxillary with four tricuspid teeth in the inner row and two or three
slightly narrower teeth in the outer row; maxillary with four or
five narrow tricuspid to conical teeth; dentary with a series of four
strong tricuspid teeth, followed by about seven minute conical teeth
on the side. Gill-rakers 6 + 9, each with a single row of very small
retrorse spines. Lateral line with pores developed on seven to nine
scales. Origin of the dorsal nearly the length of the eye nearer the
caudal than to the snout; highest dorsal ray 1.3 in the head. Origin
of the anal on the vertical from the third dorsal ray. Anal rather
deeply emarginate; longest anal ray about 2 in the base of anal and
about 1.7 in the head. Ventrals on the vertical from the fourth or
fifth scale in front of the dorsal; short and weak, scarcely reaching
the first long anal rays. Pectorals large, reaching beyond the middle
of the ventrals. Ground-color light; a broad backish stripe from the
eye to the end of the middle caudal rays, becoming fainter behind
the adipose; a very faint vertical elongation of the lateral stripe in
the region of the humeral spot. A faint, dusky, oblique stripe across
the dorsal from the base of the first to the tips of the seventh and
eighth rays. All of the finsa little dusky. Scales of the back heavily
outlined with dusky, top of the head and lips quite dark. Sides and
head silvery between the lateral stripes.

10. Hyphessobrycon callistus (Boulenger).

Four specimens, 31 to 39 mm. C. M. No. 3037. From vicinity of Corumba.
Six specimens, 25 to 38 mm. C. M. No. 3038. Jaura.

Eight specimens, 26 to 38 mm. C. M. No. 3039. Caceres.

Fourteen specimens, 33 to 38 mm. C. M. No. 3040. Puerto Suarez.

11. Hyphessobrycon sante (Eigenmann).

Six specimens, 33 to 42 mm. C. M. No. 3033. Sete Lagéas.
One specimen, 58 mm. C. M. No. 3034. Mogy das Cruzes.

12. Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann).
Thirty-six specimens, 30 to 45 mm. C. M. No. 3046. Miguel Calmoré, in a
lake four miles from the town.
Twenty-one specimens, 21 to 44 mm. C. M. No. 3017. Jundaihy, Sao Paulo.

Eviis: HASEMANIA, HyPHESSOBRYCON, AND HEMIGRAMMUS. 159

Seven specimens, 41 to 57 mm. C. M. No. 3015. Sapucay.
Two specimens, 53 to55 mm. C. M. No. 3072. Aregua, Paraguay.
Three specimens, 26 to 35 mm. C. M. No. 2947. Casequy.

13. Hyphessobrycon liitkeni (Boulenger).

Fifty-eight specimens, 25 to69 mm. C. M. No. 3047. Campos.

Sixty-six specimens, 31 to69 mm. C. M. No. 3041. Porto Alegre.

Eleven specimens, 40 to 54 mm. C. M. No. 3042. Lagéa Feia.

Thirteen specimens, 38 to 48 mm. C. M. No. 3005. Muniz Freire.

Six specimens, 40 to 48 mm. C. M. No. 2950. Sao Joao da Barra.

Twelve hundred and fifty-one specimens, 19 to 60 mm. C. M. No. 2934.
Jacarehy. i

Eleven specimens, 26 to 48 mm. C. M. No. 3006. Cacequy.

Four specimens, 12 tor19 mm. C. M. No. 2933. Jacarehy.

One specimen, 45 mm. C. M. No. 3073. Aregua, Paraguay.

Two specimens, 41 to 51 mm. C. M. No. 3074. Sapucay, Paraguay

14. Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Ulrey).

Two specimens, 29 and 30 mm. C. M. No. 3004. Braganca.

15. Hyphessobrycon rosaceus Durbin.

Three specimens, 24 to 34 mm. C. M. No. 3078. Bastos.

16. Hyphessobrycon stictus Durbin.

Four specimens, 33 to 36 mm. C. M. No. 3079. Santarem.
Two specimens, 36 to 40 mm. C. M. No. 3080. Manaos.

17. Hyphessobrycon serpe Durbin.

Two specimens, 27 to 42 mm. C. M. No. 3086. Maciel, Rio Guaporé.
One specimen, 23 mm. C. M. No. 3087. Caceres.

Genus HEMIGRAMMUS Gill.

18. Hemigrammus marginatus sp. nov.
Plate ITI, fig. 3.

Type, 38 mm. C. M. No. 3053. Queimadas, Rio Itapicurt.

Cotypes, twenty-two specimens, 13 to 39 mm. C. M. No. 3054. Queimadas,
Rio Itapicurt.

Colypes, three specimens, 23 to 29 mm. C. M. No. 3055. Boqueirdo, near
mouth of Rio Preto.

Cotypes, four specimens, 28 to 30 mm. C. M. No. 3056. Santa Rita.

Cotypes, three specimens, 29 to 33 mm. C. M. No. 3057. Lagda da Porto.

Coty pes, six specimens, 26 to38 mm. C. M. No. 3058. Jacobina, Rio Jacobina.

Cotypes, eighteen specimens, 33 to 38 mm. C. M. No. 3059. _ Pirapora.

Cotypes, forty-two specimens, 18 to 42 mm. C. M. No. 3060. Lagoa Pereira.

160 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Coty pes, five specimens, 37 to 42 mm. C. M. No, 3061. Jaguara.

Cotypes, five specimens, 32 to39 mm. C. M. No. 3062. Rio Paiaia.

Cotypes, eight specimens, 32 to 38 mm. C. M. No. 3063. Barreiras, Lagdas
of Rio Grande.

Colypes, six specimens, 22 to 38 mm. C. M. No. 3064. Sete Lagéas.

Coty pes, three specimens, 29 to35mm. C.M.No. 3065. Tinho, Ric Itapicuri.

Cotype, one specimen, 40 mm. C. M. No. 3082. Maciel, Rio Guaporé.

Cotype, one specimen, 28 mm. C. M. No. 3084. Mogy Mirim, a creek in
Sao Paulo.

Cotypes, two specimens, 40 and 42 mm. C.M. No. 3584. Rio Zinga, Nov. 7,
1907.

Coly pes, nine specimens, 26 to32mm. C.M. No. 3066. Riberaio, Azula Lagéa,
12 miles from Tieté.

Cotype, one specimen, 21 mm. C. M. No. 3067. Sapucay.

Cotyfpe, one specimen, 40 mm. C. M. No. 3077. Caceres.

Cotype, one specimen, 34 mm. C. M. No. 3083. Rio Itapicurt, six miles north
of Bom Fim.

Head 3.6 to 3.8; depth 2.8 to 3.25; D. 11; A. 20 to 24; scales 5-29
to 34-3 to 4. Eye2inthe head. Interorbital less than the eye, 2.75
in the head. Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital
process 1.5 in the greatest depth. Preventral and predorsal regions
rounded, without complete series of median scales.

Occipital process 5 or 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal;
bordered by three scales. Interorbital slightly convex. ~ Frontal
fontanel triangular, almost as wide as the parietal, and as long as the
parietal without the occipital groove. Second suborbital little more
than half the eye in width, usually with narrow naked margins behind
and below. Mouth large; snout little more than half the length of
the eye. Maxillary slender, just, or not quite, equal to the eye, 2 to
2.3in the head. Mandible equal to the eye. Premaxillary with three
or four tricuspid teeth in the outer row, and four or five, rarely six,
three- to five-pointed teeth in the inner row. Maxillary with two or
three, less often four, three- to five-pointed teeth, the posterior one
sometimes conical. Dentary with a graduated series of four or five
three- to five- and seven-pointed teeth, followed by a series of seven
to twelve minute, conical teeth on the sides. Gill-rakers 6 + Io.
Caudal scaled over the basal one-half. Anal sheath short, consisting
of about six scales over the bases of the first ten rays. Lateral line
with pores developed on five to fourteen scales. Origin of the dorsal
equidistant from the snout and caudal; penultimate ray short, one-
fourth of the longest, which is 3.67 in the length. Origin of the anal
on the vertical from the first scale behind the dorsal. Anal emarginate,

Eviis: HASEMANIA, HYPHESSOBRYCON, AND HEMIGRAMMUS. 161

the longest ray 1.25 in the length of the base. Ventrals on the vertical
from the first scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals just reaching the
anal. Pectorals just, or not quite, reaching the ventrals. No humeral
spot. Caudal spot faint or lacking. A heavy leaden, lateral stripe,
often somewhat expanded near the end of the caudal peduncle, nar-
rowed in the region just below the dorsal. Dorsal and anal somewhat
dusky. A broad, black, marginal, or submarginal, band across the
caudal lobes. When this band is submarginal, the middle caudal rays
also are black. The base of the caudal lobes hyaline, probably orange
or red in life. Scales of the back and sides above the lateral stripe
outlined with dusky. Sides below the lateral stripe with pale bluish
iridescence.

19. Hemigrammus brevis sp. nov.
Plate III, fig. 4.

Type, 35 mm. C. M. No. 3068. Barreiras. Lagdas of Rio Grande.

Colypes, two specimens, 31 to 33 mm. C. M. No. 3069. Penedo, Rio Sao
Francisco.

Cotypes, three specimens, 34 to 36 mm. C. M. No. 3070. Barreiras, Lagéas
of Rio Grande.

Cotypes, thirty-three specimens, 20 to 27 mm. C. M. No. 3071. Boqueirao,
near the mouth of Rio Preto.

Head 3.5; depth 2.6; D. 11; A. 20 to 22; scales 5-29 to 33-3 to 4.
Eye 2 to 2.3 in the head; interorbital less than the eye, 2.7 in the
head. Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process
about 1.6 in the greatest depth. Preventral and predorsal regions
rounded. Occipital process about 5 in the distance from its base to
the dorsal, bordered by two scales. Interorbital slightly convex.
Frontal fontanel triangular, as wide as the parietal, and almost equal
to the parietal without the occipital groove. Second suborbital in
contact with the preopercle. Mouth large, snout short, little more than
one-half the eye. Maxillary and mandible approximately equal to
each other and to the eye. Premaxillary with three to five tricuspid
teeth in the outer row; and five, rarely four, three- to five-pointed
teeth in the inner row. Maxillary with one to three three- to five-
pointed teeth. Dentary with a graduated series of five five-pointed
teeth, followed by a series of seven to eleven minute tricuspid and
conical teeth on the sides. Gill-rakers 10 + 9 with five minute spines
behind the last two on the shorter limb. Caudal scaled over the
basal one-half. Anal sheath short, composed of five scales covering

162 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

the bases of the first nine analrays. Lateral line with pores developed
on the first five to nine scales. Origin of the dorsal equidistant from
the snout and the caudal; penultimate ray about one-fifth of the
highest, which is 3.67 in the length. Caudal very little longer than
the head. Origin of anal on the vertical from the last dorsal ray.
Anal deeply emarginate, the longest ray 1.25 in the anal base. Ven-
trals on the vertical from the first scale in front of the dorsal. WVen-
trals reaching the second to fourth anal ray. Pectorals reaching to
the first scale in front of the ventrals or to the second scale behind the
ventrals. No humeral spot. Caudal ‘spot not quite as wide as the
caudal peduncle, but extending from the tips of the middle caudal rays
to the vertical from one of the last five anal rays, more diffuse at the
anterior end. Lateral stripe very faint, heavily overlaid with silvery.
Fins all a little dusky. Scales of the back outlined with dusky.
Cheeks and sides below the lateral stripe with bluish iridescence.

20. Hemigrammus levis Durbin.

Two specimens, 31 to 38 mm.. C. M. No. 3088. Santarem.

21. Hemigrammus ulreyi (Boulenger).
One specimen, 39 mm. C. M. No. 3048. From a slough near Petas, Bolivia.
Four specimens, 38 to 41 mm. C. M. No. 3049. Caceres.
Sixteen specimens, 35 to 44mm. C. M. No. 3050. Jaurt.
Four specimzns, 38 to 42 mm. C. M. No. 3051. Rio Santa Rita.
22. Hemigrammus ceeruleus Durbin.

Three specimens, 49 to 58 mm. C. M. No. 3052. Manaos.

23. Hemigrammus unilineatus Gill.

Twenty-four specimens, 27 to 48 mm. C. M. No. 3043. Bragane¢a.
Nine specimens. 31 to 38 mm. C. M. No. 3044. Maciel, Rio Guaporé.

24. Hemigrammus rodwayi Durbin.
Six specimens, 31:to 40 mm. C. M. No. 2045. Braganea.
One specimen?; 27 mm. C. M. No. 3049. Above Cachoeira, Rio Nova,
Gagaz Piabana.
25. Hemigrammus ocellifer (Steindachner).

Eleven specimens, 31 to 40 mm. C. M. No. 3046. Braganca.

26. Hemigrammus lunatus Durbin.
Five specimens, 24 to 45 mm. C. M. No. 3081. Caceres.
Two specimens, 46 and 48 mm. C. M. No. 2942. Jaurt.
Two specimens, 45 and 48 mm. C. M. No. 2943. Rio Boa Ventura.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate |.

HasEMANIA AND HyPHESSOBRYCON.

ML,

te

af"

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII Plate Il

HypPHESSOBRYCON.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate Ill.

HyPHESSOBRYCON AND HrEMIGRAMMUS.

Pee

a oe zh }

Evtuis: HaseMANIA, HyYPHESSOBRYCON, AND HeMIGRAMMUS. 163

27. Hemigrammus schmarde Steindachner.

One specimen, 39 mm. C. M. No. 3085. Santarem.

28. Hemigrammus microstomus Durbin.

Seven specimens, 29 to 34 mm. C. M. No. 2944. Santarem.

29. Hemigrammus orthus Durbin.

Five specimens, 26 to 31 mm. C. M. No. 2945. Santarem.

30. (?) Hemigrammus analis Durbin.

One specimen, 30 mm. C. M. No. 3585. Santarem, Dec. 11, 1909, Haseman.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE T.

Fic. rt. Hasemania maxillaris Mrs. Ellis. (Type.) 29mm. Carn. Mus. No.
2037:

Fic. 2. Hasemania melanura Mrs. Ellis. (Type.) 35 mm. Carn. Mus. No.
3002.

Fic. 3. Hasemania hilineata Mrs. Ellis. (Type.) 41 mm. Carn. Mus. No.
3004.

Fic. 4. Hyphessobrycon taurocephalus Mrs. Ellis. (Type.) 55 mm. Carn.
Mus. No. 3007. (See footnote on p. 151.)

PLATE II.

Fic. 1. Hyphessobrycon parvellus Mrs. Ellis. (Cotype.) 29 mm. Carn.
Mus. No. 2937.

Fic. 2. Hyphessobrycon reticulatus Mrs. Ellis. (Type.) 48mm. Carn. Mus.
No. 3018.

Fic. 3. Hyphessobrycon duragenys Mrs. Ellis. (Type.) 68mm. Carn. Mus.
No. 3023.

Fic. 4. Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Mrs. Ellis. (Type.) o. 44 mm. Carn.
Mus. No. 3026a.

PLaTE III.

Fic. 1. Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Mrs. Ellis. (Type.) 9. 37 mm. Carn.
Mus. No. 3026.

Fic. 2. Hypbhessobrycon melanopleurus Mrs. Ellis. (Type.) @. 34 mm.
Carn. Mus. No. 3035.

Fic. 3. Hemigrammus marginatus Mrs. Ellis. (Type.) 38 mm. Carn. Mus.
No. 3053. :

Fic. 4. Hemigrammus brevis Mrs. Ellis. (Type.) 35 mm. Carn. Mus. No.
3068.

Ill. NEW CHARACINS AN THE GOLEECTION OF THE
CARNEGIE MUSEUM.!

By C. H. EIGENMANN.
(Plates IV-IX.)

The genera and species of characins described in the present paper
were collected by Mr. John D. Haseman for the Carnegie Museum
between November, 1907, and February, 1910, in various parts of
eastern and southern Central South America. Descriptions of other
new characins found by the same naturalist-explorer will be published
in subsequent numbers of these ANNALS.

PROBOLODUS? gen. nov.
(Type Probolodus heterostomus sp. nov.)

A genus of Aphyocharacine fishes distinguished by its peculiar
dentition.

Premaxillary with three teeth somewhat directed outward, each
with three points in the angles of a nearly isosceles triangle, the middle
point, which is also the anterior one, much heavier; maxillary with
three to five teeth, the first two or three of which are directed out-
ward; each ramus of the mandible with four large teeth, the first
three directed outward, the fourth, and one or more smaller ones
following it, directed upward; the larger teeth of the lower jaw heavy,
conical, with a minute cusp on each side. Lateral line complete;
caudal naked. Adipose well developed.

1. Probolodus heterostomus sp. nov.
Plate IV, fig. I.

Type.—One specimen, 63 mm. C. M. No. 2973. Campos, June 13, 1908.

Coty pes —Three specimens, 48 to64 mm. C. M. No. 2974. Campos, June 13,
1908.

Cotypes.—Two specimens, 78 to 81 mm. C. M. No. 2975. Iporangu, Dec. 1,
1908.

Very similar in general appearance to Astyanax fasciatus.

1 Contributions from the Zodlogical Laboratory of Indiana University, No. 122.
2 IIpofor7 = a putting forward; 660¥s = a tooth.

164

EIGENMANN: NEW CHARACINS IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 165

Head 4-4.33; depth 2.66; D. 11; A. 26-28; scales 8 or 9-45 or 46-
7 to ventrals; eye 3, interorbital 2.5, snout 3.5 in the head in the
type, 2.5, 3.2, 3.5 respectively in the young. Dorsal and ventral out-
lines nearly equally curved, without distinct humps or depressions;
ventral region rounded, the postventral area narrowly so. No reg-
ular series of median scales in front of the ventrals. Predorsal area
narrowly rounded, with a regular median series of about twelve scales.
Occipital process about five times in the distance from its base to

Fic. r. Snout and lower jaw (mouth open) of Probolodus heterostomus Eigen-
mann, from above.
the dorsal, bordered by four or five scales on each side; interorbital
rounded, the frontal fontanel little more than half as long as the
parietal without the occipital groove. Snout sharp, the lower jaw
entering the profile when the mouth is closed; a distinct angle between
maxillary and premaxillary; maxillary not quite equal to length of
eye; second suborbital leaving a naked border around its entire lower
edge. Gill-rakers 6 + 12. Scales everywhere regularly imbricate ex-
cept over the anal musculature; caudal naked, a weak anal sheath
of one series of scales along the base of the anterior rays; each scale
of the side, with several, maximum about eight, radial striae; axillary
scale of the ventrals well developed. Dorsal small, about 4 in the
length; adipose well developed; caudal forked, the lobes 3.5-4 in the
length; anal slightly emarginate, the highest ray reaching tip of thir-
teenth ray. Ventrals not quite reaching anal, pectorals to or a little
beyond origin of ventrals. A large vertical humeral spot, chiefly
above the 3d to the 5th scale of the lateral line; a silvery lateral band.
A spot on caudal peduncle, in the younger ones definitely continued to
the end of the middle rays.

PSALIDODON® gen. nov.

(Type, Psalidodon gymnodontus sp. nov.)

No lips, the teeth exposed; dentary with six incisors, followed by
four to six much smaller teeth in an incurving series. Premaxillary

3 Wahid0d6v from YaNiduy, dim. of Yadls = a pair of shears, and ddovs,

166 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

with a single series of five or six incisors, maxillary with three similar,
but smaller, teeth. The incisors of both upper and lower jaws with a
broad, sometimes nicked, central lobe, and a much smaller point on
each side, the cutting edges forming a continuous curve. Caudal
naked; lateral line complete; cheeks not entirely covered by the
suborbitals.

This genus bears a close resemblance to Henochilus. Iam not sure
whether it is derived from Henochilus and has lost its inner premaxil-
lary teeth, or whether Henochilus is in process of developing them.

2. Psalidodon gymnodontus sp. nov.
Plate IV, figs. 2-3.

Type.—One specimen, 18 mm. C. M. No. 3204. Porto Uniaio, Rio Iguassu.
Dec. 27, 1908.

Cotypes.—Two specimens, 145 and 165 mm. C. M. No. 3205. Same place
and date.

Head 4.25; depth 3.5 in the type, 2.8 in the specimen 145 mm.
long; D. 11; A. 21; scales 6-36 to 39-4 or 5; eye equal to the snout,
3.5-3-75 in the length of the head; interorbital 3 or a little less;
maxillary-premaxillary border 2.5 in the head. General shape vary-
ing greatly, elongate to deep, compressed. Ventral surface rounded,
without median series of scales; predorsal area narrowly rounded,
without regular median series of scales; about twelve series of scales
in front of the dorsal. Occipital process a little less than 6 in the dis-
tance from the base to the dorsal, bordered by three scales on the
side; head convex and smooth; fontanels narrow, the anterior about
half as long as the posterior with the occipital groove; second sub-
orbital leaving a naked area a little more than a fourth of its
own width around its entire margin. Gill-rakers 5 + 13, slender and
pointed, about two-fifths orbital diameter in length. Origin of dorsal
about an orbital diameter nearer the snout than to the base of the
middle caudal rays, its margin truncate, its first ray 5 or 6 in the
length; caudal forked, its lobes 4—-4.5 in the length; anal distinctly
emarginate, its anterior rays 6—7.5 in the length; first anal ray nearly
an orbital diameter behind the vertical from the last dorsal ray; ven-
trals reaching to anus, 7 in the length; pectorals not nearly reaching
ventrals. Lateral line complete, somewhat decurved to above the
end of the pectoral; scales regularly imbricate except over the anal,
each with numerous divergent radial strie; caudal naked; anal with

EIGENMANN: NEw CHARACINS IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 167

‘ an inconspicuous sheath at the base of the anterior part. Silvery or
plumbeous; an obscure, vertical humeral bar; a silvery lateral band;
dorsal and margin of caudal and anal, in the two larger specimens,
dusky.

The smallest of the three specimens differs notably. Its teeth
have the central lobe longer, it is much deeper, which changes the
ratios in general; it is plumbeous and more of the anal is dusky than
in the other specimens.

SPINTHEROBOLUS? gen. nov.
(Type, Spintherobolus papilliferus sp. nov.)

Teeth tricuspid, in a single series on dentary, premaxillary, and
upper part of maxillary; no adipose fin; lateral line on one or two scales;
caudal naked; anal very short, naked; tactile papilla excessively
developed.

3. Spintherobolus papilliferus sp. nov.
Plate V, figs. 1-4.

Type.—One specimen, 41 mm. C. M. No. 3582. Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo,
Aug. 4, 1908.

Cotypes.—Four specimens, 25 to 39 mm. C. M. No. 2583. Same place and
date.

Head 3.33; depth 3; D. 11; A. 12; scales 35, 13 between dorsal
and ventral; eye 4.3, interorbital 3.5 in the head. Cyprinodontiform;
profile sloping rapidly to above the ventrals; caudal peduncle a trifle
less than half the greatest depth, length of the peduncle twice its height;
predorsal area with thirteen scales; preventral area short, rounded,
without a distinct median series of scales; occipital process about 6
in the distance from its base to the dorsal; frontal fontanel a very
narrow slit; cheeks entirely naked; the suborbitals very narrow, con-
cealed; mouth small, terminal; about six arrow-shaped teeth on the
maxillary, seven similar, more distinctly three-lobed teeth on the pre-
maxillary; eight similar teeth and two conical ones in each dentary;
lateral line organs excessively developed about the head, each papilla
orange. No gill-rakers. Origin of dorsal in middle of body, its high-
est ray 4.5 in the length; caudal lobes about 4 in the length; anal
very short, its origin equidistant from preopercle and caudal; ven-
trals reaching to the anal, as long as the base of the latter; pectorals

4 SrvOnpo-86\0s = emitting sparks.

168 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

reaching beyond the origin of the ventrals. Pores of lateral line on
only two scales. Scales regularly imbricate, no interpolated rows;
caudal and anal naked; axillary scale minute. Scales of sides outlined
in dark, a dusky spot over the scales with developed pores.

GLANDULOCAUDA gen. nov.
(Type Glandulocauda melanogenys sp. nov.)

Allied to Bryconamericus, Celurichthys, and Hyphessobrycon.
Premaxillary with two distinct series of teeth. Four, rarely five,
teeth in the inner series of the premaxillary; second preorbital cover-
ing the entire cheek; caudal naked, a few scales forming a flap on the
base of the rays just above the middle of the fin; lateral line short:
adipose fin present; origin of dorsal nearer middle caudal rays than

to snout.

SPECIES OF GLANDULOCAUDA.

a. Much compressed, deep; depth of caudal peduncle greater than its length; origin
of anal and dorsal about equidistant from snout.

b. A. 26; scales 8—40—-7 or 8; teeth five-pointed; cheeks dark; lateral line with

elevensto seventeen sporesacns. «. cic mena s cite te eis eee melanogenys.

bb. A. 27-33; scales 7-38-6; teeth three-pointed; cheeks silvery; lateral line with

SIS TOF, SEVEN DOLKESS rpsisa ose eaves tere revatio tues. ie casera ee eer eek tee “inequalis.

aa. Less compressed; depth of cauda! peduncle less than its length; origin of dorsal

in advance of that of the anal; A. about 20; depth 3.33; scales 5-33-53

lateralsline withes—7 pores... -meieis cine ee ieietae ee Giereieeie melano pleura.

4. Glandulocauda melanogenys sp. nov.
Plate V, fig. 6.

Type.—One specimen, 49 mm. C. M. No. 3553. Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo,
July 25, 1908.

Cotypes.—Twenty-one specimens, 29 to 51 mm. C. M. No. 3554. Same place
and date.

Head 4; depth 2.75-3.33; D. 10; A. 26; scales 8-40-7 or 8; eye in
adult 3 in head, equal to the interorbital. Compressed, deep in
adult, more elongate in young; preventral area rounded, without
a distinct median series of scales; predorsal area narrowly rounded;
with about fifteen scales in a median series. Head smooth, rounded
above; frontal fontanel considerably narrower and shorter than the
parietal; second suborbital in contact with the preopercle along its
entire lower margin, with a naked interspace behind; premaxillary-
maxillary border, with a slight angle, 2.5 in the head; lower jaw

EIGENMANN: NEw CHARACINS IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 169

short, heavy, with a prominent chin, which is the most anterior part
when the mouth is closed; premaxillary with an outer series of two
or three teeth and an inner series of four; maxillary with three or
four teeth; dentary with four large teeth and several minute, conical
teeth on the side. Large teeth of the dentary, the maxillary teeth,
and those of the inner series of the premaxillary five-pointed. Gill-
irakers 6+ 9. Dorsal rounded, its origin variable, but always
nearer the caudal than to the snout, its highest ray about 4.5 in the
length; caudal short and broad, about 4 in the length; anal emar-
ginate, its origin about midway between the base of the middle
caudal rays and the middle of the eye; ventrals just reaching the
anal, pectorals more or less beyond origin of the ventrals; caudal
fulcra sometimes turgid. Scales regularly arranged; no anal sheath;
a few scales forming a flap at the base of the rays just above the
middle of the caudal. Lateral line developed in 11-17 pores. Cheeks
and opercles profusely pigmented, except just behind the eye; a dark
spot at origin of the lateral line, scapular p ocess dark; a dark
humeral band crossing the third to fifth scales of the lateral line;
sides nearly evenly and profusely punctate; no caudal spot; anterior
anal membranes sometimes black near the base; margin of caudal
narrowly black.

5. Glandulocauda inequalis sp. nov.
Plate V, fig. 5.

Type.—One specimen, 40 mm. C. M. No. 3555. Porto Alegre, Jan. 19, 1909.
Coty pes.—Six specimens, 28 to 38 mm. C. M. No. 3556. Same place and date.

Head 4; depth 2.7-3; D. 10; A. 27-33; scales 7-38-6; eye 3 in the
head, interorbital 2.5. Compressed, preventral and predorsal areas
rounded; 15-18 scales in front of the dorsal; naked area of the cheek
extending somewhat between the suborbital and the preopercle
behind; premaxillary with an outer row of two or four teeth and an
inner row of four to six, depending on the arrangement of the teeth
toward the sides; four to six teeth in the maxillary; dentary with a
large tooth at the symphysis, a smaller one next to it, this followed
by the largest one, this by a recurved tooth, and this by several
graduated teeth; all the teeth three-pointed. Lower caudal fulcra
sometimes pungent spines. Pores developed on six or seven scales.
Cheeks and opercle silvery, with few pigment cells; an obscure,
dusky humeral band; outer halves of pectoral and ventrals dusky;

170 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

anal margin hyaline, followed by dusky, which fades toward the base
of the fin; upper and lower margin of caudal dark. Otherw se this
species is very similar to melanogenys.

6. G andulocauda melanopleura sp. nov.
Plate V, fig. 7.

Type.—One specimen, 51 mm. C. M. No. 3557. Serinha Parana, Rio Iguasst,
Dec. 22, 1908.

Cotypes.—Five specimens, 35 to 44 mm. C. M. No. 3558. Same place and
date.

Head 4; depth 3.33; D. 10; A. 19-20; scales 6—36-5; eye 3: in the
head; interorbital 2.5. Little compressed, heavy forward. Preven-
tral and predorsal areas rounded, the latter with about fifteen scales,
of which the posterior half are in a median series, the anterior paired
or irregularly in a median series; skull smooth; profile rounded; frontal
fontanel nearly circular, the parietal about four times as long as the
frontal; occipital process very short; second suborbital covering the
entire cheek, except a narrow naked strip behind; snout blunt,
max llary-premaxillary border without an angle, 2.3 in the head. Pre-
maxillary with a distinct outer series of three teeth and an inner series
of four teeth; maxillary with three teeth; dentary with three strongly
ridged large teeth, a smaller recurved one and several minute ones
on the sides; teeth of inner series of premaxillary five-pointed, those
of the outer series three-pointed. The dentary teeth are unusual,
inasmuch as the three points are continued in ridges so distinct that
the tooth has the appearance of being composed of a bundle of three
teeth. Gill-rakers 7 + 9, the upper ones very short. Dorsal rounded,
its origin about equidistant from the snout and the base of the
middle caudal rays; adipose fin well developed; caudal short, the lobes
a little over 4 in the length; anal short, scarcely emarginate; caudal
peduncle longer than high; ventrals scarcely or not reaching anal;
pectorals about to the ventrals. Scales in regular series, occasionally
a very large scale. No anal sheath; a lobe of scales extending on the
base of the rays just above the middle of the caudal, the scales
apparently normal. Lateral line very short. Dusky, a darker lateral
band; no humeral or caudal spots; base of anal dark.

EIGENMANN: NEw CHARACINS IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. we

HySTERONOTUS? gen. nov.
(Type, Hysteronotus megalostomus sp. nov.)

Mouth large, premaxillary teeth in two distinct series; five or more
teeth in the inner series of the premaxillary; second suborbital cover-
ing the entire cheek; caudal apparently without glandular scales;
lateral line complete; adipose fin present; origin of dorsal nearer to
caudal than to eye, considerably behind the vertical from the origin
of the anal.

This genus stands unique in the Tetragonopterine in the extreme
backward position of its dorsal. In this character it approaches some
of the Aphyocharacine, from which its teeth sharply distinguish it.

7. Hysteronotus megalostomus sp. nov.
Plate VI, fig. 1.

Type.—One specimen, 45mm. C.M.No.3551. Rio das Velhas, May 10, 1908.

Coiyvpes.—-Six specimens, 27 to 40 mm. C. M. No. 3552. Same place and date.

Head 4; depth 3.33; D. 10; A. 35-36; scales 7-42-5 to ventrals,
about 8 to anal; eye 3, interorbital 2.6 in the head. Compressed,
short-snouted; pectorals faleate; chest somewhat ridged, approaching
on one side some of the Characine and on the other some of the
A phyocharacine in appearance.

Ventral area narrowly rounded; predorsal area rounded, with about
twenty-five scales, not definitely arranged in a median series; occipital
process forming a nearly equilateral triangle, its length about one-
twelfth of the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered on the
side by two scales; fontanels reduced to a just perceptible slit, except
at the base of the occipital process, where the pariétal fontanel is an
equilateral rhomboid, of which the two margins of the occipital process
form two sides; interorbital with lateral grooves, scarcely convex in
the middle; second suborbital in contact with the lower margin of
the preopercle along its entire length, a narrow naked corner behind
its upper posterior angle; mouth large, the premaxillary-maxillary
border forming a continuous curve whose length is about half the
length of the head. Snout pointed, premaxillary with an outer row
of three teeth and an inner row of six or seven; maxillary quite
slender, with three or four teeth; dentary with five or six larger teeth
and a number of smaller ones on the sides; of the larger ones the first,

5 ‘Torepéw = to come late; vOtos = the back.

1 (24 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and third or fourth, are largest; all the teeth, except the last ones on
the dentary, tricuspid, the cusps all sharp, the middle one longest.
Gill-rakers very slender, 4 + 12, those on the upper arch very much
shorter than those near the angle of the lower arch, which are about
one-fourth of the eye in length. Dorsal rounded, its origin about
equidistant from eye and middle caudal rays, its highest ray about
4.5 in the length; adipose dorsal well developed; caudal deeply
forked, the lobes 3.5 in the length; anal long, its origin a little nearer
the snout than the base of the middle caudal rays; ventrals small, just
reaching the anal; pectorals large, falcate, sometimes reaching to the
anal. Scales regularly arranged on the caudal peduncle, less regularly
arranged on the sides above the lateral line; below the lateral line
with many interpolated rows, so that the series run obliquely down-
ward; anal with a sheath of two series of scales along its base in
front; caudal naked, sometimes a slight swelling on the bases of the
rays just above and just below the middle; radial striae short or none.
Cheeks and opercles highly iridescent; a well-developed humeral bar;
no caudal spot, the middle rays dusky.

8. Creagrutus beni® sp. nov.
RlateaVilehic.-2:

Type.
Oct. 5, 1909.

One specimen, 53 mm. C. M. No. 3216. Villa Bella on Rio Beni,

Head 4.33; depth 3.5; D. 10; A. 13; scales 4-40-3. Eye 3 in the
head; interorbital equals the eye. Subcylindrical; predorsal area
rounded, with a median series of eight scales; ventral area rounded,
without a distinct median series of scales. Occipital process very
short, bordered by one and one-half scales on each side; cheeks
narrower than the eye, second suborbital in contact with the pre-
opercle below, but not behind and in front; snout and maxillary
about equal to the eye; lower jaw distinctly shorter. Maxillary with
three graduated teeth, premaxillary with an outer row of five tri-
angular or tricuspid teeth, the second, third, and fourth more and
more withdrawn, so that the fourth is between the fifth of the outer
series and the second of the inner series. Gill-rakers slender, 9 + 12.
Anal sheath very small; base of each caudal lobe with a few scales.
Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of adipose and tip of snout;

6 A poorly preserved specimen from below the Cachoeira de Velha de Rio Nova,
near Piabana, may belong here.

EIGENMANN: NEw CHARACINS IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. iis:

origin of anal behind the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Ventrals
not reaching the anal; pectorals not to the ventrals. Straw-colored;
a faint silvery band; sides with increasing number of chromatophores
from the lateral line upward, very few below the lateral line; a con-
spicuous humeral bar crossing the third and fourth scales of the
lateral line. No caudal spot.

9. Phenacogaster franciscoéns's sp. nov.
Plate VI, fig. 3.

Type.—One specimen, 38 mm. C. M. No. 3231. Boqueiras, near mouth of
Rio Porto, Jan. 6, 1908.

Colypes.—Three specimens, 37 to 41 mm. C. M. No. 3232. Same place and
date.

Coty pes.—Three specimens, 27 to 30 mm. (to base of caudal). C. M. No. 3233.
Santa Rita, Sado Francisco basin, Jan. 24, 1908. :

Coty pes.
of Rio Grande, tributary of Rio Sao Francisco, Jan. 14, 1908.

Eight specimens, 30 to 33 mm. C. M. No. 3234. Barreiras, Lagéas

Cotypes.—Five specimens, 39 to 42 mm. C. M. No. 3235. Januaria, Dec. 12,
1907.

Head 3.75-4; depth 2.66-2.75; D. 11; A. 31-34;’ scales 6-35 or
36-4; eye 3 in the head, somewhat greater than the interorbital.
Maxillary with 25-30 teeth ranged along nearly its entire free margin.
Premaxillary with two complete, parallel series of teeth. Each series
composed of tricuspid teeth toward the inner end and conical teeth
toward the outer end. The following combinations of teeth have
been observed, the first number in each case being tricuspid teeth:

Wmter SEMeSe2 1-593 1a 4 Oma eee oe
Inner series 6 + 2,5 + 2,6 aS as + 5.

Gill-rakers 6 + 8. Origin of dorsal and anal a little nearer to the

caudal than to the tip of the snout. A large, conspicuous, black
lateral spot, bordered with silvery behind, its center over the fifth or
sixth scale of the lateral line. A conspicuous caudal spot, occupying
the entire width of the end of the peduncle, continued on the middle
rays but usually not to their tips (these markings faint in the speci-
mens from Januaria), the fins dark. Base of caudal lobes milky-white
(red in life?).

Very closely related to P. megalostictus, with which it seems to agree
in nearly all characters. P. megalostictus attains a larger size and is
a little slenderer.

7 Of those examined, five have 31, three have 32, four have 33, and one 34.

174 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

10. Phenacogaster beni sp. nov.
Plate VI, fig. 4.

Type.—One specimen, 48 mm. C. M. No. 3229. Villa Bella, Rio Beni, Oct. Pa
1909.

Cotypes.—Two specimens, 39 to 41 mm. to base of caudal. C. M. No. 3230.
Same place and date.

Cotype.-—One specimen, 46 mm. C. M. No. 3230¢c. Maciel, Rio Guaporé,
Aug. 3, 1909.

Head 4.4; depth 2.66; D. 10; A. 36 or 37; scales 8-39-5; eye 2.75;
interorbital 3. No, to three, scales in the angles of the overlapping
scales of the ventral surface. Premaxillary with three tricuspid, and
four or five conical, teeth in the outer series, seven tricuspid and three
conical teeth in the inner series. Dentary with five tricuspid and eight
conical teeth. A faint humeral spot over the seventh scale of the
lateral line; a dark, deep lying line; a small caudal spot, and the
middle caudal rays dotted.

Allied to P. microstictus Eigenmann, not as deep.

In one of the specimens the humeral spot is absent and the lateral
line is developed on but twenty-six scales.

VESICATRUS gen. nov.

Phenacogaster with an incomplete lateral line. Type, V. tegatus,
the only species.

11. Vesicatrus tegatus sp. nov.
Plate VII, fig. 1.

Tvpe.—One specimen, 33 mm. to base of caudal. C. M. No. 3201. Jaurt,
Upper Paraguay basin. June 2, 1900.

Cotypes.-—-Seven specimens, 31 to 33 mm. to base of caudal. C. M. No. 3202.
Same place and date.

Cotype.—One specimen, 30 mm. to base of caudal. C. M. No. 3202. Caceres,
Upper Paraguay basin. May 24, 1909.

Head 3.75-4; depth 2.75; D. 10; A. 34-38, usually 36. Scales 6
or 7-37 (rarely 35)-4; eye 3 in the head, a little greater than the
interorbital. Compressed, subrhomboidal. Ventral profile regularly
arched; dorsal profile somewhat depressed over the eye, rising to the
dorsal fin. Preventral area flat, with two series of larger scales over-
lapping along the middle, sometimes a scale in the angle between the
two scales of a pair; predorsal area obscurely keeled, apparently with
a complete median series of scales. Occipital process about 4.5 times

EIGENMANN: NEw CHARACINS IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 175

in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered by about three
scales on each side. About nineteen teeth along three-fourths of the
free margin of the maxillary; premaxillary with two complete and
parallel series of teeth; two to four tricuspid and four conical teeth
in the outer series, six or seven tricuspid and one or two conical teeth
in the inner; about fifteen teeth in the dentary, the anterior tricuspid,
the last conical, those between graduated. Origin of anal and dorsal
about equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal. Pectorals
extending past origin of ventrals, ventrals past origin of anal; anal
slightly emarginate. Lateral line developed on eight scales. Concen-
tric ridges numerous, radial striae few and obscure. A conspicuous
black spot, somewhat smaller than the eye, just in front of, or partly
on, the line joining origins of dorsal and anal, just above the urinary -
bladder; a conspicuous caudal spot occupying the entire end of the
caudal peduncle and continued up on the middle caudal rays; sides,
except just about the lateral spot and over abdominal cavity,
peppered.

This species, resembling Phenacogaster microstictus, is readily dis-
tinguished by the incomplete lateral line and the posterior portion of
the lateral spot.

12. Astyanax bimaculatus nove var. nov.
Plate VII, fig. 2.

Thirteen specimens, 40-63 mm. C.M. No. 3278. Rio Sapon, Prazeres, Bahia,
Feb. 11, 1908.

Thirteen specimens, 35-85 mm. C. M. Cat. No. 3279. Above Cachoeira da
Velha, de Rio Nova, Goyaz, Piabana.

These specimens, agreeing with those from the Rio Sao Francisco
in the anal rays, differ in having a black lateral stripe replacing the
silvery band. The dark in the axils of the scales is also more con-
spicuous. A. 24in three, 25 in four, 26 in three; lat. line 32 in one,
33 in two, 34 in three, 35 in four.

13. Astyanax mar one sp. nov.
Plate VII, fig. 3.

Type.—One specimen, 54 mm. C. M. No. 3353. Six miles from San Louiz de
Caceres, May 23, 1909.

Cotypes.—Four specimens, 16 to 51 mm. C. M. No. 3354. Same place and
date.

Colypes.—Five specimens, 43 to50 mm. C. M. No. 3355. Corumba, April 27,
1909.

176 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Head 3.5-3.75; depth 2.8-3.2; D. 11; A. 27 or 28; scales 7-35-5;
eye 2.5; interorbital 3. Slender, dorsal and anal profiles gently and
equally curved; ventral areas rounded, preventral area without a
distinct median series of scales; predorsal area with about ten scales;
occipital process about one-fifth of the space between its base and the
dorsal; interorbital but slightly convex; frontal fontanel very little
shorter, but much narrower than the parietal; second suborbital leav-
ing a narrow naked margin; maxillary slender, one-half the length of
the snout and eye; four teeth in the front row of the premaxillary,
five in the second row; maxillary with one small tooth; mandible
with four large teeth in front and several abruptly minute ones in
each dentary. Gill-rakers 8 + 15. Scales regularly imbricate, no
interpolated rows; lateral line somewhat decurved; anal with a sheath
of a single row of scales along the base of the anterior rays; scales
with a few faint radial striae. Origin of dorsal about equidistant from
snout and caudal, highest dorsal ray 4 in the length; caudal lobes about
3.5 in the length; origin of anal under last caudal ray; ventrals vary,
reaching the anal; pectorals scarcely to the ventrals. Highly iridescent
silvery; a bright silvery lateral band, a faint humeral band, no caudal
spot.

Differing from gwianensis in the partially naked cheek, etc.’

Named for Mrs. Marion Durbin Ellis, collaborator in monographing
the minute Tetragonopterine.

14. Astyanax guaporensis sp. nov.
Plate VII, fig. 4.

Tvpe.—One specimen, 49 mm. C. M. No. 3351. Maciel, Rio Guaporé, July
23-26, I909.

Coiypes.—Two specimens, 36 and about 40 mm. C. M. No. 3352. Same place

and date.

Head 3.75; depth 2.75-2.9; D. 11; A. 27, 29, 31; scales 6-35-5;
eye 2-2.25 in the head, interorbital 3. Compressed; ventral area
rounded, predorsal area with about 8 scales; occipital process 14 in
the distance from its base to the dorsal; second suborbital leaving but
a small triangle below its anterior corner naked, its surface pitted.
Three or four teeth in the outer row of the premaxillary, five in the
inner; about seven teeth on the maxillary; five large and several
minute teeth on each dentary. Gill-rakers 7 + 12, those of the lower

arch large and strong. Scales with an interpolated row over the anal,

EIGENMANN: NEW CHARACINS IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. VG

otherwise regularly imbricate. Origin of dorsal equidistant from

snout and tip of adipose or base of ventrals; ventrals reaching anal;

pectorals beyond base of ventrals. A faint humeral band; no caudal

markings; a series of black, inverted, comma-like dashes above a

black line along the middle of the body. These markings all faint.
Closely allied to guianensts.

15. Astyanax paranahybe sp. nov.
Plate VIII, fig. r.

Type.—One specimen, 54mm. C. M. No. 3356. Rio Paranahyba, Aug., 1908.

Head 4; depth 3.6; D. 10; A. 22; scales 6-38-4 (5 to anal); eye 3
in the head, .75 in the interorbital. Elongate, little compressed or
elevated; greatest depth at origin of dorsal; preventral area flattened,
with a median series of scales in front; isthmus heart-shaped, abruptly
constricted behind, a groove at the constriction; post-ventral area
rounded; predorsal area with about fourteen scales, in a median series;
occipital process very short, about one-ninth of the space between its
base and the dorsal, bordered by two scales on each side; interorbital
flattish, second suborbital little more than half the width of the cheek;
snout blunt; maxillary slender, 4 in the head, not reaching to below
the eye; premaxillary without any antero-posterior extent. Three
teeth in the outer row of the premaxillary, five in the inner row;
maxillary with three or four teeth; mandibular teeth seven, graduated;
all the teeth tricuspid. Gill-rakers minute. Scales regularly imbri-
cate, no interpo'ated scales; caudal naked, anal sheath along the
‘bases of the anterior rays of a single series of scales. Lateral line but
slightly decurved. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and
caudal. Ventrals not reaching anal, pectorals joined to ventrals.
Straw-color in alcohol; a faint silvery band; no caudal spot; a faint
humeral spot crossing the fifth scale of the lateral line.

16. Astyanax r.beire sp. nov.
Plate VIII, fig. 2.

Type.—One specimen, 66 mm. C. M. No. 3368. Xiririca, Dec. 5, 1908.

Cotypes.—Fifty-six specimens, 26 to 82 mm. C. M. No. 3369. Morretes,
Jan. 3, 1909.

Coltypes.—Twenty-seven specimens, 26 to 50mm. C. M. No. 3370. Iporanga,
Dec. I, 1908.

Cotypes.—Eight specimens, 15 to 73 mm. C. M. No. 3371. Xiririca, Dec. 5,
1908.

178 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Coltypes.—Four specimens, 61 to 75 mm. C. M. No. 3372. Xiririca, Dec. 8,
T9o8.

Cotypes.—Eleven specimens, largest 40mm. C. M. No. 3373. Iguapé, Dec. 15,
1908.

Head 4.25-4.2; depth 2.5-3; D. 10-11; A. 23-27;8 scales 6 or, 7-34
to 389-5 or 6; eye 2.75-3 in the head, a little less than, or equal to,
the interorbital. Compressed, dorsal and ventral profiles equally
arched; snout blunt, profile slightly depressed over the eye; preventral
area rounded, without a regular median series of scales; post-ventral
area narrowly rounded; predorsa larea inconspicuously keeled, with a
median series of about ten scales. Occipital process bordered with
three scales on each side, its length one-sixth of the distance from its
base to the dorsal; interorbital convex, frontal fontanel much shorter
than the posterior without the groove; second suborbital leaving a
naked area about one-third as wide as the bone; maxillary equal to
the snout in length, its margin very convex; premaxillary with three
teeth in the front series, five five-pointed teeth in the second; maxillary
with two teeth; dentary with seven or eight graduated teeth. Gill-
rakers 8 + 14. Scales regularly imbricate, no interpolated rows; anal
sheath of a few scales along the base of the anterior rays; lateral line
complete; each scale with several radial striae. Origin of dorsal mid-
way between tip of snout and base of upper caudal rays; origin of
anal below, or behind, the base of the last dorsal ray. Dorsal pointed,
the highest ray 3.5-4 in the length. Anal emarginate; caudal about
3.5 in the length; origin of ventrals in front of the vertical from the
origin of the dorsal; ventrals not reaching anal, pectorals not to ven-
trals. Humeral spot large, on about six scales above the third to fifth
scales of the lateral line, and with an extension toward the scapular
process; caudal spot large and well defined, covering the entire width
of the caudal peduncle; bases of middle caudal rays included in the
spot, which does not extend to the ends of these rays. The specimens
collected December 8, at Xiririca, are much lighter, the markings less
well defined.

This species is closely allied to mutator and intermedius.

8 One with 23, two with 24, nine with 25, seven with 26, two with 37.
9 Three with 34, five with 35, three with 36, two with 38.

EIGENMANN: NEw CHARACINS IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 179

17. Astyanax gymnogenys sp. nov.
Plate IX.

Type and Cotype-—Two specimens, 87 mm. C. M. No. 3350. Porto Unido,
Rio Iguassu, Dec. 28, 1908.

Head 3.8; depth 2.75; D. 11 or 12; A. 21-22; scales 6-41-6; eye
3.2; interorbital equal to the snout, 3.5—3.8 in the length of the head.
Compressed, subrhomboidal; dorsal profile strongly arched, scarcely
depressed at the nape; preventral arch rounded, with a median series
of scales which may become regular in front; postventral area nar-
rowly rounded; predorsal area keeled, with a median series of 13
scales; occipital process one-sixth the distance from its base to the
dorsal, bordered by three scales on each side; interorbital but little
convex; frontal fontanel long and narrow, but shorter than the
parietal; snout small, the maxillary very broad and long, its length
3.5-4 in the head; second suborbital very narrow having a naked
area but one-third narrower than the bone; premaxillary with three or
four teeth in the front series and five in the second; a single, small
concealed tooth on the maxillary. Mandible with three or four larger
teeth and two not very abruptly smaller ones; teeth of upper jaw
and larger ones of lower jaw tricuspid. Géill-rakers 8 + 10; scales
regularly imbricate, no interpolated rows; lateral line little decurved;
caudal naked, anal sheath of a single series of scales along the anterior
rays, each scale with several radial stria. Origin of dorsal nearer
caudal than to tip of snout, its highest ray 4.25 in the length; caudal
about 3.5 in the length; origin of anal about equ‘distant from caudal
and base of pectoral; highest anal ray reaching to the base of the
penultimate ray or the last but four rays. Silvery, with brassy
luster; a very faint humeral bar; no caudal spot; caudal with its
margin and middle membranes dusky; anal dusky, the first ray and
tips of the next two milk-white.

Thisspeciesis very closely related to A. Eigenmanniorum, which inthe
Rio Iguassu has either lost its caudal band or it has become very faint.

18. Deuterodon acanthogaster sp. nov.
Plate VIII, fig. 3.

Type.—One specimen, 54mm. C. M. No. 3395a. Corumba, April 27, 1909.

Cotypes.—Eleven specimens, 44 to 55 mm. C. M. No. 3395b-l. Same place
and date.

Cotypes.—Six specimens, 35 to 52 mm. C. M. No. 3396. Rio Jaurti, June 3,
19090.

180 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Head 4, depth about 2.3; D. 11; A. 23-26; scales 7-35-5; eye 2.5;
interorbital about equal to the eye. Deep, compressed; innominate
bones very strong, diverging forward, the ends protruding as spines
(as in Astyanax mucronatus), the space between them concave; no
regular median series of scales in front of the ventrals; predorsal line
with about ten scales; occipital process about 5 in the distance from its
base to the dorsal; interorbital convex, the frontal fontanel 1.5 in the
parietal; snout short, blunt; second suborbital leaving but a narrow
naked margin; maxillary shorter than the snout. Premaxillary with
five broad, nine- (or more) pointed incisors in the second row; two

Fic. 2. Ventral fins and protruding spines of Deuterodon acanthogaster Eigen-
mann.

much smaller, five-pointed teeth in the front row; maxillary with two
teeth similar to those of the second series; dentary with eight gradu-
ated teeth. Gill-rakers6 +9. Scales regularly imbricate except over
the origin of the anal, where there is sometimes an interpolated scale.
Caudal naked, anal sheath very imperfect, consisting of a few scales at
the base of the anterior rays. Origin of the dorsal nearer to the snout
than to the caudal, its highest ray 3 in the length; anal long,
emarginate; ventrals reaching anus or anal; pectoral reaching ven-
trals. A faint humeral bar, a silvery lateral band, a well defined oval
caudal spot continued on the base of the middle caudal rays.
Allied to pinnatus Eigenmann.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE IV.

Fic. 1. Probolodus heterostomus Eigenmann. (Type.) 63 mm. Carn. Mus.
No. 2973.

Fic. 2. Psalidodon gymnodontus Eigenmann. (Type.) 189mm. Carn. Mus.
No. 3204.

Fic. 3. Psalidodon gymnodontus Eigenmann. (Type.) 189mm. Carn. Mus.
No. 3204. (Head magnified.)

PEATE Ve

Fic. 1. Spintherobolus papilliferus Eigenmann. (Type.) 4% mm. Carn.
Mus. No. 3582.

Fic. 2. Spintherobolus papilliferus Eigenmann. (Cotype.) Side of head, show--
ing tactile papilla. Carn. Mus. No. 3883a.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate IV,

ProBoLopus AND PSALipopon.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII.

SPINTHE ROBOLUS AND GLANDU LOCAUDA.

Plate

=y

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol VIII Plate VI,

ig cad ae

HysTERONOTUS, CREAGRUTUS, AND PHENACOGASTER.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate VII.

VESICATRUS AND ASTYANAX.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate VIII.

-
POOPY MPS a gins

ASTYANAX AND DEUTERODON.

—_—

we

EIGENMANN: NEW CHARACINS IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 181

Fic. 3. Spintherobolus papilliferus Eigenmann. (Cotype.) Top of head.
Carn. Mus. No. 3883a.

Fic. 4. Spintherobolus papilliferus Eigenmann. (Cotype.) Lower surface of
head, showing tactile papilla. Carn. Mus. No. 3883a.

Fic. 5. Glandulocauda inequalis Eigenmann. (Type.) 40 mm. Carn. Mus.
No. 3555:

Fic. 6. Glandulocauda melanogenys Eigenmann. (Type.) 49 mm. Carn.
Mus. No. 3553.

Fic. 7. Glandulocauda melanopleura Eigenmann. (Type.) 51% mm. Carn.
Mus. No. 3557.

PLATE Vi.

Fic. 1. Hysteronotus megalostomus Eigenmann. (Type.) 45 mm. Carn.
Mus. No. 3551.

Fic. 2. Creagrutus beni Eigenmann. (Type.) 53mm. Carn. Mus. No. 3216.

Fic. 3. Phenacogaster franciscoénsis Eigenmann. (Type.) 38 mm. Carn.
Mus. No. 3231.

Fic. 4. Phenacogaster beni Eigenmann. (Type.) 48 mm. Carn. Mus. No.
3220.

PLATE VII.
Fic. 1. Vesicairus tegatus Eigenmann. (Type.) 33 mm. Carn. Mus. No.
3201.
Fic. 2. Astyanax bimaculatus nove Eigenmann. (Type.) Carn. Mus. No.
3278.
Fic. 3. Astyanax marione Eigenmann. (Type.) 52 mm. Carn. Mus. No.
3353-
Fic. 4. Astyanax guaporensis Eigenmann. (Cotype.) 33 mm. to base of
caudal. Carn. Mus. No. 3352.
BEATE Vy Ll:
Fic. 1. Astyanax paranahybe Eigenmann. (Type.) 54 mm. Carn. Mus.
No. 3356.
Fic. 2. Astyanax ribeire Eigenmann. (Type.) 65 mm. Carn. Mus. No.
3368.

Fic. 3. Deuterodon acanthogasteyr Eigenmann. (Type.) 54mm. Carn. Mus.
No. 33954.
PLATE IX.

Astyanax gymnogenys Eigenmann. (Type.) 98 mm. over all. Carn. Mus.
No. 3550.

IV. JURASSIC SAURIAN REMAINS INGESTED
WITHIN FISH.

By C. R. EastMan.!
(Plates X—X1I.)

Paleontology affords numberless instances where the nature of
the food-supply of various lower and higher vertebrates can be
positively determined by the actual stomach-contents which have
been preserved within the abdominal cavity of the creatures concerned.
These instances are sometimes of special value in confirming @ priori
conclusions respecting the diet of fossil vertebrates based upon the
general character of their dentition. Other cases may attract interest
on account of peculiar conditions or associations, which are either to
be directly observed, or suggest themselves by inference. Mention
should be made, too, of the considerable literature which has grown
up within recent years concerning coprolitic matter and so-called
“oastroliths, ’’ or stomach-stones.

A few of the above-mentioned occurrences are deserving of par-
ticular notice, on account of their possessing special points of interest,
and because they afford a sort of standard for estimating the impor-
tance of a newly discovered case of fossilization about to be described
in the present article.

Among mammals, the most familiar instances of the preservation
of undigested food in the alimentary tract are furnished by the
mammoth and mastodon. A dozen years or so ago much discussion
was aroused concerning the possible survival into modern times and
domestication by man of the so-called Neomylodon listai of Ameghino,
or Grypotherium domesticum of Roth. Concerning the antiquity of
the remains that have been described under these names, the last
word would seem to have been spoken by Dr. A. S. Woodward in

1An abstract of this article was presented at the annual meeting of the Pale-
ontological Society, held at Washington, D. C., December 28, 1911.—Editor.
?On a portion of a mammalian skin, named Neomylodon listai. Proc. Zool.
Soc., London, 18990, p. 154. Exhibition of newly discovered remains of Neomylodon
from Patagonia. Rept. 69th Meet. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Dover, p. 783.
182

EASTMAN: JURASSIC SAURIAN REMAINS WITHIN FisH, 183

articles published jointly with Dr. F. P. Moreno.2 The idea that
some of these creatures found in caverns of Patagonia were stall-fed,
being kept in captivity by aboriginal inhabitants, received credence
through the finding of vegetable fibers resembling chopped hay in
association with their mummified remains.

Writing in 1900, Nordenskjold,’® after an examination of the dung
of one of these sloths, announced the following conclusion: ‘Le
contenu des excréments montre que cet animal se nourissait d’herbes
et pas de feuilles et qu’il machait et digeraitmal sa nourriture.”’
That the author just quoted does not err on the side of rashness may
be judged from the following non-committal remark: ‘Quant a la
question de savoir si le Glossotherium a été contemporain de l’homme,
je n’ose pas encore répondre définitivement.”

Among reptiles, the most numerous and best authenticated cases
where the nature of the food-supply is determinable, either from in-
gested prey, or from hard parts, such as scales, teeth, etc., preserved
within coprolites,t occur within the order Ichthyosauria. The ques-
tion as to whether all so-called ‘““embryoes”’ included within the ab-
dominal cavity of Ichthyosaurus are really foetal, or are not in part at
least young reptiles that have been swallowed, has been recently
discussed by Branca.’ A similar question in regard to the supposed
embryo contained within the body of the type specimen of Compsogna-
thus was raised not long since by Dr. Franz Nopsca.® If Marsh’s
original interpretation of this interesting specimen be set aside, no
positive evidence remains that Dinosaurs were viviparous.

Turning our attention to the class of fishes, instances are known
where distinctly recognizable skeletons of bony fishes are preserved
within the intestinal tract of fossil sharks. A striking example is
that of Carcharias (Scoliodon) in the Bologna Museum. The wonder-

8’ Nordenskjéld, E., La Grotte du Glossotherium (Neomylodon) en Patagonie.
Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 1900 [3], vol. 28, pp. 29-32. See also Hatcher, J. B.,
The Mysterious Mammal of Patagonia. Science, N. S., 1899, vol. 10, pp. 814-815.

4 For an exhaustive investigation of reptilian coprolitic matter from the Wealden
of Belgium one may refer to a contribution by M. Bertrand, entitled ‘‘ Les coprolithes
de Bernissart."" Mém. Musée Roy. Belg. d’Hist. Nat., Vol. I, 1903.

5 Branca, W. Two papers published 1907-8 in Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Phys.
Abh. No. 3, and Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, pp. 392-6. The latter is entitled
“ Nachtrag zur Embryonenfrage bei Ichthyosaurus.”

® Neues Jahrb. f. Min., 1903, Supplement, vol. 16, pp. 476-404. See also the

following: F. v. Huene, ‘‘ Der vermuthliche Hautpanzer des Compsognathus longipes
Wagn.”’ Ibid., 1901, vol. 1, pp. 157-160.

184 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ful preservation of muscle fibers and other soft parts in the Upper
Devonian Cladoselache encourages the expectation that further light
may be forthcoming respecting the food-habits of that primeval shark.

Very peculiar conditions have been observed by Campbell Brown
in the case of a Liassic shark, Hybodus, which had apparently en-
countered a swarm of immature belemnites and proceeded to make a
meal of them. In this connection the author states: ‘‘ Das gefriassige
Thier war augenscheinlich in einen dichten Schwarm kleinerer Belem-
niten gerathen und hatte sich mit denselben vollgestopft. Bei der
Verdauung tratendann Beschwerdenein. Belemnitenrostra sind nicht
gerade besonders geeignet, die Spiralklappe im Colon eines kleinen
Haifisches zu passiren, besonders wenn mehrere Hundert zu gleicher
Zeit im Magen liegen. Der Tod des Haies kann nicht tiberraschen!’”

Among teleostean fishes, it is not uncommon to find specimens
showing the particular nature of their stomach contents. The pre-
daceous ganoid Caturus, from the Upper Jura of Solenhofen, very
often contains recognizable portions of Leptolepis within the ab-
dominal cavity. In the Paris Museum of Natural History is pre-
served a slab containing two individuals of Blochius, from the Eocene
of Monte Bolca, the larger one having apparently partially swallowed
the other. Agassiz, however, states that the appearances are decep-
tive, and that the two individuals may have chanced to be comesuper-
imposed one upon the other in a rather striking attitude. Neverthe-
less he remarks:$ ‘‘Je ne prétend pas nier d’une maniére absolue la
possibilité d’une pareille coincidence.”’

We have now to consider the very singular, if not indeed unique
conditions presented by two specimens of Jurassic fishes belonging to
the Bayet collection of the Carnegie Museum. The first of these which
invites attention is a form, referable to the genus Belonostomus
(Plate X), from the Lithographic Stone (Lower Kimmeridgian) cf
Cerin, in southeastern France. The species, judging from the slender
proportions of the head, in which: the snout is greatly elongated, is
probably to be identified as B. tenuirostris Agassiz, but it is evidently
an immature example, the total length of which probably did not
exceed 16cm. The caudal region is lacking, but the head and anterior
part of the trunk are very clearly shown. The scales, cranial and

7 Brown, C. ‘‘Ueber das Genus Hybodus und seine systematische Stellung.”’
Palaeontogr., 1900, vol. 46, p. 163.

8 Agassiz, L. ‘‘ Poissons Fossiles,’’ 1844, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 257.

EASTMAN: JURASSIC SAURIAN REMAINS WITHIN FisH. 185

facial bones, and vertebral centra would seem to be preserved partly
in the form of an impression, partly as structures in which the external
surface has been eroded away, or removed by chemical action.

The fish itself would not be remarkable, except for the circumstance
that it happens to contain the skeletal remains of a small Rhyncho-
cephalian reptile, probably Homeosaurus, within the abdominal
cavity. The prey had been gulped down head first, and may have
caused the death of the fish, as the digestive process had not advanced
far enough to dismember the limbs nor to disturb the natural position
of parts beyond a slight lateral compression of the trunk. The
surface characters of the head are shown with tolerable distinctness,
a depression is indicated which may be the pineal foramen, and a few
slender teeth are exposed on one side anteriorly. The vertebral
column of the reptile is preserved for some distance beyond the sacral
region, and some of the anterior limb-bones are clearly visible. It is
hoped that the accompanying plate (PI. X) may aid in rendering the
above-described conditions more intelligible to the reader.

The second specimen referred to, which is worthy of notice in this
connection, likewise forms part of the Bayet collection, and was
derived from the same horizon and locality as the first. It is a very
complete teleostean skeleton, having a total length of 19 cm., and is
preserved in the form of remarkably sharp counterpart impressions in
a slab of lithographic limestone. The systematic position of the fish
represented is very close to that of the type species of the so-called
genus Attakeopsis, established by Victor Thiolliére in 1858, but re-
garded by the late Karl von Zittel, Dr. A. Smith Woodward, and others
as identical with the earlier described Oeonoscopus of O. G. Costa
(Ittiol. Foss. Italia, 1853, p. 2). The example under discussion
appears, however, to present more than individual differences from
the solitary known species of Oeonoscopus occurring in the Cerin lith-
graphic limestone, and is accordingly regarded as representing a dis-
tinct species.

The distinguishing characters of the new form, which may be desig-
nated as O. elongatus, are included in the following brief diagnosis:

Oeonoscopus elongatus, sp. nov.
(Plate XI.)

Type.—Nearly complete fish in counterpart: Carnegie Museum
Cat. Nos. 4079 + 4079a.

186 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

A small species, attaining a total length of about 20 cm., and dis-
tinguished from all others belonging to the same genus by its slender
and elongated form of body, and by the more anterior position of the
dorsal fin, which arises opposite the pelvic pair, and does not extend
back of a point midway between them and the insertion of the anal.
Length of the head with opercular apparatus exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, and contained about five times in the total length
of the fish. Vertebre about fifty in number, with strong neural and
hemal spines. A single large ridge-scale at the upper and lower
borders of the caudal pedicle. Teeth small and conical. All fins
relatively small, caudal lobes not much expanded. Scales indis-
tinctly shown.

One of the halves of the counterpart in which this specimen is con-
tained is illustrated in the accompanying plate, the original drawing
having been made by Mr. Sidney Prentice. Within the abdominal
cavity, or more particularly, within that part of it lying between the
paired fins, is to be seen a tolerably distinct impression of a small
reptile resembling a Lacertilian, the precise nature of which is in-
determinate, but very probably is akin to Homeosaurus. Only the
head and anterior position of the vertebral column are clearly recog-
nizable, and it is noteworthy that the creature appears to have been
swallowed tail foremost, whereas in the first described specimen the
position of parts is reversed. The size of the ingested remains is
practically the same in the case of both specimens.

So far as the present writer is aware, these two are the only instances
afforded by paleontology where fossil reptiles happen to have become
preserved within the abdominal cavities of fish. These occurrences
are all the more remarkable, when it is remembered that the contained
reptiles were terrestrial, and their ichthyic foes marine in habitat.
This apparent anomaly may perhaps be accounted for by supposing
the primitive lizards in question to have inhabited the shores of coral
islands in the late Jurassic sea, which covered central Europe at the
time. One may suppose the prey to have been captured in proximity
to land, or possibly the terrestrial creatures were carried out to sea by
floating vegetation to which they had clung, and were seized at a dis-
tance from land. The latter hypothesis finds perhaps a certain degree
of plausibility from the abundance of plant remains which are known
to occur at the Cerin locality.

The two specimens which are described and portrayed in the present

Plate X.

VIII,

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol.

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Belonostomus tenutrostris Agassiz juv.

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EASTMAN: JURASSIC SAURIAN REMAINS WITHIN FisH. 187

article form part of a representative and extremely important collec-
tion of fossil remains, both vertebrate and invertebrate, from the
Lithographic Stone (Lower Kimmeridgian) of southeastern France
and Bavaria. The whole of this superb collection was purchased some
eight years ago from Baron Ernst de Bayet of Brussels by Mr. Andrew
Carnegie, and generously presented by him to the institution founded
by him in Pittsburgh.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE X.

Belonostomus tenuirostris Agassiz juv. Lithographic Stone; Cerin (Ain), France.
Head and anterior portion of the trunk of an immature individual apparently
belonging to this species, within the abdominal cavity of which is contained the
skeleton of a small Rhynchocephalian reptile, probably Homaosaurus. The prey
has been swallowed by the fish headforemost. The head, anterior limbs, and
greater part of the vertebral column of the contained reptile are very clearly shown.
Car. Mus. Cat. No. 4080. X 1.

PLATE XI.
Oeonoscopus elongatus, sp.nov. Lithographic Stone; Cerin (Ain), France. Holo-
type, preserved in counterpart, showing an imperfectly preserved Rhynchocephalian
skeleton within the abdominal cavity. Car. Mus. Cat. No. 4079. X 2.

VV. (ANS AUTOGRAPH VEE LTE RVOR ie Uckre NAN
GENERALE U-.2S. GRANT 2@) THE HONS EDWIN
M. STANTON, SECRETARY OF WAR.

By W. J. HOLuanp.
(Plates XII and XIII.)

The Carnegie Museum, through the kindness of Mr. William
Metcalf, Jr., has been enabled to add to its historical collections a
letter, which is of more than usual interest. It is a lead-pencil note,
evidently hastily written upon a scrap of paper, by General U. S.
Grant, and addressed to the Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of
War. A facsimile of this note is given in Plate XII accompanying
this paper. The note reads as follows:

FARMVILLE, Apl. 8th, 1865.
Hon. E. M. STANTON, Sec. of War,
Washington.
The enemy so far have been pushed from the road toward Danville and are
now pursued towards Lynchburg. I feel very confidant of receiving the surrender

of Lee and what remains of his Army by to-morrow.
U.S. GRANT, Lt. G—

The confidence expressed by the great commander was justified
by the events of the following day, for on April 9, 1865, General Lee
surrendered at Appomattox Court House.

This note was originally presented by Hon. Edwin M. Stanton
to Mr. Charles Knap, of Pittsburgh. Mr. Knap was the senior
member of the firm of Knap and Wade, owners of the Fort Pitt
Foundry, which during the Civil War cast all the large guns and
mortars used by the Federal army. Between Mr. Knap and Hon.
Edwin M. Stanton there existed a close friendship, which was strength-
ened by the constant intercourse brought about through the neces-
sities of the Government during the four years of civil strife. After the
war was over, Mr. Stanton, as a token of friendship, gave this note
to Mr. Knap. The note passed from Mr. Knap into the possession
of his favorite nephew, the late William Metcalf, Sr., who during the
greater part of the civil war was the manager of the Fort Pitt Foundry.

188

HOLLAND: AUTOGRAPH LETTER OF U. S. GRANT. 189

Some time before Mr. William Metcalf’s death he informed his son
of his intention to present the letter to the Carnegie Museum, and it
is in pursuance of this expressed purpose of his honored father that
Mr. William Metcalf, Jr., has transferred to the Museum the custody
of this most interesting document.

At the suggestion of Mr. Douglas Stewart the writer of these lines
has had a plate prepared (Plate XIII) representing the life-mask of
General Robert E. Lee, made by Clark Mills, the sculptor, subsequent
to the civil war, and signed by him. This mask was some time ago
very generously presented to the Museum by Mr. Theodore A. Mills,
the only surviving son of Mr. Clark Mills. Mr. Theodore A. Mills
has long been a member of the staff of this Museum. This is one of
a number of life masks, inherited by Mr. Mills from his father, which
he has kindly bestowed upon the Museum. There is a propriety
in publishing a picture of this mask at the same time that a reproduc-
tion is given of the letter of General Grant.

Rnd

+f

!
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1

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate XII.

Jeawrt CL AAE 5 Ee aed
Ke a ifs A VELMA wher, geet: ei, si cA

Yt se ap

5 ee bee Oe 4 Zo. Vinee Fe.

eee Ditch cae ee i, z rb

Uti, JAF atin ogg
Otek oe eae that Merce A
Ar} ae Me ADs

vit oY ECV. A9-1707- F434

Facsimile of Note addressed by Gen. U.S. Grant to Hon. Edwin M. Stanton. Presented
to the Carnegie Museum by William Metcalf, Jr.

7

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ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol VIII p

Life-mask of General Robert E. Lee by Clark Mills. Presented to th
Carnegie Mu eum by ‘Theodore \, Mill .

ANNALS

OF THE

So oRNEGIE MUSEUM

VOLUME VIII. NO. 2.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

THE annual meetings of the Archeological Institute of America
and of the American Philological Association, which were held during
the last week of December in Pittsburgh, were remarkably well
attended. From both bodies we received expressions of gratitude
for the courtesies extended to them and of appreciation of the work
which is being done by the Museum on behalf of those branches of
science which they represent.

Tue One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Founding
of the University of Pittsburgh was celebrated during the last week of
February in a manner thoroughly befitting the occasion. Repre-
sentatives of more than two hundred American and foreign universi-
ties were present. Most of these visited the Carnegie Institute
during their stay, and we had the great pleasure of greeting among
them Sefor Nadén, the Minister Plenipotentiary of the Argentine
Republic, who was especially interested in viewing the replica of the
Diplodocus, which is being prepared for shipment to his country as a
gift from Mr. Carnegie.

Tue Chairman of the Committee on the affairs of the Museum,
Mr. Geo. H. Clapp, and the Director, having been deputed both by
the Museum and the Board of Trustees of the Institute to represent
them on the occasion of the Centenary of the Academy of Natural

191

192 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Sciences of Philadelphia, spent the three days from March 19 to
March 21 in that city. The hospitality of Philadelphians is pro-
verbial, and was greatly enjoyed. The gathering of scientific men was
thoroughly representative, and it was with renewed inspiration that
all those who attended upon this memorable occasion returned to their
homes. The Academy of Natural Sciences has reason to be proud of
the achievements of the past century, and enters upon its second
century with a prestige and an equipment, which insure success in its
future undertakings. Vivat Academia!

On the afternoon of the ninth of April we had the pleasure of
welcoming as a visitor to the Museum Colonel Theodore Roosevelt,
who spent half an hour in a hurried examination of the Section of
Paleontology and of the Section of Mammals, which he particularly
wished to see. Both appeared to interest him greatly, and he found
some things which apparently surprised him, among which was the
mounted specimen of the Broad-lipped, or White Rhinoceros, taken
at Lado, which has been standing in this Museum for the past ten
years. ‘‘By George, Doctor, I thought that specimen was in England,
and never dreamed it was here!’’ But it has been here for a decade.
The giraffes shot by Mr. Childs Frick called forth expressions of great
admiration, in view of their beauty and the superbly life-like manner
in which they have been mounted. ‘‘Do you know, I had a strange
experience with one of those beasts,’’ said the late President. ‘“‘It
was standing out in the open, and I stalked it, and came up to within

”

seventeen feet of it, before it noticed me. It was sound asleep!

Tue Commission recently sent to this country from the Museum
von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik of Munich
spent the sixteenth and seventeenth of April in Pittsburgh. The
Commission is composed of the following persons: Reichsrat Dr.
Oskar von Miller, Member of the House of Lords of Bavaria, President
of the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Director of the Museum, and
Chairman of the Commission; Count von Podewils-Diirniz, former
Secretary of State of Bavaria, Honorary President of the Museum;
Geheimrat Prof. Dr. von Dyck, Rector Emeritus of the Ké6nigliche
Bayerische Technische Hochschule; Hofrat Dr. Wilhelm von Borscht,
Lord Mayor of Munich; Herr Ph. Gelius, Architect of the Museum;

EDITORIAL. 193

Herr Alexander Shirman, Director of the Library of the Museum; Dr.
Fuchs; Herr Ingenieur Orth; Herr Trautwein; and Dr. Ross, the
Secretary of the Commission. The first day was devoted almost
entirely to the study of the Museum, Art Gallery, and Library
of the Institute, to the Carnegie Technical Schools and the Uni-
versity of Pittsburgh. In the evening the Commission attended
a banquet of the Chamber of Commerce given at the Hotel
Schenley, primarily to hear a report from the Flood Commission
of Pittsburgh. The second day was devoted to visiting the Home-
stead Steel Works, and the works of the Westinghouse Electric and
Manufacturing Company. The members of the Commission ex-
pressed great satisfaction at what they had been able to see and learn.
One of them remarked “If the people of Pittsburgh do not acquire
culture it will not be because they lack the opportunity.”

Dr. C. H. EIGENMANN has returned from South America and
reports himself to be in as good health as can be expected of one, who
has suffered, as he has, from repeated attacks of tropical fever. When
a man goes fishing in Venezuela and Colombia he is almost certain
to be bitten by mosquitoes, and then the fever follows. Dr. Eigenmann
reports having obtained a goodly collection of fishes, among them a
number of species which he thinks are undoubtedly new to science,
and one or two of which are species which hitherto have been very
rare in collections, known only by single individuals. It is entirely
too soon to state, except in the most preliminary manner, what have
been the results of the expedition.

IN anticipation of the celebration of Founder’s Day, which will occur
on April the 25th, a partial re-arrangement of some of the exhibits
has been made and a number of interesting objects have been installed
in the Museum. A group composed of three mounted skeletons of
Stenomylus hitchcockt Loomis, prepared and mounted by Messrs.
O. A. Peterson and S. Agostini, has been placed in the Section of
Paleontology in the Gallery of Mammals. In the Section of Recent
Mammalia a fine group representing the White-bearded Gnu (Con-
nochetes albojubatus Thomas) has been placed upon view. The group
consists of a male, a female and young, all three standing, and a
female lying down. They are specimens taken by Mr. Childs Frick
upon the occasion of his expedition to British East Africa in 1910.

194 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

In the Section of Ornithology a fine group of Red-shouldered Hawks,
representing a nest with the male and female bird and the young, has
been placed upon exhibition. The specimens were taken in Alle-
gheny County in the spring of 1911, and were mounted by Mr. Joseph
A. Santens.

On the evening of April the 17th Captain F. E. Kleinschmidt, who
collected for the Carnegie Museum during the summer of I9QII in
Alaska and Wrangel-land, gave an exhibition of moving pictures taken
by him on his voyage. The large Music Hall was filled to its capacity,
and had the night not been unusually inclement many would have
been unable to find admission. It is the unanimous opinion of all,
who witnessed the display of pictures and heard what Captain Klein-
schmidt had to say, that the exhibition was the most beautiful and
in some respects the most instructive of the entire year. The seal-
herds, the groups of walruses resting upon the ice-floes, the chase of
the polar bear, the wonderful views of the bird rookeries were a
revelation. In the audience were a number of gentlemen who have
pursued game not only with the rifle, but with the camera, and they
were unanimous in declaring that Captain Kleinschmidt’s pictures
are the finest representations of big game photographed in the open
which have thus far been taken. One gentleman in writing of the
lecture said, ‘‘All that was needed was a lower temperature in the

bf

auditorium to make you imagine that you were actually in the arctic.’

From the expedition in Utah there have been received interesting
reports, showing that the quarry on Dinosaur Peak contains far more
than was at first supposed. Thus far skeletons of at least twelve
dinosaurs, large and small, belonging to various genera and species,
have been found. Several of these are in such condition as to make it
possible to set them up in their entirety, very few parts failing to be
well represented. No such aggregation of dinosaurian remains,
resting in practically undisturbed position, has ever as yet been found
in the history of paleontology. The animals were for the most part
firmly imbedded in the sand and gravel where they originally were
deposited, and fossilization has taken place in such a manner as to
preserve even some parts of the cartilaginous skeleton. We have
also obtained impressions of portions of the skin of some of the indi-
viduals. A flood of light is thus thrown upon the whole subject.

EDITORIAL. 195

Mr. CARNEGIE, yielding to the request of His Majesty the King of
Spain, has kindly resolved to present to the Royal Museum in Madrid
a replica of the Diplodocus, which is in course of preparation.

The specimen intended for the Argentine Republic is being packed.
No arrangements have as yet been made for forwarding and installing
this specimen. The process of correspondence with Argentina is
naturally slow.

THE death of Mr. Albert J. Barr has brought great sorrow to his
associates composing the Committee upon the Museum and to the
entire staff. A brief biographical sketch appears elsewhere in this
issue of the Annals.

In Memoriam.

ALBERT J. BARR.

On February the 24th, 1912, Mr. Albert J. Barr, who had
been from its establishment a member of the Board of Trustees
of the Carnegie Institute, having been originally appointed
by Mr. Carnegie, and who for many years was a member of the
Committee upon the affairs of the Museum, suddenly departed
this life.

Mr. Barr was born in Pittsburgh on January the 12th, 1851.
His father was Colonel James P. Barr, who for many years was
the owner and editor of the Pittsburgh Post. He received his
early education at St. Philomena’s Parochial School, and later
in the Western University of Pennsylvania, now the University
of Pittsburgh. Mr. Barr began his business career in 1870, in
the Artisans Deposit Bank. In 1872 he became the Secretary
of the Artisans Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, and later
its President. In 1884 he married Miss Mary McDevitt, a
daughter of the late James McDevitt. She survives him with
two sons and three daughters. When his father died in 1886
Mr. Barr became the President of the Pittsburgh Post Printing
and Publishing Company, which position he retained until in
the late winter of the year 1911, when he retired from journalism.
He held many positions of honor and of trust, having been during
the administration of President Cleveland the Collector of the
Port of Pittsburgh. He was also one of the Commissioners of
the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, having been
appointed by Governor Pattison to represent Pennsylvania.
He was active in administering the affairs of Mercy Hospital,
and was the Vice-president of the Board of Trustees of that
hospital at the time of his death. He was also from its incep-
tion a member of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Hero
Fund Commission. At the time of his death he was actively

engaged in service as a member of the recently created Board of

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII

ALBERT J. BARR.

[Born Jan. 12, 1851; Died Feb. 24, 1912.]

Viewers of Allegheny County... Mr. Barr took a deep interest
in the affairs of the Carnegie Institute, and rendered efficient
service as a member of the standing committee on the Museum,
the meetings of which he attended as often as his business
engagements made it possible to do so.

Mr. Barr was genial in disposition, devoted to his friends,
a kind father and neighbor. He was thoroughly public-spirited,
and applied himself with energy and zeal to promoting all
movements looking toward the welfare of his native city. His
sudden and altogether unexpected death has brought deep sorrow
not only to his family, but to the large circle of friends with
whom he was associated in carrying on the philanthropies of the

community, and especially to his associates in the Board of

Trustees of the Carnegie Institute.

W. J. H.

VII. DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVENTEEN NEW
NEOTROPICAL BIRDS:

By W. E. CLypE Topp.

Through the activities of Messrs. M. A. Carriker, Jr., and José
Steinbach the Carnegie Museum has acquired during the past three
years more than six thousand specimens of birds from South America.
The collections forwarded by Mr. Carriker came from Venezuela
(various localities in the valleys of the Orinoco, lower Caura, and
upper Cuyuni Rivers, and in the State of Lara), the islands of Trinidad
and Curacao, and the district of Santa Marta in Colombia. The
collections received from Mr. Steinbach are nearly all from eastern
Bolivia (Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Puerto Suarez). This material
is being studied as rapidly as circumstances permit, and it is expected
eventually to publish full lists, with critical.notes and the field obser-
vations of the collectors. In the course of these investigations a
number of apparently new forms have been detected, and it has
seemed best to present descriptions of these in advance of the general
report.

All measurements given in the present paper are in millimeters, and,
so far as possible, Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors has been used
as a standard. For the privilege of examining much material needed
for comparison in this connection the writer is indebted to the authori-
ties of the American Museum of Natural History, the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the United States National Museum,
and the Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy, who have generously
placed at his disposal the several collections respectively under
their care.

Arremonops tocuyensis sp. nov.

Type, No. 36,569, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male;
Tocuyo, Estado Lara, Venezuela, January 21, 1911; M. A. Carriker, Jr.
Description.—Above plain olive; wings and tail dusky, externally
edged with dull olive-green, the secondaries with cinnamon-rufous;
lesser and median wing-coverts also edged externally with olive-
green, the greater coverts more brownish; edge of the wing pale yellow;

under wing-coverts white, tinged with yellow; pileum with two broad
198

Topp: SEVENTEEN New NEoTROPICAL BIRDS. 199

lateral stripes of black mixed with brown, separated by a broad median
stripe of smoke-gray, but tending to coalesce on the hindneck; broad
superciliaries also smoke-gray, slightly paler than the median stripe;
a transocular stripe of brownish black; sides of the head and neck
smoke-gray; below white, the breast tinged with smoke-gray, and the
flanks and under tail-coverts buffy cream-color; “iris brown; feet
horn-color; bill black, leaden blue below.”

Measurements of type-—Wing, 72 mm.; tail, 56; exposed culmen, 15;
tarsus, 22.

Remarks.—The series of Arremonops from various localities in the
Orinoco region and northern Venezuela is fairly uniform save for
this one specimen, and agrees closely with a similar series from the
Santa Marta district of Colombia, which had formerly been referred
to A. conirostris canens Bangs. Naturally I assumed that the odd
specimen belonged to A. venezuelensis Ridgway, inasmuch as it
seemed to fit the description very well indeed. Imagine my surprise,
therefore, when I came to examine the type of the latter, to find that
it pertained to the ordinary bird of Venezuela and Colombia, to which
I had been applying the name canens. The question at once arose as
to the true application of this latter name—a matter which I am able
to discuss from a re-examination of the type specimen, kindly loaned
by Mr. Bangs. After a critical comparison of this specimen I feel
very sure that it is an unusually large and richly colored individual of
the common Arremonops of the region. I base this statement on the
ground that several examples in the series before me approach it in
both these respects. In this view of the case the name venezuelensis,
having a few months’ priority over canens, will supplant the latter
as the proper name for this form—assuming that it differs from true
conirostris, described by Bonaparte (Conspectus Avium, I, 1850, 488)
from “Brasil.” This author’s type should be examined, as he speaks
of it as being “‘subtus albo-rufescens.”’

It is of course possible, on the other hand, that the unique type of
A. tocuyensis may be an unusually small and dull-colored individual of
venezuelensis, but I find no specimens of the latter which approximate
it in its distinctive characters. It is of about the same size as A.
superciliosus; the back has very little greenish tinge—decidedly
less than venezuelensis; and the sides of the head, and the median and
superciliary stripes are smoke-gray, not slate-gray, as in the latter.

200 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Sporophila haplochroma sp. nov.

Type, No. 37,748, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male;
Cincinnati (Santa Marta district), Colombia, June 14, 1911; M. A.
Carriker, Jr.

Description—Above plain olive, inclining to bistre on the rump and
upper tail-coverts; tail also olive; wings and their coverts clove-brown,
edged externally with the color of the back; below dull olive, fading to
buffy white on the center of the abdomen, and to buffy olive on the
flanks and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts dull buffy; “bill
blackish horn; feet horn-color; iris brown.’’

MEASUREMENTS.

Exposed

No. Sex. Locality. Date. Wing. Tail. Culmen.
37043 2 Cineimnnatiz 74; . <2 UNE Si LOT nern.s 51 39 9
37747 Q @ineimmnavti ee. est Wfibbevex se2k se heies Soa 5 54 40 10
37748 ot Gincinnatis (222). A fibbeVer ath TON Rho oe 56 44 10

725521 2 Min Ca coe ses cyaiere ANGen Isl 8OOn nm. =) 50 38 10.5
972553! Q bho, Geowae cube ANE. el el SOO eee aie 53 42 10

Remarks.—This species somewhat resembles S. obscura Tacza-
nowski,? from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina, two specimens of
which are now before me, but differs in its decidedly darker and more
uniform under parts, as well as in its darker bill. The two specimens
from Minca are much more brownish above and below than the type
and other specimens taken at the same time, but this is probably due
to their being in fresher plumage. These two skins are the ones
which Dr. J. A. Allen referred provisionally to Phonipara bicolor
(Bulletin American Museum Natural History, XIII, 1900, 165), but
which on re-examination prove referable rather to Sporophila, the
culmen being more decidedly arched and the mandible proportionally
heavier than in any species of ‘“ Phonipara”’ (4. e., Tiaris) I have
examined. At any rate, all of these specimens are certainly very
different from authentic examples of Tzaris bicolor omissa from north-
ern Venezuela. The type is marked as a breeding bird, and is slightly
darker, with a blacker bill, than the females.

1 Collection American Museum.

2 Mr. C. E. Hellmayr writes me that he is at a loss to understand Mr. Sharpe’s
remark in the Hand- List, V, 1909, 209, footnote, to the effect that S. obscura and

S. simplex are identical, for he (Hellmayr) certainly never made any such state-

ment!

Topp: SEVENTEEN NEw NEOTROPICAL BIRDs. 201

Saltator orenocensis rufescens subsp. nov.

Type, No. 36,635, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult female (?);
Tocuyo, Estado Lara, Venezuela, January 25, 1911; M. A. Carriker, Jr.

Subs pecific characters Similar in general to Saltator orenocensis
orenocensis Lafresnaye, but averaging larger, with a decidedly stouter
bill; forehead and sides of crown, bordering the broad white super-
ciliaries, black; and entire under parts (except the throat) strongly
shaded with buffy clay-color.

MEASUREMENTS.

Saltalor orenocensis orenocensis:—
Exposed Depth ot
Bill.

No. Sex. Locality. Date. Wing. ‘Tail. Culmen.
31911 o'im. Ciudad Bolivar.Sept. 19, 19090... .84 78 16 I2
33460 ad. San Felix...... Feb. 8, LOL0:,...-03 85 16 T2355
33477 o'ad. San Helix)... Feb. 9, 1910....90 81 TOSS) | 2
33478 o'ad. Sanghielix. sa Feb. 9, I910....94 84 17 12.5
33537 oad. San Felix. ..... Feb. I1, 1910... .92 86 TOs5) as
33579 Qad. Samm belies eit Feb. 15, I910....88 79 17 12.5
34257 o'ad. San Felix...... June 2, I910....93 82 1725) eens
Averagew(On six AGULES): sac ate ciel a. cadveleus dara eleueemaiens 91.6 83 16.75 12.8
Saltator orenocensis rufescens:—
36608 o'ad. MOCWY O's ane arene any 233, LOLL. 4-104! 89 LOE Ls
30635 Q ad. OCUYOnseeknee ate Jatin 25, 1O0L +4400 90 TO. 5) 4)
36636 o'ad. MOCUYOs a2 32 - Jans 25, TOLL. .--97 90 19.5 14

Remarks.—Saltator orenocensis was described by Lafresnaye (Revue
Zoblogique, 1846, 274) from the Orinoco region, but until Mr. George
Ix. Cherrie sent in a series to the Tring Museum in the late nineties
it was almost unknown in collections. The Trinidad specimen
recorded by Dr. Sclater (Proceedings Zoélogical Society of London,
1856, 77), like many others of so-called ‘‘ Trinidad’? make, probably
came instead from the lower Orinoco, while Bonaparte’s ascription
of the species to Colombia ( Conspectus Avium, I, 1850, 490) was almost
certainly a Japsus. Count von Berlepsch and Dr. Hartert, in their
extensive paper on the birds of the Orinoco region ( Novitates Zoo-
logice, IX, 1902, 23), however, record the species from San Felix, near
Cumana, on the north coast of Venezuela, this being the first unques-
tioned record of its occurrence outside the lower Orinoco basin.
The present record involves a great extension of the known range,
and it is not surprising to find that the individuals collected represent
a strongly marked subspecies. In S. v. orenocensis the breast and

202 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

middle of the abdomen are white, sometimes tinged with buffy, but
always in strong contrast with the flanks, lower abdomen, and under
tail-coverts, which are bright buffy clay-color. In the new form the
latter color spreads over the entire under parts as far as the throat,
the middle of the abdomen being merely a little paler. The size is
greater also, the bill especially, while the crown, which is dark plum-
beous, concolorous with the back in the Orinoco form, is margined later-
ally with a black stripe, meeting its fellow on the forehead. For com-
parison there have been available six adult specimens of true oreno-
censis from San Felix, Orinoco River, collected by Mr. Carriker in
February, 1910, and therefore fully comparable as to season. These
agree perfectly with Berlepsch and Hartert’s figure of this form
(Novitates Zoologice, IX, 1902, pl. 12, fig. 3).

Tangara guttata eusticta subsp. nov.

Type, No. 28,895, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male;
Boruca, Costa Rica, August 9, 1907; M. A. Carriker, Jr.

Subs pecific characters.—Similar to Tangara guttata guttata (Cabanis)
of British Guiana and northern Venezuela, but under parts much
more heavily snotted, especially the throat, the feather-edgings on
the throat and breast being pale glaucous green; green color of flanks
brighter and more extended; edgings of remiges and their coverts
inclining to beryl-green; and average size somewhat less.

Measurements of type-—Wing, 67 mm.,; tail, 49; exposed culmen, 11;
tarsus, 19.

Remarks.—When Mr. Ridgway wrote the second volume of his
Birds of North and Middle America he had only one very unsatis-
factory specimen of this species from Costa Rica before him, which he
doubtfully referred to ‘‘chrysophrys”’ of Sclater. There are twenty-
two examples from this country in the Carnegie Museum, and the
acquisition of a series of specimens from other parts of its range has
shown that Mr. Ridgway erred in considering the Central American
bird to be identical with that from Venezuela, from which it differs
conspicuously in generally brighter coloration and much _ heavier
spotting below, besides being slightly smaller. These remarks are
based on five adult specimens from La Cumbre de Valencia, Lagunita
de Aroa, and Anzoategui—localities in northern Venezuela which
unquestionably pertain to typical ‘‘chrysophrys.” A specimen from
Mount Roraima, British Guiana (No. 54,058, Collection Academy of

Topp: SEVENTEEN NEw NEOTROPICAL BIRDS. 203

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia), the type locality of guttata, does
not differ in any perceptible respect from these Venezuelan skins,
which agree fairly well with the figure in Jardine’s Contributions to
Ornithology, 1851, pl. 69. Hence, as later admitted by Dr. Sclater
himself, Calliste chrysophrys Sclater becomes a synonym of Callispiza
guttata Cabanis, and a new name is required for the Central American
bird—unless, indeed, Calliste guttulata Bonaparte (Comptes Rendus
de l’ Académie des Sciences, XXXII, 1851, 76), from western Ecuador,
belongs here, which seems unlikely, judging from the description alone
(I have not seen specimens). Colombian skins will probably also be
found referable to this latter form, or else intermediate between it
and the Central American form here described.

Tangara guttata trinitatis subsp. nov.

Type, No. 31,773, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult female;
Heights of Aripo, Trinidad, August 31, 1909; M. A. Carriker, Jr.

Subspecific characters—Similar to Tangara guttata guttata from
British Guiana and northern Venezuela, but under parts more heavily
spotted, and forehead and sides of head more decidedly tinged with
yellow.

Measurements of type-—Wing, 70 mm.; tail, 56; tarsus, 18.5 (tip of
bill broken).

Remarks.—Mr. Ridgway has already (Birds of North and Middle
America, II, 1902, 41) called attention to the peculiarities of Trinidad
examples of this species, which seem well worthy of formal separation,
on the basis of the differences above specified. The new form agrees
with true guttata in having the green of the flanks duller and more
restricted, and the narrow margins of the black breast-feathers pale
nile-blue (instead of pale glaucous green, as in the Central American
form). The spotting below, while heavier than in true guttata, is not so
heavy as in eusticta, and the forehead and sides of the head are more
decidedly tinged with yellow..

There are thus three, and probably four, readily recognizable races
of Tangara guttala.

Schistochlamys atra aterrima subsp. nov.
Type, No. 36,818, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Guar-
ico, Estado Lara, Venezuela, February 6, 1911; M. A. Carriker, Jr.
Subspecific characters—Similar to S. atra atra, but anterior portion

204 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

of crown, sides of head, throat, and upper breast deep black, instead
of brown or brownish black, as in the southern form.

Measurements of type-—Wing, 84 mm.; tail, 80; exposed culmen, 16;
tarsus, 25.

Remarks.—This subspecies is based on a series of eighteen specimens
from northern Venzeuela (La Cumbre de Valencia, Guarico, and
Anzoategui), which differ as above pointed out from three skins from
Bolivia in the collection. At first I thought that this difference was
due to the Venezuelan skins being in fresher plumage, but an exami-
nation of the series in the American and United States National
Museums has convinced me that this is not the case. A large series
from Matto Grosso, Brazil, in the collection of the former institution,
varies considerably, but as a series is sufficiently distinct from speci-
mens from Trinidad and northern Venezuela. The browner color of
the capistrum and throat, however, is the only character that can
be relied on to separate the two races. Tanagra atra Gmelin (Systema
Nature, I, i, 1788, 898) was based on D’Aubenton (Planches Enlumi-
nées, 714, fig. 2), whose type came from Cayenne. A specimen from
this locality in the collection of the American Museum belongs
clearly to the southern form, while two in the Carnegie Museum from
the Orinoco region (San Felix and El Llagual) although obviously inter-
mediate, are also best referred thereto. I have not seen Colombian
examples, but presume that they will be found referable to aterrima.
All the synonyms of this species would seem to pertain exclusively to
true atra.

Compsothlypis pitiayumi elegans subsp. nov.

Type, No. 36,953, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male;
Anzoategui, Estado Lara, Venezuela, February 21, 1911; M. A.
Carriker, Jr.

Subspecific characters—Resembling C. pitiayumt pitiayumi (Vie-
illot) of Paraguay, southern Brazil, and Bolivia, but averaging
decidedly more brightly colored below, the throat and breast in adult
males being orange-ochraceous (as in C. p. speciosa Ridgway), while
the abdomen also is deeper yellow.

Measurements.—Average of ten adult males: wing, 54 mm.; tail, 40;
exposed culmen, 10.

Remarks.—Professor Baird was apparently the first author to
note the peculiarities of this form as shown by a specimen from

Topp: SEVENTEEN New NEorropicat Birps. 205

Trinidad (Review of American Birds, 1864, 170). Dr. Sharpe (Cat-
alogue Birds British Museum, X, 1885, 260) sought to identify it with
Parula pitiayumi pacifica Berlepsch of western Ecuador, but this
reference was emphatically repudiated by Messrs. Berlepsch and
Hartert (Novitates Zoologice, IX, 1902, 10), who, [however, forbore
to give the formaname. Witha series of twenty-one very satisfactory
specimens before me I find no difficulty in distinguishing it from
the southern race, of which the figure (Plate 11, fig. 1) in the British
Museum Catalogue is a very good representation. Paraguay (ex
Azara) is the type locality, and skins from that country agree with those
from Bolivia (Santa Cruz de la Sierra, etc.) and southern
Brazil in having the under parts paler, with the throat and breast
much less strongly tinged with orange-ochraceous than in examples
from Colombia (Santa Marta district), northern Venezuela, the
Orinoco region, and Chacachacare Island, off Trinidad. There is
no especial difference in size, however. The present form may readily
be distinguished from C. p. pacifica of western Ecuador and C. p.
speciosa of Central America, with which it agrees well in the color
of the under parts, by the amount of white on the middle wing-coverts,
these latter forms having very little or none of this color on these
parts.

Pheugopedius macrurus annectens subsp. nov.

Type, No. 37,137, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Anzoa-
tegui, Estado Lara, Venezuela, March 4, 1911; M. A. Carriker, Jr.
Subspecific characters—Similar to Pheugopedius macrurus mac-

9

rurus (Allen) from ‘‘Bogota,’’ Colombia, but size somewhat less,
crown purer gray, back and wings duller rufous brown, and rectrices
more distinctly barred.

Measurements.—Adult male: wing, 69 mm.; tail, 68; exposed culmen,
18.5; tarsus, 27. Adult female (No. 37,138): wing, 67 mm.; tail, 62
mm.; exposed culmen, 18; tarsus, 26.

Remarks.—Although reluctant to add another to the list of names
in the Pheugopedius mystacalis group, and thereby possibly increase
the confusion, I find myself unable to satisfactorily identify the
two specimens above recorded with any of the described forms. They
certainly differ from typical P. mystacalis from western Ecuador, of
which I have examined four specimens, in somewhat larger size, the
tail in particular being proportionately longer, while the general

206 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

coloration is not so bright. From P. ruficaudatus (Berlepsch) they
differ only in the tail being browner and distinctly barred. The
exact relationships of the various members of this group are involved
in much obscurity, which the material I have examined is insufficient
to dissolve, but it would not be surprising if P. macrurus should turn
out to be only subspecifically separable from P. mystacalis.

Troglodytes solitarius sp. nov.

Type, No. 37,359, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male;
Paramo de Rosas, Estado Lara, Venezuela, March 21, 1911; M. A.
Carriker, Jr.

Description—Above plain brown (between mummy-brown and
Prout’s brown), becoming more rufescent on the upper tail-coverts;
wing-coverts like the back; wings dusky black, the outer webs of the
remiges with brown spots, giving the effect of bars in the closed wing,
the tertiaries with both webs thus barred; tail grayish brown, irregu-
larly barred with dusky black, as are also the longer upper tail-coverts;
a broad buffy superciliary stripe, separated from the buffy (and more
or less rufescent) cheeks by a broad postocular patch of rufescent
brown; orbital ring (incomplete posteriorly) buffy white; cheeks with
some dusky mottling; below dull white, the throat, breast, and sides
tinged with buffy; flanks wood-brown; under tail-coverts white or
buffy white, conspicuously barred with dusky black; under wing-
coverts pale buffy; “iris brown; feet light brownish horn; bill black,
whitish flesh-color basally below.”

MEASUREMENTS.

Exp.
No. Sex. Locality. Date. Wing. Tail. Cul. Tar.

37278 (ot Paramo de Rosas... March 14, I9II....50 37 13 Tos
37358 Q Paramo de Rosas...March 21, IgIl....47 33 13 17.5
sas

37359 ot Paramo de Rosas... March 21, I9II....50 37 ne} 18

Remarks.—This very distinct species seems to find its nearest
relatives in 7. solstitialis Sclater and T. ochraceus Ridgway. From
the former it differs in being without any trace of barring below
(except on the under tail-coverts), and from the latter in its much
larger size, different proportions, whiter under parts, and deeper
rufescent color above. Like the other members of this group, it is
apparently confined to the higher elevations of the Venezuelan Andes,
the three examples above listed all coming from the Paramo de Rosas,

Topp: SEVENTEEN NEw NEOTROPICAL BiRDs. 207

at an elevation of from seven thousand five hundred to nine thousand
feet.
Craspedoprion intermedius sp. nov.

Type, No. 33,771, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Rio
Yuruan (12 miles from mouth), Venezuela, March 19, 1910; M. A.
Carriker, Jr.

Description—Above dull olive-green; greater wing-coverts edged
externally with fulvous; remiges dusky brown, edged externally with
pale olive-green, inclining to fulvous at the extremities of the inner
secondaries; primary-coverts and alula also narrowly edged with
olive-green; tail olive-brown, the feathers edged externally with olive-
green; beneath pale yellowish olive-green, becoming primrose-yellow
posteriorly, suffused or obsoletely streaked with pale grayish olive;
under tail-coverts buffy yellow; “iris brown; feet leaden blue; bill
black, flesh-colored below.”

MEASUREMENTS.
Exp.

No. Sex. Locality. Date. Wing, Tail Culs) Dar.
322rr5 o LaLajita, Rio Mato..... Oct; 28,1900. .....75. 60) Fig 17
33771 a IRIOMYUbUan tela ersieke soit Mar. I9, I910....70 58 13 17
SISIO MN Ge RIO, MULUATI 4 « 3c) ecle ooo ee Mar 28, 10TO....70 50. 4.) 17-5
33875 of Iai) WAliaiENioe cle ucobduT Apr. 6, 1I910....70 58 14 17

Remarks.—This species is evidently nearest to C. olivaceus (Tem-
minck) of southeastern Brazil, and may possibly have to stand as a
subspecies of that form. The color of the upper surface and wing-
coverts is the same in both, but in C. intermedius the under parts
generally are brighter (although not so bright as in C. e@quinoctialis),
while the chin and throat are paler and more yellowish. Moreover,
C. intermedius is a smaller bird, the bill in particular being smaller and
narrower. The four specimens above recorded are very uniform, and
obviously represent a form which is intermediate both in characters
and in range between C. @quinoctialis and C. olivaceus.

Myiobius modestus sp. nov.

Type, No. 33,605, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male;
Upata, Venezuela, February 22, 1910; M. A. Carriker, Jr.

Description.—Above dull greenish olive, the occiput with a partially
concealed patch of sulphur-yellow; rump primrose-yellow; longer
upper tail-coverts and tail black; wings and their coverts dusky

208 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

brown, margined externally with dull brownish olive; below pale
yellow (between primrose- and straw-yellow), brightest on the middle
of the abdomen, the throat, breast, and sides being shaded with buffy;
tibia and under tail-coverts brownish buffy; “iris brown; feet leaden
horn; bill black, flesh-color below.”

Measurements of type-—Wing, 62 mm.; tail, 60; exposed culmen,
10.5; tarsus, 18.

Remarks.—This form is based upon two adult and three immature
birds from San Felix, Altagracia, and Upata, localities in the region
lying immediately south of the Orinoco east of Ciudad Bolivar. These
are evidently the same as the two skins from Caicara (farther up the
Orinoco) doubtfully referred to Myiobius barbatus atricaudus Lawrence
by Messrs. Berlepsch and Hartert (Novitates Zoologice, IX, 1902,
49). Upon comparison with an ample series of the latter from Costa
Rica, however, they prove to be very distinct, being decidedly paler
olivaceous above, and more uniform below, with less of the buffy
suffusion on the breast and sides, and the tibia and under tail-coverts
much paler, more buffy. From true M. barbatus, of which I have
three examples before me, they are still more different, and may be
distinguished at a glance by their deep black tails. Unfortunately I
have been unable to compare them with M. ridgwayt Berlepsch, ‘but
the description of the latter differs in certain essential respects, and
it is moreover fair to presume that Messrs. Berlepsch and Hartert, in
the paper before referred to, would not have overlooked the possibility
of their specimens being referable to this form.

In my judgment Myiobius barbatus is specifically distinct from
M. atricaudus, from which the form here described may prove to be
merely subspecifically separable. Furthermore, Mr. Hellmayr has,
I think, gone too far in reducing M. mastacalis (Wied) (= M. xan-
thopygus (Spix)) to a subspecies of M. barbatus (cf. Abhandlungen K.
Bayer. Akademie Wissenschaften, Miinchen, KI. ii, XXII, 1906, 642).
However, as I have not yet had the opportunity of examining all of
the other described forms, I refrain for the present from formally
indicating my views on their exact relationships.

Myiochanes ardosiacus polioptilus subsp. nov.

Type, No. 36,457, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male;
Lagunita de Aroa, Estado Lara, Venezuela, December 29, 1910; M. A.
Carriker, Jr.

Topp: SEVENTEEN NEw NEOTROPICAL Birps. 209

Subs pecific characters —Similar to Myiochanes ardosiacus ardosiacus
(Lafresnaye) of Colombia, Ecuador, etc., but under parts averaging
paler and duller, the chin, upper throat, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts inclining to whitish, sometimes almost pure white, and the
outer web of the outer rectrices conspicuously margined with white.

Measurements of type-—Wing. 88 mm.; tail, 72; exposed culmen, 15;
tarsus, 13.5.

Remarks.—After examining a fair series of this interesting species
I am satisfied that the differences above pointed out are geographical
in their nature, and not due to either age or season. Immature birds
of both forms, indeed, have the wing-coverts more or less tipped with
whitish or buffy, but the subspecific characters still obtain. It is
further significant that of two individuals from the Paramo de Rosas,
taken at an elevation of between seven and eight thousand feet, one is
perfectly typical of MW. a. ardosiacus, while the other is intermediate.
Hence I infer that the form here described is characteristic of the lower
altitudes in northern Venezuela, but am unable to define the exact
limits of its range. None of the specimens of this species which I have
examined in this connection from Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia
show any approach to polioptilus in their characters. Lafresnaye’s
type was a ‘‘ Bogota”’ skin, and as he was careful to state that it had
no white on the parts which are of that color in Sayornis nigricans,
there can be no doubt as to the application of his name.

The present subspecies is based on five specimens from Lagunita de
Aroa and one from La Cumbre de Valencia, Estado Lara, Venezuela.

Myiodynastes chrysocephalus cinerascens subsp. nov.

Type, No. 37,168, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male;
Paramo de Rosas, Estado Lara, Venezuela, March 7, 1911; M. A.
Carriker, Jr.

Subspecific characters—Similar to examples of Myiodynastes
chrysocephalus chrysocephalus trom the Santa Marta district of
Colombia and lower altitudes in northern Venezuela, but entire upper
parts much grayer, the back with little greenish tinge, but instead
nearly concolorous with the crown; superciliaries pure white, with no
buffy tinge; crown-patch pure citron-yellow, with no orange tinge;
under parts less distinctly streaked, and decidedly paler, with less
buffy suffusion on the throat, the abdomen being much paler yellow
(between primrose- and sulphur-yellow) fading to pure white on the
under tail-coverts.

210 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Measurements of type.-—Wing, 105 mm.; tail, 87; exposed culmen,
20.5; tarsus, 18.

Remarks.—Although only a single specimen from the Paramo de
Rosas is available, this differs in so many important respects from a
large series from other localities with which I have compared it that
I have little hesitation in ascribing it to a heretofore unrecognized
alticoline form of Myiodynastes chrysocephalus. The series of the
latter examined includes a number of young birds, which are quite
different from the skin from the Paramo de Rosas, which is unquestion-
ably adult. In this series the back is decidedly olive-green, contrasting
strongly with the grayish crown, while the abdomen and under
tail-coverts are canary-yellow.

Myiodynastes chrysocephalus was originally described from Peru,
from which country I have been unable to examine any material in
this connection, but there are reasons for believing that when such
comes to hand it will be found that the ordinary bird of Venezuela and
Colombia is subspecifically separable. At any rate, it is certainly
different from the Ecuador bird, which Messrs. Taczanowski and
Berlepsch (Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1885, 91) have
described as a distinct subspecies, M. c. minor.

Machetornis rixosa flavigularis subsp. nov.

Type, No. 36,547, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Tocuyo,
Estado Lara, Venezuela, January 20, 1911; M. A. Carriker, Jr.

Subspecific characters—Similar to Machetornts rixosa rixosa (Vie-
illot) from Brazil, Bolivia, etc., but under parts brighter yellow, the
throat and breast but little paler than the abdomen; crown less
purely gray, contrasting less strongly with the back.

Measurements of type-—Wing, 97 mm.; tail, 78; exposed culmen, 20;
tarsus, 30.

Remarks.—This is a strikingly distinct form, perhaps entitled to
specific rank. The characters upon which it rests are very constant
in a series of twelve specimens from Venezuela (Orinoco valley and
the north coast) as compared with a similar series from Bolivia, Brazil,
Paraguay, and Argentina, in which the chin, cheeks, and throat are
white or creamy white, brightening into yellow only on the breast
and abdomen, instead of being decidedly yellow throughout. Four
examples from the Santa Marta region of, Colombia, although ob-
viously referable to flavigularis, are a little paler than the Venezuelan

Topp: SEVENTEEN New NEOTROPICAL BIRDS. PALA

skins. So far as I can discover all the names which have been be-
stowed upon this wide-ranging species pertain to the southern form.

Euchlornis aureipectus festiva subsp. nov.

Type, No. 35,220, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; La
Cumbre de Valencia, Venezuela, October 21, 1910; M. A. Carriker, Jr.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Euchlornis aureipectus aureipectus
(Lafresnaye), but averaging larger, and under parts in adult male
more extensively yellow, the green color of the sides of the breast and
abdomen more restricted.

. MEASUREMENTS.

Euchlornis aureipectus festiva:— if

No. Sex. Locality. Date. Wing. Tail. roe Tar
34951 o'im. La Cumbre de Valencia..Oct. 3,1910..95 68 I2 24
35220 o'’ad. La Cumbre de Valencia..Oct. 21, 1910..98 75 13 £423
35221 o'ad. La Cumbre de Valencia..Oct. 21, 1910..96 70 13 23
34950 Qad. La Cumbre de Valencia..Oct. 3,1910..98 70 12 23
34952 Qad. La Cumbre de Valencia..Oct. 3,1910..96 73 12 £22
35222 Qad. La Cumbre de Valencia..Oct. 21, 1910..93 70 13 #23

Euchlornis auretpectus aureipectus:—

Oa aden | (BORO meee iset note —————...93 65 II 22
36783 o'ad. Gularicot. faeca caters Keb) 3,.LO Dna. 60) OO mac 222
36856 o'ad. GilATiCom nen anes eerseie Feb. 8, 1911..93 67 i 21
BTEAQ) Sictad. —~Anzoateguil . so. 260685 Mara 45 [OED ..80.) 105 me L2.522
36784 Oradea, {GUaTICO.A.U. --1cisiarer 6 4% Heb. 3) 10Lr..00) 629) 11.5 25
36045 Q ad. (SUATACO)) .o..05 ess oo eye arte Heb; 15; LOrn...92, © OS II 22
37106 Gad) Anzoateguiy oo. 1.225 Mar -2.1Ort..03) 100) 120.22
Euchlornis aureipectus decora:—

w7O0 saciad..) | HlWibanow.. «ces Apr. 22, 1899..87 63 12 20.5
37683 o'ad. Cincinndtios tac n.che ase Junes 7, LOL. S4e8) OAN et 25 2055
37819 Oiadeae bas agus! ee June 26,1911..82 62 II 19
37820 oad. IDE CHALE al Cin is on anon June 26, 191r..86 64 II 20

8844 Grades ValpataisOin.2s. ss cele. « May 26, 1899..84 62 12 20
37792 Clad Je eaSt Lagasse sei. aise June I9, I91It..84 64 II 21

Remarks.—That the form of Euchlornis aureipectus inhabiting the
coast region of northern Venezuela should prove to be different from
that found in the higher elevations of the interior is not surprising, in
view of the fact that several other birds have been found to vary in the
same limits. This species was described from ‘‘ Bogota,’’ Colombia,

1 Collection American Museum.

ie, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and the types, now in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural
History, were examined by Mr. Bangs when he discriminated the Santa
Marta form under the name decora (Proceedings Biological Society
of Washington, XIII, 1899, 98). A small series of this latter form
which I have studied in this connection exhibits the characters pointed
out by Mr. Bangs when compared with a similar series from Guarico
and Anzoategui, Venezuela, and a single skin from ‘‘ Bogota,’’ Co-
lombia. Hence I infer that these represent true aureipectus. The
La Cumbre birds, however, are still larger, and the yellow of the throat
and breast in the males is continued over the abdomen, with scarcely
a suggestion of the break so prominent in the other two forms, in
which the green color of the sides of the breast tends to form a sort
of half-collar. The females apparently have no color-characters, but
are larger than the same sex of the other two forms.

Piaya rutila panamensis subsp. nov.

Type, No. 7,100, Collection E. A. and O. Bangs (now in the Museum
of Comparative Zoélogy), adult male; Loma del Leon, Panama, March
10, 1900; W. W. Brown, Jr.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Piaya rutila rutila (Iliger), but
cinnamon-rufous of breast more restricted, passing abruptly into
hair-brown on the abdomen, which in turn deepens into slaty brown
on the under tail-coverts.

Measurements of tvpe.-—Wing, 102 mm.; tail, 144; exposed culmen,
17.5; tarsus, 24.5.

Remarks.—Comparison of a series of Piaya rutila from Panama with
another from Venezuela, Trinidad, and Cayenne shows that the former
differs constantly in the respects above pointed out. In P. rutila
rutila (type locality Cayenne) the posterior under parts are much
browner, less grayish, while the cinnamon-rufous of the breast often
invades the abdomen. All of the synonyms of P. rutila apparently
apply to the typical form with the exception of Coccysusa gracilis
Heine (Journal fiir Ornithologie, 1863, 356), which specific name may
be retained for the Ecuador bird, which seems to differ in its paler
coloration, judging from the examples I have seen.

For the privilege of describing this new form I am indebted to Mr.
Outram Bangs.

Topp : SEVENTEEN NEw NEOTROPICAL BIRDS. 213

Penelope colombiana sp. nov.

Type, No. 37,840, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Las
Taguas (near Santa Marta), Colombia, June 27, 1911; M. A. Car-
riker, Jr.

Description —General color of upper parts dark glossy olive,
inclining to bronzy on the scapulars, each feather laterally edged with
white or buffy white; rump and upper tail-coverts chestnut, faintly
mottled with darker color; primaries and their coverts dusky olive,
externally margined with gray; secondaries and their coverts bronzy
olive, the lesser and median coverts laterally edged with whitish like
the feathers of the back, and the greater coverts edged externally
with wood-brown; elongated feathers of crown and nape dusky olive,
margined with grayish white; no conspicuous superciliary or malar
stripes, but this latter region dusky gray; throat naked (scarlet in
life); breast dark glossy olive, becoming bronzy posteriorly, each
feather laterally margined with white; abdomen more rusty, deepening
into chestnut on the tibiz and under tail-coverts, which are obscurely
barred with dusky; under wing-coverts dusky olive; tail dark glossy
olive above, dusky below, the middle rectrices coppery bronze, and
all broadly tipped with chestnut, usually with faint dusky vermicu-
lations; ‘‘bill blackish horn; iris brown; feet salmon-red’”’ or ‘“‘scarlet
salmon.”’

MEASUREMENTS.
Exp.
No. Sex. Locality. Date. Wing. Tail. Cul. Tar.
8766 of Walparaisons. 52 + March 10, 1899...257 285 29 «©6660
8767 Q Wal patdisOrerciarr ir March 13, 1899. ..253 250s 2OumE5O
37608 2 Cimeinnatikyar. sve cetes' June 8, TOT. ..244)" 234 «28 52
37840 Ga laspbarlase cee ee: [pba Are avoneien 7/6} 280 30 59

Remarks.—This fine new species has heretofore been confused with
Penelope argyrotis (Bonaparte) of northern Venezuela, from which
it is perfectly distinct, as shown by a comparison of specimens. In
P. argyrotis the feathers of the crest are much broader, blunter, and
browner, and only those growing on the forehead are margined with
grayish white, while in the new species these feathers are linear and
acuminate, and all margined with grayish white for their entire length.
Moreover, the grayish white superciliary and malar stripes, so con-
spicuous in P. argyrotis, are entirely wanting in P. colombiana, these
parts being almost the same as the crown. In the latter, also, the

214 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

feathers of the neck and mantle are more conspicuously edged (later-
ally) with white, and the middle rectrices are decidedly more coppery,
while all are broadly tipped with chestnut, instead of narrowly tipped
with buffy rufous, as in argyrotis. The abdomen and tibie are also
decidedly more rufescent than in the latter form.

Bonaparte’s original description of Pzipile argyrotis (Comptes
Rendus de l’ Académie des Sciences, XLII, 1856, 875) is very brief and
unsatisfactory, but the species was later identified by Messrs. Sclater
and Salvin (Proceedings Zoélogical Society of London, 1870, 528) from
an examination of some of his authentic specimens. Meanwhile it
had been given two other names. Penelope montana Reichenow
(Tauben, 1862, 151, ex Lichtenstein, MS.), and Penelope lichtensteinii
Gray (Proceedings Zoélogical Society of London, 1860, 269), both based
upon material from Venezuela.

For comparison I have had five skins of P. argyrotis from Las
Quiguas and La Cumbre de Valencia, Venezuela. As yet I have
seen no specimens of P. colombiana except from the Santa Marta
district of Colombia, but its range may possibly be much more ex-
tensive.

VIII. DR. DAVID ALTER, A NEARLY FORGOTTEN PENN-
SYLVANIAN, WHO WAS THE FIRST DISCOVERER
OF SPECTRUM ANALYSIS.!

By W. J. HoLianp.

A few years ago Dr. Frank Cowan of Greensburg, Pennsylvania,
died, and through the kindness of a friend, who had known him for
many years, the Carnegie Museum came into possession of his sci-
entific collections. Among his treasures was a prism, which I have
the pleasure of exhibiting. It was made out of a piece of glass which
composed a part of a large mass found in the ruins of Bakewell’s
glasshouse after the disastrous fire, which on April roth, 1845, nearly
destroyed the city of Pittsburgh. It was made by Dr. David Alter,
of Freeport, Pennsylvania, a physician of inquiring and ingenious
mind, who was early in life attracted to the study of electricity and
chemistry, having as a boy read the story of Franklin, and who, quite
independently, and yet in fact before the discovery of Morse, invented
a crude system of telegraphing.

There was no connection between himself and Morse, and Dr. Alter
was most emphatic in disclaiming any credit for the introduction of
the telegraphic apparatus which the genius of Morse evolved.

In the year 1853, Dr. Alter having made the prism, which I hold in
my hand, began a series of experiments an account of which was
published in November, 1854, in Silliman’s American Journal of
Science and Art, Second Series, Volume XVIII, p. 55. The title of
the article is as follows:

“Article VI.—On certain Physical Properties of Light produced
by the combustion of different metals in the Electric Spark, re-
fracted by a prism; by David Alter, M.D., Freeport, Penn.”

He began his article by saying: ‘‘ We are indebted to the celebrated
Mr. Frauenhofer for the fact that the solar spectrum is covered by
numerous fixed lines, and that the light of some of the fixed stars
differs from that of the sun in the number and situation of these lines.

1 Read before the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia on the morning

of the Centenary meeting, March 20, 1912.
215

216 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

In order to see some of these lines without the aid of a telescope, I
ground a prism of flint glass with a large refracting angle (74°).”

He then proceeds to state the results of his observations upon
sunlight, upon the light of a petroleum lamp, a tallow candle, the flame
of alcohol, the electrical spark, and the various metals when subjected
to the action of powerful electrical discharges, such as silver, copper,
zinc, lead, tin, iron, bismuth, antimony, and brass (an alloy of copper
and zinc), and an alloy of copper and silver.

He describes with minute particularity the appearance of the
spectrum and the Frauenhofer lines when the light is affected by the
presence of the various substances with which he experimented.

In May, 1855, there appeared in the same journal, 2nd Series, Vol.
XIX, p. 213, an article the caption of which is as follows:

“ Article X XI.—On Certain Physical Properties of the Light of
the Electric Spark with certain Gases, as seen through a Prism,
by D. Alter, M.D., Freeport, Pennsylvania.”

In this article he clearly points out the applicability of the method
of spectrum analysis to celestial phenomena. He says, ‘The colors
also, observed in the aurora borealis, probably indicate the elements
involved in that phenomenon. The prism may also detect the
elements in shooting stars, or luminous meteors.’’ Accompanying
this article the author sent to Dr. Silliman two daguerreotypes of the
dark lines in the solar spectrum which he had made. The art of
photography had not advanced beyond daguerreotyping in those days.

And now it is interesting to know that these articles of Dr. Alter
were reproduced in foreign scientific journals in abstract or their
entirety. A half page abstract of the first article was published in the
Jahresbericht der Chemie of Liebig & Kopp for the year 1854, p. 118;
the second paper was reproduced in its entirety in L’/nstitut of Paris
in the year 1856, p. 156, and in the Twenty-ninth Volume of the
Archives des Sciences Phvsiques et Naturelles, p. 151, published in
Geneva. An annotated abstract of the second article appeared in
Liebig & Kopp’s Jahresbericht der Chemie for the year 1855, p. 107.
In the latter special attention is called to Dr. Alter’s statement that
it is possible by means of the spectrum to distinguish gases as well as
metals.

It was not until the year 1859 that announcement was made of
Kirchhoff’s discovery that Frauenhofer’s lines were due to the presence
of various elements in the sun.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. V!

Prism made

II.

by

Dr. David

with which he made

Alter, of Freeport,

his experiments in

te XV.

yl

HouLitanpD: Dr. Davin ALTER. 217

My good friend Cowan in his pamphlet, which he gave forth in 1894,
and which is now rare and hard to obtain, reflects severely upon
Kirchhoff’s failure to allude in any way to Dr. Alter’s discoveries,
which clearly antedated his own by five years, and which Dr. Cowan is
inclined to think must have been known to the distinguished German
physicist. Be that as it may, it is established by testimony which
cannot be controverted, that five years before Kirchhoff announced
the possibility of determining the existence of various substances in
the solar photosphere, a modest and unassuming investigator, living
in the retirement of a small village on the banks of the Allegheny,
definitely described the possibility of determining various metals and
gases by their lines in the spectrum, and had pointed out that this
method of investigation might be employed in the case of heavenly
bodies, and had succeeded in daguerreotyping the lines in the solar
spectrum.

Priestley, one of the fathers of modern chemistry, sleeps the long
sleep on the banks of one of the beautiful rivers of this commonwealth;
and Alter, the first discoverer of spectrum-analysis, also rests beneath
the sods of this state, on the banks of another of its fair streams, to
which the French long ago gave the name of ‘“‘la belle riviére.”’

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Silliman’s American Journal of Science & Art, 2d Series, Volume XVIII,
p. 55 (November, 1854).

2. Silliman’s American Journal of Science & Art, 2d Series, Volume XIX, p. 213.

3. Liebig & Kopp, Jahresbericht der Chemie for the year 1854, p. 118.

4. Liebig & Kopp, Jahresbericht der Chemie for the year 1855, p. 107.

L’Institut, Paris, 1856, p. 156.

Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, Geneva, p. 151 (1856).

Evening Telegraph of Pittsburgh, Oct. 11, 1881, ‘““A Dead Philosopher. Dr.
Alter’s Life and Labors,’’ by Dr. Frank Cowan of Greensburg, Pa. Sub-

aun

~I

sequently reissued in pamphlet form by Dr. Cowan from his private press
at Greensburg under the title “David Alter, the Discoverer of Spectrum
Analysis—A Sketch of his Life and Labors,”’ pp. 16 (1894).

8. ‘‘ Dr. David Alter: Scientist, Discoverer of Spectrum Analysis and Inventor of
the First Electric Telegraph and Electric Motor.” By James B. Laux.
Published in the Freeport Journal, June 2, 1911. (Upon the occasion of the
erection by his townsmen of a monument in memory of Dr. Alter.)

IX. TWO MUMMY-LABELS IN THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.*
By PRroFESSOR HAMILTON ForD ALLEN.
(Plates XVI and XVII.)

Mummy-labels,! which were attached to mummies for purposes of
identification, were used in Egypt mainly in the second and third cen-
turies of the Romanrule, though Krebs? assigns one to the fourth cen-
tury. Very few of the labels are dated, but, of those which bear a date,
the earliest is from the reign of Trajan and the latest from the “‘ year 1”’
of the reign of Macrianus and Quietus.’ These tickets were attached
to mummies sent by water to some necropolis, where they were kept
before burial, and, if more than the simple particulars were needed, a
papyrus screed was sent with the body. The majority of the bodies
thus tagged were those of Egyptians of the middle and lower classes,
and the labels are written mainly in Demotic, Demotic and Greek, or
in Greek alone. The Demotic form in addition to the particulars
which are also given in Greek, makes some mention of a god in a
prayer or ascription of praise.

The fullest form of the Greek label is Eis (place-name) tady Tod
(or THs) detva Tod (viov) or THs (Ovyatpos) detva pntpos deiva azo (place-
name) €tov (€Biwoer éTn) 0 (or other letters to represent the number
of years). This is the fullest form of the label, but the form which
occurs most frequently omits the names of the places to which the
mummy is to be sent and from which it comes, and leaves out the
word tad7 as well, so that there is left the name of the dead with the
names of the father and mother and the number of years lived. But
the name of the father or mother, or of both, may be omitted, and the
number of years lived may be left out, till nothing is left but the name
of the dead.

When the word tay is omitted from the beginning, the name of the
dead may be in the genitive case, as @edvovs,4 or TaBavaBpios, or it

* Read before the Archeological Institute of America, December 27, IgII.

1H. R. Hall, Proceedings of the Society for Biblical Archeology, 1905, pp. 13-20,
48-56, 83-91, II5-122, 159-165.

2 Krebs, “‘Griechische Mumienetiketten aus A*gypten,’’ Zeitschrift fiir Aigypt-
ische Sprache und Altertumskunde, vol. XXXII (1894), pp. 36 ff.

3 Spiegelberg, ‘‘ A®gyptische und Griechische Eigennamen aus Mumienetiketten
der Ré6mischen Kaiserzeit,’’ Leipzig, 1901, p. 3.

4 This and the following are given by Hall, numbers 18, 22, 21, 5.

218

ALLEN: Two MumMMmy-—-ILABELS IN THE CARNEGIE Museum. 219

~

may be in the nominative case, as TBijots bvy (arnp) TBycwews Avy (urpos)
“PodoxAelas, or Taueve, because the writer does not think of the loss of
tady. Since the writer does not know Greek declension he gives the
to him common form of the nominative used without declension; for
there were very few Greeks among those who bore these labels. If
we have a Greek unilingual label we may be able to find the Egyptian
form of the name from its occurrence in some bilingual (Demotic
and Greek) label, or in some unilingual (Demotic) label, or on an
ostrakon, or in some papyrus. But when all these aids fail and we
can not establish any combination of Egyptian words or sounds which
the name might represent we must leave the question open for a
later day to settle.

Occasionally the title® or calling of the dead is given after his name,
as dyopavopos, ypapparers, iepevs, tpopytys, TAWHEvTys, etc.

Though the fullest form of label, and the simplest form, which gives
merely the name of the dead, seem to be the least frequent, the content
of the inscriptions varies considerably, the variation being due perhaps
to differences of time and place. For example the method of noting
the number of years lived varies as follows, ¢Biwoev érn, €Biwoev érav,
éBiwce ws éetTav, Biocavtos evwuvTod, ws érdv, érav, and L. (the sign for
érov), while the number of years is either represented by letters and
symbols, or by words (€vavrov €vos Hutoovs), or by both together.

According to Hall a majority of the mummy-labels in the museums
are from Akhmim (Panopolis) and Bompaé (Sfihag), though this
is merely due to chance, Bompaé, Psonis and other towns being near
Akhmim. But Schmidt® savs that only a small part of the labels
sold as ‘‘from Achmim”’ are really from that place, the majority being
from Athribis (Sohag), the present Schech Hammed.

The specimen contained in the Carnegie Museum which is repre-
sented on Plate XVI, is a wooden tablet,’ perforated at one end,
13.5 X 6 centimeters in size. .The inscription is in Demotic and Greek
written lengthwise. The label is very black, provenance unknown.

5 Spiegelberg, p. 71*.

6 Carl Schmidt, ‘‘Ein Griechisches Mumienetikett aus Achmin,”’ Zeitschr. f.
Zigypl. Spr. u. Altertumskunde, vol. XXXIV (1896), pp. 79-81.

7 Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa., Accession Number 4599. Because of the
light yellow color of the wood the inscription could not be made clear in a photo-

graph. The illustration is from a copy made by Mr. Sidney Prentice, the draughts-
man of the Museum.

220 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

The Greek inscription is as follows:

Tlopovavos “Apeundios pytpos TByavs éBiooey L (ern) N(= 50).
(Burial) of Porousis (the son) of Haremephis (and) of (his)
mother Tbesis. He lived fifty years.

The translation of the Demotic is as follows:

His soul lives before Osiris—

Sokar, the great god, the lord of Abydos, Pe-worschi,
the son of Har-méhef. His mother (was) Te-bés.
He died with fifty years.

In this label, though the word ta@y is omitted from the beginning,
Ilopovovs, the name of the dead, is in the genitive case. Ilopoters is
the Grecized form of the Demotic Pe-worschi=He (who belongs to
the) Watcher, Watcher being an epithet of Osiris.8 Spiegelberg does
not give this form of the name (and I have not found it in the few books
at my disposal), though he gives other names formed with the same
root. Apeyndis is a common enough name? It is the Greek form
of Har-m¢hef =Horus fills him. TPyovs, the name of the mother, is
also common.” It is for the Egyptian Te-bés=She (who belongs to
the god) Bes. We have also the simple form Byos," without the
feminine demonstrative, and the forms Bys, Byoas, SevBnows (daughter
of Bow), SepevBnows, and Tafys.

The specimen represented on Plate XVII is a wooden tablet,”
perforated at one end, 12 X 6 centimetersin size. The inscription is
in Greek incised crosswise, provenance unknown.

The inscription is as follows:

Txovadaretvelt “Exoviyou érav 10,
Tkoualateine (wife or daughter) of Eponychos of years 19.

*Exovvyxos is a common name, occurring frequently in the indices of
the various collections ot papyri and of Wilcken’s Griechische Ostraka.
According to Wessely! it is from the Demotic Efonch (=he lives),

8 Spiegelberg, p. 20*, No. 147, and p. 65*, No. 468.

9 Hall, No. 50; Krebs, No. 35, 70, and Spiegelberg, p. 2*, a dozen times.

10 Hall, No. 10; Spiegelberg, No. 369 and 369a.

11 Spiegelberg, No. 39-43, 264, 364 (p. 45*), 328.

2 Carnegie Museum, Accession Number 1917; photograph of the original.

18 Of the one hundred and seventeen labels given by Spiegelberg in his plates but
four are written crosswise.

14 The o in the second line of the inscription must be read as ¢; for the bar of the e,
which the maker forgot to incise, may still be seen on the label. Similar omissions
are found in Le Blant, Tablai Egyptiennes, Revue Archéologique, N.S., vol. XXVIII
(1874) and XXIX (1875), No. 29; and in Hall, No. 15.

10 Studien zur Paleographie und Papyruskunde, Leipzig, I901, p. 41. Cf.
Spiegelberg, p. 10*.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol VIII Plate XVI

+10 ‘povcpoc pear ep loc)
Aap 0 OF RH 7 0K :
ae ce Lear :

43 oniiet siz | 41 >
ior ~ Ix reilP Wr >.
5 HG St 8 Artes F i ©
: $_l2_} A a5

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate XVII.

Wooden Mummy-label. (Carn. Mus. Acc. No. 1917.)

ALLEN: Two MumMmy—LABELS IN THE CARNEGIE’ Museum, 221

This appears as a proper name, EBwvx, in Crum’s Coptic Ostraca.™
Wessely says that the name appeared as Edévvxos, Edovuxos, Edovixou,
and later, when it was related to the Greek ovvé, the form ’ Erwverxos
arose. In Achmim the forms ‘Exovvyos, "Exdovuy, Exdévvy were used;
in the Fayum ‘Ambyxis, Aréyxes, Amiyyis, Amdovex, Ivyyis;, in Oxy-
rhynchos ‘Addyyxis, Taaddyxes, “Aadyxis,

TkovaAatetve, however, seems to be an unusual name. In it we
may have T, the feminine demonstrative, as in the name Te-bés of
the first label given above, and xova suggests the Coptic koui (=little),
which would give Tkoua, The little one. What then is Aareve? In
this one is tempted to see Latina, added, for some unknown reason, as
an epithet of Tkoua; or ‘pareve (=€parewy, lovely or beloved) by
apheresis” of initial « after final a, change of p to A, and final € for 7.
Such a use of €parewy would be somewhat analogous to the use of
etyiyer, evporpe,!8 ex” ayabe,! eis deiuvnotov TO dvopa, in mummy-
labels as well as in inscriptions on Greek graves. It is an objection to
this theory, however, that these formule stand at the end of the
inscription, rather than after the name of the dead.

Neither of these suggestions can be considered as certain.” It will
be better to consider TkovaAareive merely as a proper name and leave
the solution of its form and meaning to the time when more of the
very numerous” mummy-labels have been published and our knowledge
of Egyptian proper names is established on a broader foundation.

WASHINGTON AND JEFFERSON COLLEGE,
WASHINGTON, Pa.,
January 27, IQIt.

16 London, 1902.

“Cf. Mayser, ‘““Grammatik der Griechischen Papyri aus der Ptolemiaerzeit,’’
Leipzig, 1906, pp. 144, 188, 62.

18 Goodspeed, ‘‘Mélanges Nicole,’’ p. 180.

18 Spiegelberg, Plate XXX, No. 99.

20 Le Blant, No. 35.

*1 Dr. Preisigke, of Strassburg, writes, ‘‘The name TkovadXaretve is new to me
as well as to Professor Spiegelberg, to whom I showed it. Ido not consider €patecv7
possible. The text in such mummy-labels cannot be exactly determined.” Dr:
Wessely writes, “j'y trouve l'élément dvadar(e)ive valatine, c’est a dire le nom

ae ._ TKou(t) : rh sie :

deformé Valentin; ( —simplement écrit Tkova\ar(e).ve—signifierait alors
ovaarive

“la petite Valentin."’ Dr. Schubart suggests that the name may possibly be the

Latin Collatina with the Egyptian article.
*2 Spiegelberg, p. v, note 4.

X. NOTES UPON THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF THE
NAJADES.

By ARNOLD E. ORTMANN, PH.D.
(Plates XVIII-XX.)

In accordance with the observations recorded in a number of shorter
notes on the Najades published recently by the writer (Ortmann,
1910a, 1910b, 1910c, 1910d, 19I1Ia) it is evident that the system of
Simpson (1900b) should be thoroughly revised, and that the soft
parts of every species of mussels should be studied. In preparation
for a monograph of the Najades of Pennsylvania this has been done
by the writer, and the general results have been recently published
in the first part of this work (Ortmann, 1911d). But since it will take
some time before the subsequent parts, dealing with the single species,
will be ready for publication, and since the writer has examined, in
addition, a great number of species not found in Pennsylvania, it
seems well to publish these results as early as possible, combining the
same with an attempt to rearrange the system to suit the new points
of view. In the present paper, a general synopsis of the system will
be given, in it assigning to each species, which has been examined, its
proper place.

Remarks as to the Figures.—For the majority of the genera, text-
figures have been introduced to illustrate their principal characters.
If possible, the type-species has been selected. These figures have
been drawn from actual specimens, and are about natural size, but
they have been generalized and are of a diagrammatic character, the
chief features being emphasized. This refers chiefly to the gill-fila-
ments (where they are given, as in the Margaritanide) and the septa.
The latter always are heavier than in nature, to bring out their charac-
teristic features. In all figures the lettering is uniform, and the letters
have the following meaning:

an = anal opening; o = outer gill;
br = branchial opening; p = pes (foot);
f =flapsof margin of mantle; pp = papillae on margin of mantle;

1 = inner gill; sa@ = supra-anal opening.
mp = marsupium;
999

el el ed

s

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 223

The main figure always represents the soft parts seen from the left
side, with the left half of the mantle removed.

The Najades have been divided into three families: Margaritanide,
Unionide, Mutelide. The first is holarctic; the second is known from
Eurasia and North America, but probably exists also in Africa; the
third is restricted to Africa and South America.!

Family I. MARGARITANID& Ortmann.

Diaphragm incomplete, formed only by the gills: outer lamina of
outer gills only in part connected with the mantle, posteriorly free
for a considerable distance. Anterior end of inner gills separated
from the palpi by a wide gap. The margins of the mantle do not unite
or approach each other anywhere, and there is no tendency to form
branchial and anal siphons, and no supra-anal opening is present.
Gills without water-tubes, interlamellar connections irregularly scat-
tered, or forming irregular, oblique rows, or incomplete septa, which
run obliquely to the direction of the gill-flaments. Marsupium formed
by all four gills. Glochidia small, semicircular and globular, without
hooks, but with irregular small teeth at the ventral margin.

Family II. UNIoN1ID2 Swainson (restricted).

Diaphragm complete, formed only by the gills: the outer lamina of
the outer gills connected with the mantle at its posterior end. An-
terior end of inner gills separated from the palpi by a more or less wide
gap. Margins of the mantle drawn together by the gill-diaphragm,
but not united, thus separating the anal from the branchial opening,
and the anal is generally closed above by the union of the margins of
the mantle (it rarely remains open), and, when closed, it always
leaves a supra-anal opening (which is very rarely obliterated). Gills
always with water-tubes, formed by interlamellar connections de-
veloped as continuous septa, running parallel to the gill-filaments.
Marsupium formed by all four gills, or by the outer gills alone, or
by parts of the outer gills. Glochidia of various shapes, suboval,

subtriangular, or celt-shaped, with or without hooks on the ventral
margin.

1 The writer is convinced that the Najades will prove to be a most important
group for the reconstruction of the ancient geographical features of the earth.
As long as our knowledge of the systematic relations was obscure, or even directly
wrong, any attempt in this direction must have been a failure.

224 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

This family is divided into three subfamilies, as follows:

I. Subfamily UNIoNIN« Ortmann.

Rarely no supra-anal opening formed, it is generally.present, sep-
arated from the anal opening by a shorter or moderately long mantle-
connection. Marsupium formed by all four gills or by the two outer
ones, when charged, only moderately swollen, and its edge not dis-
tending. No secondary water-tubes developed within the marsupium.
Glochidia rather small, or of medium size, subovate, without hooks;
or subtriangular, with hooks.

2. Subfamily ANODONTIN Ortmann.

Supra-anal opening always well separated from the anal opening,
often by a very long mantle-connection. Marsupium formed only
by the two outer gills, when charged, greatly swollen, and an extra
thickness of tissue at the edge permitting the gills to distend. Within
the marsupial gill, the water-tubes are divided during the breeding
season into two lateral (secondary) water-tubes lying toward each
face of the gill, and a central ovisac, which is closed at the base of the
marsupium. Glochidia rather large, subtriangular, with hooks.

3. Subfamily LAMPSILIN2® Ortmann.

Supra-anal opening always separated from the anal opening by a
mantle-connection of medium length, rarely entirely closed. Mar-
supium formed by the two outer gills, or by parts of the latter, gener-
ally situated in their posterior portion. When charged, the marsupium
extends beyond the original edge of the gill, an extra thickness of
tissue at the edge permitting a bulging out. Water-tubes of mar-
supium not subdivided, when charged. Often special structures
(papille or flaps) on the edge of the mantle, chiefly of the female, in
front of the branchial opening. Glochidia of various sizes and shapes,
small to rather large, either subovate, without hooks, or celt-shaped,
with two spines on each valve.

Family II]. MutTELip# Gray (emended).?
Diaphragm complete, formed anteriorly by the gills, posteriorly by
a firm union of the margins of the mantle. Anterior end of inner gills

2 As has been stated in a previous publication (Ortmann, to1ta), the nomencla-
ture of this family and its subfamilies is only provisional, until additional genera
(chiefly Mutela itself) have been investigated.

ORTMANN; FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 225

in contact with the palpi. Branchial and anal siphon sharply sepa-
rated by the union of the margins of the mantle. Anal opening open,
or closed above, in the latter case without forming a supra-anal open-
ing. In some genera the margins of the mantle unite also in front of
the branchial opening. Gills with very indistinct intercommunicating
water-tubes, and interrupted interlamellar connections; or with well-
developed water-tubes and septa, parallel to the filaments. Mar-
supium formed only by the inner gills. The Jarve are glochidia or
lasidia.
This family is divided into two subfamilies.

1. Subfamily HyriuNna® Ortmann.

Anal opening closed above. Marsupium with septa-like, inter-
rupted, interlamellar connections, forming incomplete, communicating
water-tubes. Non-marsupial gills with poorly developed interlamellar
connections. Larva a glochidium.

2. Subfamily MUTELIN«% Ortmann.
Anal opening open or closed. Marsupium with well-developed,
continuous septa, forming well-defined water-tubes; also non-marsupial
gills with septa and water-tubes. Larva a lasidium (?).

There is no doubt, that of these three families that of the Margari-
tanide@ is the most ancient; the lack of any tendency to form siphons,
the incomplete diaphragm, the absence of real septa and water-tubes
in the gills, the absence of a division of function in the gills (all four
gills in the female are used both for breathing and for receiving the
eggs), are peculiarities, which establish the primitive character of this
family.

The forward step in the development of the Unionid@ consists
chiefly in the specialization of the marsupial structure. In the most
primitive forms, all four gills are used as marsupia, but later on a
division of labor is effected, so that in the female some gills serve only
the purpose of respiration, while others, or parts of them, become
organs used in propagation. But always, in this family, the inner
structure of the gills is more complex than in the Margaritanide,
which is expressed, by the development of septa and water canals;

8 In Margaritana monodonta a slight tendency is shown to develop septa, but

here the septa are entirely different from those of the Unionide, not running parallel
to the gill-filaments, as in the latter, but diagonally to them.

226 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and secondly by the fact that the structure of the marsupium in the
Unionide becomes highly specialized, or, to express it concisely,
this family makes a special effort to bring the marsupial apparatus
to the highest degree of efficiency. All differentiation is connected
with two purposes: the lengthening of the breeding season, and the
change of the discharge of the glochidia from a ‘

ay

‘natural”’ to an “un-
natural’’ manner, if such an expression may be allowed. As regards
the first, the subfamily of the Unionine is as yet in an undifferenti-
ated condition, possessing a short breeding season (being tachytictic),
without specialization.4. But in the Anodontine and Lampsiline the
breeding season is extended over the winter and the glochidia, after
they are fully developed, are not discharged immediately, but retained
for a long period in the marsupium (bradytictic). This renders it
necessary to develop special devices in the marsupium, and the most
urgent need apparently is to provide the necessary oxygen for the
glochidia enclosed in the marsupia. It is now interesting to observe
how this purpose is accomplished in two different ways by the two
subfamilies. In the Anodontine, the Jateral, secondary water-tubes
cut off from the central ovisac, undoubtedly have the purpose of
keeping up a lively current of water around the swollen marsupial
mass. Nothing similar to this is known in the Lampsiline, but in
the case of these the whole marsupium bulges out beyond the original
edge of the gill, and this bulging mass is enclosed in a rather thin
membrane, favoring osmotic processes. Further, there is a tendency
to locate the marsupium in the posterior part of the gill, and to push
it toward the lower posterior end of the shell, so that it is close to the
branchial opening, where fresh and pure water enters the animal.
In addition, a number of the Lampsiline develop special papilla and
flaps on the edge of the mantle, just at the place toward which the
marsupium is pushed, and these structures surely have the purpose
of producing a lively current of water over the marsupium. Further-
more, the thin membrane enveloping the protruding part of the
marsupium, and its position near the branchial opening, are apparently
connected with the peculiar discharge of the glochidia in the Lamp-
siline, which is through the edge of the marsupium, through holes

4 Haas (1910e, p. 19) comparing the marsupium of Anodonta and Unio expresses
the opinion that that of Anodonta is more primitive than that of Unio, which is
entirely erroneous: just the opposite is the case, that of Anodonta being much more

complex and specialized. As long as views like this prevail, we cannot expect to
arrive at a proper understanding of the system of the Najades.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 227

which form there for this purpose. This ‘“‘unnatural’’ discharge is
known only in the Lampsiline, and is unknown in the Anodontine and
Unionine. Finally the family of the Unionide differs from the
Margaritanide and is more highly advanced in the formation of rudi-
mentary siphons. But in this respect this family is not very progres-
sive. It has the anal and branchial openings separated only by the
(complete) gill-diaphragm, and in addition, it has the anal closed above,
thus giving it an incomplete tubular shape. Beyond this, there is no
progress in this family. The presence of a supra-anal opening is, in
my opinion, only incidental to the closing of the anal.

The members of the third family, the Mutelid@, have gone in another
direction in their development. If the expression may be permitted,
they lay chief stress upon the better development of the siphons, while
in the differentiation of the gill-functions they have started out from
the beginning with another idea, which, however, has not attained a
very high degree of perfection. With regard to this it may be said
that they have restricted the marsupial function to the inner gills,
and very likely the anterior connection of these gills with the palpi is
incidental to this function. Not much advance is to be observed in
the gill structure, and only two types are met: incomplete septa and
intercommunicating water-tubes (a rather primitive condition) in
one group (Hyriine); and complete septa and water-tubes in the other
group (Muteline). Very likely the latter structures are not homolo-
gous to the septa and water-tubes of the Unionidae, but have been ac-
quired independently, since their finer structure is different. With
regard to the siphons, which attain within this family their highest
perfection among the Najades, we have first of all a complete separa-
tion of anal and branchial openings by a firm mantle-connection,
which forms the posterior continuation of the gill-diaphragm, and in
addition we have a tendency to close both the anal above, and the
branchial below, by mantle connections. It is true that this tendency
is not yet perfect in many Mutelide, but it is developed within this
family, so that in the most highly specialized genera we have two real;
tubular siphons, formed by complete coalescence of the edges of the
mantle.

I think the above account of the phylogenetic tendencies within
the various divisions of the Najades will make it clear that the mor-
phological characters upon which our new system is founded are

228 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

’

characters which are essential, since they indicate the various ‘ideas’
in the specialization within each group, and advance our understanding
of the phylogenetic progress and the systematic affinities of the Na-
jades.

It may not be amiss to point out that it is absolutely impossible to
recognize this system in the characters of the hard parts, the shells.
It is true that certain types of shell are characteristic within smaller
groups, and that there are cases, where we are able to recognize a genus,
for instance, by the shape of the shell. But if we come to compare
the subfamilies and families, we find that various types of shell turn
up in them again and again. This goes so far that certain species
resemble each other so much externally that they have been confused
or placed together even by our greatest authorities, while they actually
may belong to entirely different groups according to the soft parts.
For this reason I have deliberately omitted to give shell characters for
the families and subfamilies, for this is simply impossible.

One character of the shells, however, may be of greater value, and
this is the beak-sculpture. As will be seen below, I shall use it re-
peatedly for the definition of genera. But it has been largely misunder-
stood, and is even now not very clear. Simpson, in distinguishing a
concentric and a radial beak-sculpture, made a great mistake in uniting
under the latter two types of sculpture, the radial and the zig-zag,
while he united the double-looped with the concentric sculpture.
According to my studies, which, however, are not yet fully satis-
factory, the following seem to be the real conditions: The original and
simplest beak-sculpture consists of concentric bars. A few (one to
two) of them are, when the beaks are well preserved, always present,
even in zig-zag or radially sculptured beaks. In many forms other
bars of the same character are added, and no complications are ob-
served. In other forms the later bars become double-looped. This
character is generally inaugurated by the fact that the posterior part
of the simple bar, which lies upon the posterior ridge of the shell, is
emphasized. It becomes more pronounced, often tuberculiform, and
is drawn out in the direction of the posterior ridge, toward the lower
posterior angle of the shell. This produces an angular projection in
the posterior part of the original bar, which by contrast with the
anterior part, which does not project, gives the appearance of the bar
consisting of two parts, or two loops, till we finally come to a beak-
sculpture which distinctly consists of a double loop, the two parts

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 229

separated by a distinct reéntering angle. In some forms these two
parts become tuberculiform, and the connecting bars disappear, so
that the beak sculpture appears composed of isolated tubercles (Unio
pictorum). A further step in advance is that the anterior part of the
double-looped bar breaks up into tubercles, and finally into zig-zag
bars. The manner in which this is accomplished remains yet to be
studied, but always, in the zig-zag sculpture, the posterior loop, which
lies upon the posterior ridge, is the most conspicuous part of the whole
beak sculpture. Thus the zig-zag sculpture is the most extreme con-
dition of a line of development, which goes from the simple concentric
bar, through the double-looped, to the zig-zag condition. In certain
forms with zig-zag sculpture, all three stages are clearly present on the
same shell (Nodularia douglasi@), and possibly this may be observed
always in such cases.® -

Entirely different from this is the radial sculpture, but I have reason
to believe that it also goes back to the concentric type. At any rate,
I have seen in specimens of the genus Lamellidens that there are also
originally one to two simple concentric bars. But after these only
the lateral parts of the bars, which anteriorly and posteriorly curve
up toward the beak, are developed, while the middle part upon the
disk becomes obliterated. Then these lateral parts, which have a
direction from the beak toward the basal margin, are emphasized,
developing more strongly, and their direction remaining a radial one.
Since there are two groups of radiating ridges (an anterior and a
posterior), the median ones naturally must interfere with each other
upon the middle of the disk, and must come in contact there at a more
or less sharp angle, when fully developed. This is in fact the case,
wherever we see radial sculpture well developed. There are always
two sets of radiating folds or ridges, one originating in front, the other
behind the beak, which cover the disk interfering with each other in
the middle of the shell. In some cases, however, this is not very clear,
and such cases possibly present the highest type, with the original
features obliterated. The radial sculpture is another extreme standing
at the end of a line of development starting from simple concentric
loops.

These conditions are worthy of being studied more closely. In regard

5 In certain cases it seems that double-looped sculpture may again be simplified

by the re-entering angles becoming less sharp and only sinuate in the latest bars.
But this is surely a sign of the incipient obliteration of sculpture.

230 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

to its systematic value, the beak-sculpture, when properly understood,
indicates certainly systematic affinity, but is not fit to be used for the
distinction of larger groups, since it is very likely that the different
types were developed rather early, and are found side by side among
the more primitive groups of Najades, the Unionine for instance.
Yet in the more advanced groups often only one type is found. Thus,
for instance, among the Anodontine and Lampsiline, we possess
only the first type up to the double-looped structure, while the zig-zag
structure is practically absent, and no trace of the other type (the
radial) is ever found. On the other hand, it seems that in the J/u-
telide@ only the radial type is present, provided there is any sculpture
at all. In addition, conditions become yet more complex by the fact
that the beak-sculpture in general seems to be a character which is
subject to obliteration, and anywhere within the system we may expect
to meet forms which have reduced their beak-sculpture to a lesser
or greater degree, often to complete disappearance. Thus we may say,
in a general way, that beak-sculpture, although important and in-
dicating the minor affinities, is unfit to be used for the distinction of
the larger groups.

Family MARGARITANID-.

I recognize only one genus in this family, to which a number of
species have been assigned by Simpson, of which, however, the
structure of four only is known.

Genus MARGARITANA Schumacher, 1817
Simpson, 1900), p. 674.
Margaritana margaritifera (Linneus).

Some twenty specimens are at hand, from the drainage of the upper
Little Schuylkill River in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, collected
by myself; soft parts of another specimen from the Auma creek, near
Weida, Saxe-Weimar, Germany (drainage of Elster river); and three
complete specimens from the Perl-Bach at Postfelden, near Falken-
stein, Bavarian Forest, Germany. For these German specimens I am
indebted to Mr. W. Israél.

Published figures: Photograph of soft parts in shell, by Catl (1910,
pl. 4, figs. A and B); of gills, by Ortmann (19110, p. 285, fig. 1, and
plac ee LL).

OrTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 231

I have found that the German specimens agree in every particular
with the American form. Certain characters not observed in my
specimens (marsupium and glochidia) I have gathered from the
literature (chiefly Harms, 1907 and 1909).

Margins of mantle free all around from the anterior to the posterior
end and with no tendency to unite anywhere. Branchial opening
indistinctly separated from the anal, a horizontal ridge running from
the posterior insertion of the outer lamina of the outer gill to the margin
of the mantle, but the margins of the mantle are not held together by

the diaphragm. Anal opening not closed above, and no supra-anal

Fic. 1. Margaritana margaritifera (Linneus). Specimen from the Perl-Bach,
Postfelden, Bavarian Forest, Germany. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,987.)

formed. Branchial opening ill-defined anteriorly, on the inner edge
with strong papilla, which disappear anteriorly, and then the inner
edge of the mantle is smooth. Inner edge of anal opening almost
smooth.

Palpi large, subfalciform, drawn out and pointed behind, their
posterior margins united for about one-half to three-fourths of their
length.

Gills long and broad, the inner the wider, chiefly so anteriorly.
Outer gill becoming gradually narrower in front, its anterior end at
the highest point of the line of attachment of the mantle, high above
the palpi. Inner gill narrowing more suddenly anteriorly. Its anterior
end is found in front and below that of the outer gill, but separated
from the palpi by a wide gap.® Edge of inner gills with a longitudinal
furrow, which is absent in the outer gills (this character is present in all
Najades examined, and will not be mentioned again).

6 This character is variable, and sometimes (as in the specimen which served as
original for our figure) the gap is rather short.

Doo, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Outer lamina of outer gills not entirely connected with the mantle,
but its posterior part is free for about one-fourth, or slightly less, of its
length. Inner lamina of inner gill free from the abdominal sac with
exception of its anterior end. Behind the foot, the two inner laminz
of the inner gills are connected. Thus the diaphragm (separation of
branchial and suprabranchial-cloacal cavities) is formed only by the
gills, and it is incomplete posteriorly, and does not reach the margin
of the mantle, although the medially united free ends of the gills
project to near the margin of the mantle.

Gills without water-tubes and without septa. The interlaminar
connections are patch-like, irregular in shape and position, and only
here and there a diagonal arrangement, from the base toward the
edge and forward, is indicated, which, however, does not follow the
direction of the gill-filaments, and does not form continuous septa.

Color of soft parts grayish, inclining to blackish. Foot brown,
paler on edge; through the middle runs a black band, sharply marked
off from the whitish abdomen, but gradually shading into the brown
of the foot. Gills brownish-gray anteriorly, shading to black pos-
teriorly. Mantle brownish-white, edge black, broadly so behind.
From the posterior end of the attached part of the outer lamina of the
outer gill there runs to the posterior margin of the mantle a white line,
bordered below with black.

No gravid females are at hand, and thus the writer cannot say any-
thing about the marsupium and the glochidia. However, these have
been described by others (see Harms, 1907 and 1909). The marsupium
is formed by all four gills,? and the glochidia are very small (0.0475
mm.), semicircular, globular, without true hooks, but with a number
of small teeth on the ventral margin.

The breeding season in Pennsylvania is in June and August (Conner,
1909, p. 112), in Germany in July and August (Harms, 1907, p. 814),
and probably twice in succession during this time (Harms, 1909, p.
332).

Margaritana sinuata (Lamarck).

The anatomical structure of this species has been deseribed by Haas
(1910), p. 181), who created for it the new genus Pseudunio. Although

7 Simpson (1900), p. 674) says that the marsupium is formed only by the outer
gills, and refers (footnote 2) to von Wahl. I have consulted this paper (Wahl,
1855), but cannot find in it anywhere a description or mention of the marsupium of
Margarilana.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 233

Haas omitted to say anything about the gill-structure, his description
of the margins of the mantle, of the diaphragm, and other parts renders
it absolutely certain that this species must be placed in the family
Margaritanide. Haas points out certain differences from Mar-
garitana margaritifera, of which the most important is the fact that
the shell has lateral hinge-teeth. Since we have other genera among
the Najades in which the hinge-teeth are variously developed, and
since it is absolutely clear, that Margaritana margaritifera, without
lateral teeth, must have descended from forms with such teeth, I
think the differences in Unio sinuatus should be regarded as only of
specific value, and I see no reason why we should not place it with
Margaritana, with which some of its most essential and important
characters are known to agree, while all the known differences are such
as in other groups are known to be of minor value.

Margaritana sinuata thus would represent a somewhat more ancient
type than M. margaritifera (see Ortmann, I19I1Ic, p. 6).

Margaritana monodonta (Say).
I have received, from B. Walker, one complete specimen, and the
soft parts of three others, all from the Cumberland River in Pulaski,
Russell, and Cumberland Counties, Kentucky.

Fic. 2. Margarilana monodonta (Say). Specimen from Cumberland River,
Rowena, Russell Co., Ky. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,960.)

We may compare the description of the soft parts by Lea (Obs., X,
1863, p. 422), which, however, mentions among the important
features only the posterior end of the gills, the branchial and anal
openings.

Margins of the mantle, branchial and anal openings as in M. mar-
garitifera. No supra-anal present. Posterior margins of palpi
connected for about one-third of their length. Gills rather long (cor-
responding to shape of shell), the inner the wider, chiefly so ante-

234 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

riorly. Anterior ends of the two gills as in M. margaritifera. Outer
lamina of outer gill not entirely connected with the mantle: posteriorly
a part of it is free (about one-seventh of length of gill, but probably
more, since this part in all my specimens is considerably contracted).
Inner lamina of inner gill as in A/. margaritifera, and thus the structure
of the diaphragm is essentially the same.

Both gills are quite delicate. The two
lamine are not connected by septa running
parallel to the gill-filaments, but the inter-
laminar tissue forms septa of another type:
they run obliquely, diagonally, from the base
of the gill downward and forward. Of these
septa some are longer, others shorter, and
toward the edge of the gill they sometimes
p= curve a little in the direction of the filaments.

The septa thus are rather irregular, and being

quite distant from each other, no regular
water-tubes are formed.

A difference in the arrangement of the
septa, which might be due to sex, could not be
observed in the specimens at hand. None of

: them was gravid, so that nothing can be said
Fic. 2a. Left gills of

SC TerE nema eiron: about the arrangement of the ova in the gills,
Sarnetlocaise and about the glochidia. The fact, that in all

specimens the structure of the two gills is
practically identical, suggests, however, that all four gills are used as
marsupia.

Color of soft parts whitish, edge of mantle blackish all around, but
chiefly at the anal and branchial openings. Gills transparent, but
not blackish. Foot grayish-white in its distal part, this gray color
marked off in a sharp line from the basal white part.

M. monodonta agrees in most characters with M. margaritifera, and
chiefly in the general form of the margin of the mantle, the branchial
and anal openings, the diaphragm, and the structure of the gills. The
chief difference is found in the diagonal, incomplete septa of the gills,
which, however, unmistakably correspond to the irregular diagonal
rows of interlaminar connections in M. margaritifera. In this respect,
M. monodonta represents a stage of development slightly more in
advance of that of MW. margaritifera, and this would support the view

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 235

expressed by Walker (1910a, p. 137) that it is an ‘‘offshoot of the more
ancient margaritifera-stock.”’ In its general appearance it looks
rather like a depauperated form, while the gill-structure has attained
a slightly higher stage of differentiation. It also differs slightly in
the lesser development of the papilla of the branchial opening, and the
great reduction of the black color suffusing most of the soft parts of
M. margaritifera, and, of course, also in shell characters. If we should
accept the genus Pseudunio proposed by Haas for U. sinuatus, we
would have, as a simple logical consequence, to create a new genus for
M. monodonta, for the difference of the gill-structure of the latter is
much more important than any of the differences knownin M. sinuata.
It represents a phylogenetic step in advance. But having to deal
only with four species, I see no reason why we should not leave them
together in the genus Margaritana.

Margaritana hembeli (Conrad).

Eighteen specimens from Hunters Creek, Evergreen, Conecuh Co.,
Alabama, have been investigated. They were collected by H. H.
Smith on February 10, I9gIt.

Fic. 3. Muargaritana hembeli (Conrad). Specimen from Hunters Creek, Ever-
green, Conecuh Co., Ala. (Carn. Mus. No. 61, 5,022.

Margins of mantle, branchial and anal openings, and gills much as in
M. margaritifera. Papille of branchial rather small. Posterior mar-
gins of palpi connected for about three-fourths of their length.

Interlaminar connections of gills irregularly scattered, here and there
with a tendency to fall into oblique, irregular rows. On the whole this
tendency is less developed than in M. margaritifera, but there is some
variation in this respect in different individuals. I was unable to dis-

236 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

cover any marked differences in the structure of the gills which
might be due to sex. No gravid females were found.

Color of soft parts brownish-white;
foot grayish-brown, the darker part sud-
denly marked off in a sharp line from
the white abdominal sac; palpi and gills
brownish, the latter more grayish pos-
teriorly; mantle pale brown, its margin
whitish with brown-black edge, most
intense posteriorly; a black line on mantle
separating anal and branchial cavities.

This is a true Margaritana, much
resembling in structure MW. margaritifera.
But it has well-developed lateral hinge-
teeth, and thus must be considered as a
more primitive type. It has no closer

relationship with MW. monodonta, and
Ric. ae.) Left gillasot another, sconuor be connected with it. In shell-
specimen from same locality. sculpture, M. hembeli is quite unique.
Its distribution (in southern Alabama
and Louisiana) offers a very interesting problem.

Family UNIONID#.
Subfamily UNIONINZ.

Simpson’s (1900b) North America genera: Quadrula, Tritogonia,
Pleurobema, and Unio belong to this subfamily. Further, I have
shown (Ortmann, 191Ic) that the European Unio also belongs here,
as well as the Asiatic genera Parreysia and Lamellidens. 1 have
further demonstrated, that the European Unio is not identical with
the North American Unio, and that for the latter the generic name of
Elliptio should be used. The genus 7rifogonia is simply a synonym
of Quadrula in Simpson’s sense (see Sterki, 1907, p. 48, and Ortmann,
LOL10,-p. 329).

In the structure of the soft parts there is not much differentiation
in all these forms. The most important is that in some all four gills
are used as marsupia (see Plate XVIII, fig. 1), in others only the two
outer ones (see Plate XVIII, figs. 2,4, 5). The systematic value of this
character has been doubted (see Frierson, 1909, p. 107). Yet I believe

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 237

that it is of prime significance. In all my investigations I have never
come across an exception or variation in the marsupium. It is true that
in species which have normally all four gills marsupial, sometimes only
two gills are found charged. But all authors, who record such cases,
only mention the fact that the gills were charged, without saying any-
thing about the structure of the gills. I have also met with such
cases: but invariably a closer investigation revealed the fact that
the other gills which were not charged also possessed marsupial
structure, and consequently were capable of being charged with eggs.

On the other hand, in those cases, where the outer gills alone serve
as marsupium, it was not the simple fact that they alone were filled with
eggs in the breeding season, which was ascertained. It was the in-
vestigation of the structure of the gills, which induced me to judge
the character of the marsupium. Lefevre and Curtis (1910, p. 83)
are inclined to regard my observations in Pleurobema coccineum as
due to accidental conditions. But this is surely not so. I have seen
now a great number of individuals of this species with the outer
gills alone charged, and I have seen and examined many more, females
in the sterile condition, which invariably had marsupial structure
only in the outer gills, while the inner gills were different, and not
built to receive eggs. Not a single exception was observed.

Further it is quite evident that the arrangement of four gills serving
as marsupia is found in a number of groups, the species of which are
undoubtedly closely allied. This is clear in the peculiar Quadrula
piicata-group, in the metanevra-group and others. Then again, a
marsupium formed by the outer gills alone is characteristic of other
natural groups. To me the most interesting case was that of Pleuro-
bema coccineum. Here I discovered first that this supposed Quadrula
differs from the Quadrula-type; I also discovered that this species
intergrades with Q. obliqua and Q. pyramidata. This being the case,
I concluded that the latter also should have a marsupium like coc-
cinea. And this proved to be true!

Nevertheless the character of the marsupium should not be too
implicitly relied upon. There is no question that the condition in
which the four gills serve as marsupia is more primitive than the stage
where only the outer gills are marsupial.§ But it seems to me that

8 The functional and morphological progress from the four-gill-marsupium to the

two-gill-marsupium has been correctly understood and expressed by Haas (1910e,
PD. .10)

238 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

there is or has been a general tendency to restrict the marsupium to
the outer gills, and that this forward step in a quite natural direction
has been made independently in various groups. That is to say, the
Unio-type of marsupium has repeatedly developed from the Quadrula-
type by parallel evolution.

Of the other features of the soft parts only three furnish some help
for the distinction of genera. The first and most important is the
character of the placenta, revealing differences which are of prime
value, but affect only a few forms, as will be seen below. The second
is the separation of the anal and supra-anal openings. Although
characteristic of certain forms (in one case these openings are not at
all separated), it is somewhat variable in others, even individually.
Thus we can use this character only to a limited degree. The third
is the connection of the inner lamina of the inner gills with the ab-
dominal sac. Here there seems to be a difference between certain
forms of the Old and the New World. But, unfortunately, too few of
the former are known for me to express a final judgment.

Thus the soft parts alone would furnish only few criteria for the
distinction of genera, and we should direct our attention to the shell.
Here we have indeed great variety, and the shapes of the shell have
been largely used heretofore for the definition of genera. The most
important feature, in my opinion, is the beak-sculpture, which, how-
ever, has been largely misunderstood by Simpson. In fact in this
primitive subfamily we have, side by side, all the different types
of beak-sculpture, and, as we shall see, they may be used to great
advantage.

Since various types of shell-structure are frequently combined with
various types of soft parts, it would not do to make only a tew large
generic divisions. For if we recognize, for instance, only two main
genera according to the character of the marsupium, the same types
of shell would turn up in either of them, which surely would give an
incomplete or wrong impression of affinities. Thus, in my. opinion,
it,is advisable to admit a larger number of genera founded upon both
the structure of the soft parts as well as of the shells. Such a scheme
is introduced here, at first, tentatively, but I hope it finally will prove
to be the most convenient.

Finally I should mention the glochidia of these forms. The latter
are known in a number of North American species, where they always
are of a primitive shape (see Plate XIX, fig. 1). They are also

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 239

known in European forms, where they incline toward the type of the
subfamily Anodontine. I have no doubt that this finally will be a
very important systematic criterion, but unfortunately we do not
know the glochidia of a single Asiatic species.

The following provisional division into genera in accordance with
what has been hereinbefore said is here submitted:

a1. Beak-sculpture ranging from the concentric to the zig-zag type. Mantle con-
nection between anal and supra-anal absent, deciduous, short, or of
medium length. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac.
bh}. Mantle connection absent or short. Beak-sculpture concentric to zig-zag.
Glochidia subovate, without hooks.
a. All four gills serving as marsupia. Mantle connection between anal
and supra-anal present, short and deciduous.®
d,. Ovisacs and placente! subcylindrical, the latter rather persistent,
generally red. Shell simple, without sculpture upon disk. Beak-
Sculptures simple, (concentric... 25a eis = t-tokl Fusconaja.

d». Ovisacs and placente leaf-shaped (compressed and lanceolate), the
latter rather poorly developed, generally white. Shell with
sculpture of various patterns. Beak-sculpture concentric,
double-looped, or zig-zag.

e1. Shell with oblique undulations upon the disk. Beak-sculpture
concenttic, nearly obliterated, or of zig-zag pattern and

extending more or less upon the disk............ Crenodonta.

e2. Shell-sculpture tuberculous or nodulose. Beak-sculpture con-
centric and disappearing upon the disk, or of the double-

looped or zig-zag pattern, more or less extending upon the disk.

Quadrula.

c2. Marsupium forined by the outer gills only.

d;. Mantle-connection above anal opening absent, no supra-anal formed.
Shell tuberculous, beak-sculpture of zig-zag pattern, much
broken up, extending somewhat upon the disk. Nacre deep
DUG DLE eer as ere ree ecko teme, cluster epee ence Rotundaria.

dz. Mantle connection between anal and supra-anal present, short, or
deciduous. Beak-sculpture concentric, obliterated toward

the disc.
e1. Shell tuberculous. Soft parts of a peculiar orange color. Pla-
cente pink (at least in one species)........... Plethobasus.

®’ Under this division apparently belong two species occurring in Georgia and
Florida, infucata Conrad and kleiniana Lea, the soft parts of which have been partly
described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, pp. 404 and 407). Inthese species we observe the
most beautifully developed zig-zag sculpture among North American forms. The
soft parts are imperfectly known, but the marsupium is formed by all four gills.
Probably they should form a genus by themselves.

10 Called “egg plates” by Lillie (1895), and ‘‘conglutinates’’ by Lefevre and Curtis
(1910).

240 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ex. Shell without sculpture. Soft parts more or less whitish, rarely
slightly colored. Placenta whitish, rarely slightly colored.
fi. Shell elongate and oblique, with the beaks placed rather an-
teriorly, or rounded, squarish, or even elevated. Epi-
dermis light, brownish, rarely dark brown, with or
without rays. Nacre light colored. Beak-sculpture
concentric, poorly developed............. Pleurobema.
f:. Shell more or less elongate, but not oblique, beaks not much
anterior. Epidermis dark or light, generally without

rays, or rays indistinct.
eg. Shell with rather dark epidermis, sometimes faintly
raved. Nacre often dark (pink to purple). Beak-
sculpture concentric, with an angle upon the posterior
ridge, but not double-looped, often faint and rudi-
IMENCATVS, tele Ee cpey eo istevarters: fen tye beke ere choral sa strane Elliptio.
g. Shell with lighter epidermis (often with dark bands), rays
practically absent. Nacre whitish. Beak-sculpture
rather distinct, concentric, bars not angled behind, but
igubitha hie ebinyeel (hohe oe a paes orecee acon cic Uniomerus.
bo. Mantle-connection between anal and supra-anal openings well developed,
but generally shorter than the anal. Shell not sculptured upon the
disk, elongated, but not oblique. Beak-sculpture sharply double-looped
or of the zig-zag type. Glochidia subtriangular, with hooks...Unio.
a. Beak-sculpture of the radial pattern. Mantle connection between anal and
supra-anal present, rather long. Inner lamina of inner gills connected

with abdomincal sac.

by. All four gills marsupial. Beak sculpture radial, well developed, more or
lesstextendine upon the: disks tics. t ee it isis «hcl aagey oie poteltels Parreysia.
b:. Two outer gills only marsupial. Beak-sculpture concentric-radial, rudi-
TO CTICAT Vea eee in eee Ee ee eee Rap ete On Mente ems ee Lamellidens.

Genus FUSCONAJA Simpson. 1900.
Simpson, 1900), p. 784 (as section).

I consider this the most primitive type of the Unionide known to
me.

Shell simple, rounded, ovate, quadrate, or triangular, with more or
less elevated beaks, well developed hinge-teeth, and rather deep beak-
cavities. Outer surface without sculpture. Epidermis lighter or
darker brown, with hair-like, dark rays, sometimes fused into spots
when young. Beak-sculpture simple, concentric, slightly angled
upon the posterior ridge, but not double-Jooped, not extending upon
the disk, and often obliterated.

Soft parts of primitive structure. Supra-anal separated from the

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 241

anal, but mantle-connection between them very short, and deciduous,
often absent. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac.
All four gills marsupial. There is hardly any difference in structure
between the inner and outer gill. When gravid, the water-tubes
(ovisacs) do not expand much, and their lumen remains nearly cylin-
drical. Placentz also subcylindrical, generally red in color, rather
persistent, and discharged whole. Glochidia rather small, subovate,
without hooks.

Type: F. trigona (Lea), which (cf. Walker, 1910b, p. 24) should
bear the name wndata (Barnes).

Fusconaja undata (Barnes).

About a half dozen specimens of the form from Lake Erie have been
examined, and in July, 1910, I found a few gravid specimens. Mr.
H. E. Wheeler sent two males, and six females (one of the latter
gravid) from the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Arkansas, collected
March 21, I9II.

This form agrees in all essential points with F. rubiginosa. Theova,
placenta, and sexual glands have the same red color. The soft parts
are less inclined to orange, are paler, and often whitish and cream-
colored. Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 76) gives a rather meager de-
scription. The glochidia are unknown, all specimens found by myself
had only eggs.

The gravid female from Arkadelphia was just beginning to charge
the gills. This early date (March 21) should be noted.

Fusconaja rubiginosa (Lea).

Numerous specimens, in all conditions, have been examined, all
collected in the smaller creeks of the Ohio drainage in western Penn-
sylvania. .

This species is typically tachytictic, but the breeding season is
rather long, from the middle of May to the beginning of August.
In the case of single individuals it is probably much shorter.

Descriptions of the soft parts have been given by Lea (Obs., X,
1863, p. 416) and Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 78).

Edges of the mantle drawn together by the gill-diaphragm, thus
separating the anal and branchial openings. Anal opening closed
above by a very short mantle-connection, thus forming a very large
supra-anal; but this mantle-connection is very inconstant and de-

242 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ciduous, often absent, sometimes torn. Branchial opening with
papillze on inner edge, anal with distinct, but small papillae. Palpi
subfalciform, pointed behind, their posterior margins connected for

about one-third to one-half of their length.

Fic. 4. Fusconaja rubiginosa (Lea). Male, from South Fork of Tenmile Creek,
Waynesburg, Greene Co., Pa. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,509.) Coll. May 6, 1910.

Gills short and rather wide, with curved lower margins (correspond-
ing to the shape of the shell), the inner gill wider. Outer gill attached
at its anterior end at the highest point of the attachment-line of the
mantle, far above the palpi; in-
ner gill with its anterior end
slightly in front and below that
of the outer gill, widely separated
from the palpi. Outer lamina
of outer gills entirely connected
with the mantle. Inner lamina
of the inner gill free from the
abdominal sac, except at its an-
terior end. Behind the foot, the
two inner lamine of the inner

Fic. 4a. Left gills of a sterile female from
same locality.
gills are connected up to their

posterior end. Thus a complete gill-diaphragm is formed, which
reaches backward close to the posterior margin of the mantle.

Both gills possess well developed septa and water-tubes, running
parallel to the gill-filaments. In the male, the septa are rather distant
and the water-tubes are wide. The septa are merely lines of con-
nection of the interlaminar tissue. In the female, all four gills are
marsupial, the septa are better developed, thicker and longer (in the

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 243

transverse direction), more independent structures, with an epithelium
thrown up into folds. They are much closer together, and form much
narrower water-tubes, which, when gravid, become ovisacs. There
is no noticeable difference in the width of these water-tubes in the
inner and outer gill. When charged, the ovisacs do not expand much,
and their lumen remains subcylindrical, so that the whole marsupium
does not swell to any considerable degree, and its edge does not dis-
tend and remains sharp.

The ova are red in color, and are lodged in the ovisacs in the shape
of well developed placente (sticking together by their membranes).
The placenta, conforming to the shape of the ovisacs, are subcylin-
drical, and are discharged whole through the anal opening.

The glochidia (see Ortmann, 19110, pl. 89, fig. 2) are rather small,
of suboval shape, without hooks. Length and height about equal,
0.15 mm.

The color of the soft parts is somewhat variable, but generally
a yellowish-orange. The margin of the mantle, the distal part of the
foot, and the adductor muscles, are deeper in color (intense orange-
brown), while the gills are pale yellowish or brownish. The gills of
the gravid female appear red when charged with the ova, and inside
of the whitish abdominal sac the gonads are very oftenred. In certain
specimens the color of the soft parts is altogether paler, the bright
orange tints being missing, but this difference in color does not depend
on sex.

Fusconaja cerina (Conrad).

One male specimen at hand, received from L. S. Frierson. It is
from Bayou Pierre, De Soto Parish, Louisiana.

Structure in all points like that of F. rubiginosa, and agreeing also
in minor details, such as the papilla of the anal and branchial openings,
separation of anal and supra-anal, inner laminae of the inner gills, and
palpi.

A female was not at hand. But Mr. Frierson writes to me con-
cerning this species: ‘‘eggs in four gills,’’ and ‘‘cerina has the body
white in about half, but red in the other half of the specimens. Some
have red eggs. But red eggs and red body are not correlated.”

Thus it seems that this species stands very close to F. rubiginosa, a
relationship, which has been assumed by others on the ground of the
characters of the shell.

244 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Fusconaja lananensis (Frierson).

‘

‘salmon-colored,
scarlet when cut’’ (probably sexual glands). ‘‘Eggs carried in all

Frierson (1901, p. 76) describes the soft parts as:

four gills, very red.’’ This, together with the general shape of the
shell, renders it almost certain that this species should be placed here.

Fusconaja subrotunda (Lea).

I have investigated numerous individuals in all conditions collected
by myself in the Ohio and Allegheny Rivers in western Pennsylvania,
and some additional ones from the Ohio between Pittsburgh and
Cincinnati.

The breeding season falls in June and July.

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 427).

This species agrees well with F. rubiginosa, but special mention
should be made of the anal opening, which has fine crenulations, and
shows the same variability as regards the short mantle-connection
separating it from the supra-anal. The structure of the gills (see
Ortmann, 19110, pl. 86, figs. I-3) is essentially the same as in F.
rubiginosa.

The ova are generally red, but in rare instances they are pale pink
or white. The placente are also subcylindrical, and are discharged
whole. The glochidia are similar to those of F. rubiginosa, but slightly
higher than long.” Length 0.13 mm.; height 0.15 mm.

In the color of the soft parts, two types may be distinguished.
Normally there is much orange color present, which is most intense
(deep orange-red) on the foot, the mantle margins, and the adductors,
while the rest, chiefly the gills, are more brownish. When charged
the gills are red. In the other type of color all parts are whitish or
yellowish, or brownish-white, the latter color chiefly on those parts,
which are orange in the other type. Yet there are intergrades between
these two types, the orange color gradually passing into the brown.
In western Pennsylvania, the orange type prevails. There is no re-
lation of these colors to sex.

The color of the gonads deserves special mention in this species for
comparison with the next. Inallspecimens examined it is either whitish
or paler or deeper red, the latter of a distinct crimson hue, identical
with the color of the eggs, but generally more intense. This crimson
is found both in the male and in the female, so that it seems that also
the sperm is thus colored.

ea |

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 24!

Fusconaja ebena (Lea).

Of this species I have examined only very few typical representa-
tives, found by myself in the Ohio River at Portsmouth, Scioto
County, Ohio (Sept., 1910).

The soft parts of a gravid female have been figured by Lefevre and
Curtis (1910, pl. 1, fig. 4). Although this figure is correct, the struc-
ture of the gills is not well represented, and the septa are not visible.

I was inclined to regard this form as only a variety of F. subrotunda,
but Dr. Sterki differs from me in this, and he calls my attention to the
fact that the color of the gonads in F. ebena is not crimson, as in sub-
rotunda, but distinctly purple. I have been able to verify this. Al-
though I had before me not more than half a dozen F. ebena, and
although I found the gonads white in some, the others had them more
or less (lighter or darker) purple, differing distinctly in hue from speci-
mens of subrotunda, which I had at hand simultaneously. This
matter, however, should be further investigated.

In other respects F. ebena agrees with F. subrotunda, and also has
the two types of color of the soft parts, whitish and orange. I have
never seen gravid females, but Lefevre and Curtis (1910, p. 97, fig. 1)
have figured the glochidium, which is identical with that of F. sub-
rotunda, and has practically the same dimensions (length 0.14;
height 0.15).

Fusconaja kirtlandiana (Lea).

Numerous specimens, chiefly from the Beaver drainage in western
Pennsylvania have been investigated, among them only one gravid
female with glochidia (found in the beginning of August).

This agrees in every detail with F. subrotunda. The only difference
is that the orange type of color of the soft parts israther infrequent,
while the whitish prevails. The only gravid female was of the orange
type, and had crimson gills. Glochidia identical. Length 0.13;
height 0.15 mm. (see Ortmann, 1911), pl. 89, fig. 1).

I am very much inclined to consider this as being only a variety of
F. subrotunda.

Genus CRENODONTA Schlueter. 1836.
Simpson, 1900), p. 766 (as section).

Shell rounded, ovate, subquadrate, or trapezoidal, with more or less
elevated beaks, well developed hinge-teeth, and rather deep beak-

246 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

cavities. Outer surface with a peculiar sculpture: heavy, oblique folds
run across the disk chiefly in its posterior half (it may be that these
folds are continuations of the posterior angle of the bars of the beak
sculpture). Epidermis lighter or darker, brown to blackish, without
distinct rays. Beak-sculpture either simply concentric, slightly
angled upon the posterior ridge, and disappearing toward the disk,
or continued upon the disk in a zig-zag pattern, much broken up, and
irregular. The soft parts are primitive in structure. Supra-anal
separated from the anal, but the mantle-connection between them
very short and often absent. Inner lamina of inner gills free. All
four gills are marsupial, but there is a slight differentiation in the
structure of the inner and outer gills, the water-tubes of the inner
gill being slightly wider than those of the outer gill. When gravid,
the ovisacs expand a little more, so that their lumen becomes trans-
versely enlarged, giving to the placentae a compressed, leaf-like shape.
Placente whitish, not very solid, and not persistent, and the glochidia
are discharged in loose masses. Glochidia small, subovate, without
hooks.

Type C. plicata (Say).

Crenodonta approaches the following genus more than the preceding,
in fact, it is very closely allied to Quadrula. The chief differential
character is the sculpture of the shell.

Crenodonta plicata (Say).

Of this species, which is commonly called Quadrula hippopea (Lea).
I have investigated numerous specimens from the shores of Lake
Erie in Pennsylvania and Ohio. Gravid females were found in July:
1910, but only eggs were present in them, and no glochidia.

Since there was at hand much more complete material of the follow-
ing form, of which this is undoubtedly only a local race, I prefer to
only give particulars of the anatomy of C. undulata, here only stating
that C. plicata is absolutely identical with it in every respect.

Crenodonta undulata (Barnes).

A large number of specimens from the Ohio drainage in western
Pennsylvania are at hand. This species is tachytictic, and the breed-

JT have never seen it connected, although it is said to be so sometimes.

2 This species has been misunderstood hitherto. The type locality of plicata
is Lake Erie, and thus the only known Crenodonta from Lake Erie should bear this
name, but this is the form called hippopea by Lea. The plicata of authors (incl.
Simpson) should be Cr. peruviana (Lamarck).

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 247

ing season lasts from the middle of May to the middle of July. The
discharge of the glochidia has been observed on July 8, 1909,

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 417),
but incorrectly in several particulars. They also have been described
by Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 82).

Margin of the mantle drawn together by the gill-diaphragm, thus
separating the anal and branchial openings. Anal and supra-anal
separated by a very short mantle-connection, which is sometimes absent
(torn?). Branchial opening with strong papille, anal also with papille,
which, however, are much finer, and sometimes appear only as crenu-
lations. Palpi of the usual shape, their posterior margins connected
only at base or up to one-third of the length.

Gills broad, the inner the wider, their anterior ends as usual. Dia-
phragm normal, and inner lamina of the inner gills free from the ab-
dominal sac, except at the anterior end.

Gills with well-developed septa and water-tubes, as usual. In the
female, marsupial structure is observed in all four gills, the septa being
better developed, with folded epithelium, closer together, and the
water-tubes being narrower. Yet in the outer gill the water-tubes are
somewhat narrower than in the inner gill, which is chiefly noticeable
at the base of the gills. In the gravid female, the gills swell moder-
ately, so that the ovisacs assume a lanceolate, leaf-like shape, while the
edges of the gills remain sharp and do not distend. Eggs whitish,
filling the ovisacs in rather poorly connected masses, although a pla-
centa-like cohesion is seen. But later on this placenta-structure is
lost, and the glochidia are discharged in rather loose, irregular masses.

Glochidia of suboval shape, without hooks. Length 0.21; height
0.22 mm. (see Lea, Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 22, but not quite correct
in shape; Ortmann, 1911), pl. 89, fig. 3).

Color of soft parts whitish, foot, margin of mantle and gills pale
brownish or yellowish. No trace of any brilliant colors (red or
orange).

Crenodonta perplicata (Conrad).

One male, and two females, from Bayou Pierre, De Soto Parish,
Louisiana, collected Aug. 6, 1910, have been received from L. S. Frier-
son. One of the females proved to be gravid, and in the act of dis-
charging glochidia. Three males, three females, and two young ones
from Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Arkansas, have been sent by H. E.
Wheeler.

248 ‘ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

This form is very likely the southern representative of the foregoing.
It agrees with itin every respect. In one of the specimens from Louisi-
ana and three from Arkansas the supra-anal was separated from the
anal, in the others this separation was absent. The inner edge of
the anal is finely crenulated. The posterior margins of the palpi are
connected for about one-third of their length, and the inner lamina of
the inner gills is free from the abdominal sac.

The gill-structure of the females is identical with that of C. undulata.
The gravid female had only a few glochidia in the outer gills, while the
inner ones were yet partly charged, and both suprabranchial canals,
as well as the cloacal chamber, were filled with masses of loose glo-
chidia, partly sticking together, but not in the shape of placente.

Glochidia like those of C. undulata. Length c.20; height 0.21 mm.

Crenodonta heros (Say).

According to the description and figure given by Lea (as multi-
plicatus, Obs., VII, 1860, p. 222, pl. 30, fig. 105), this species without
doubt belongs here.

Crenodonta trapezoides (Lea).

I have received, from L. S. Frierson, one male and two females from
Bayou Pierre, De Soto Parish, Louisiana (collected Aug. 6, 1910),

Fic. 5. Crenodonta trapezoides (Lea). Male, from Bayou Pierre, De Soto
Parish, La. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,586.)

from A. A. Hinkley two females from Pearl River, Jackson, Hinds Co.,
Mississippi (collected Nov. 5, 1910), and from H. E. Wheeler a male

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 249

anda female from Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Arkansas.
None of the females was gravid.

The description of the soft parts given by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 436)
is incomplete.

The anal opening is separated from the supra-anal by a moderately
long connection of the margins of the mantle, which varies slightly,
and is a little longer than the anal, but always much shorter than the
supra-anal. In two cases this connection was absent. Branchial
with well developed papilla, anal with minute papilla. Inner lamina
of inner gills free, except at the anterior end. Posterior margins of
palpi connected for about one-half of their length.

———

———— rl

:

——— —————

= ae

—_——
=>
———

i 3S ©
S
)

Fic. 5a. Left gills of a sterile female of C. trapezoides, from Pearl River, Jackson,

Hinds Co., Miss. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,924.)

Septa of the gills of the male rather distant from each other, and
water-tubes wide. In the female the septa are much more crowded,
and the water-tubes are narrow, chiefly so in the outer gill. In the
inner gill of the female, near the base, the septa are a little more distant,
but toward the edge they become more crowded by intercalation of
additional ones, so that in the marginal half of this gill the water-
tubes are almost as narrow as those of the outer gill. Altogether the
marsupial character of the crowded septa is not so distinctly pro-
nounced in the inner gill, although all four gills are built to receive

eggs and to serve as marsupia, a fact, which is evidenced by the struc-

250 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ture of the septa and the epithelium, which is folded and wrinkled as
usual in marsupial gills.

Soft parts whitish. Frierson writes to me that in this species ‘‘eggs
are in two gills sometimes, mostly in all four.’’ Of those sent to me
(five females), the structure of the gills was alike, in every case all
four gills had the marsupial structure as described above.

In this species I see the nearest approach to a tendency to restrict
the marsupial function to the outer gills, in so far as the water-tubes
are slightly wider in the inner gills. But still the latter partake in the
formation of the marsupium, and are distinctly marsupial at least in
their marginal half.

This species stands rather isolated also with regard to the characters
of the shell, but the features of Crenodonta are clearly seen, and I think
that the most closely allied form is C. heros. |

Genus QUADRULA Rafinesque. 1820.
Simpson, 1900), p. 765 (restricted).

Shell rounded, quadrate, or subrhomboidal, sometimes elongated,
with rather high beaks, well developed hinge-teeth, and deep beak-
cavities. Outer surface more or less sculptured, with tubercles,
pustules, or ridges, but without the characteristic oblique folds of
Crenodonta. Epidermis lighter or darker, generally with rays, and
often with beautiful color-patterns caused by the breaking up of the
rays. Beak-sculpture concentric, double-looped, or zig-zag, poorly
developed, or extending upon part of the disk.

Soft parts primitive in structure. Supra-anal separated from the
anal by a short mantle-connection, the latter sometimes absent.
Inner lamina of inner gills free. All four gills marsupial (see Plate
XVIII, fig. 1), but the water-tubes of the inner gills sometimes a little
wider than those of the outer gills, although this difference is occasion-
ally hardly noticeable. When gravid, the ovisacs expand moderately,
giving a compressed, leaf-like shape to the placenta. Placente
(where known) whitish, not very solid, and not persistent. Glochidia,
in the few cases known, small, or medium, subovate, without hooks.

Type Q. metanevra (Rafinesque).

The species belonging to this genus may easily be separated into
three groups:

1. Pustulosa-group.

Shell more or less rounded and swollen over the disk, with pustules

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 251

(rarely smooth), which are irregularly scattered, and have no connec-
tion with the beak-sculpture. Beak-sculpture poorly developed,
simply concentric.

Q. pustulosa, spherica, refulgens, mortont.

2. Lachrymosa-group.

Shell subquadrate or subtrapezoidal, sometimes somewhat elongate.
Generally profusely sculptured upon the disk with tubercles, pustules,
and ridges of a more definite arrangement. This sculpture is contin-
uous with the beak-sculpture, which is quite distinct, and of the double-
looped type. Shell with a rather distinct, but narrow, posterior
ridge and in front of this flattened, or with a broad and shallow de-
pression. Epidermis rayed, rays not broken, but irregular, and with
the tendency to spread over the epidermis.

Q. lachrymosa, aspera, tuberculata.

3. Metanevra-group.

Shell subquadrate, or subtrapezoidal, sometimes quite elongated.
Surface generally sculptured with tubercles and pustules of a more or
less distinct arrangement, the sculpture continuous with the beak-
sculpture, which is of the double-looped or zig-zag type. Shelk with a
distinct, broad, and high posterior ridge, depressed in front of this,
but without distinct and broad radial furrow. Epidermis rayed, rays
broken up into characteristic triangular spots.

Q. metanevra, sparsa, cylindrica.

Quadrula pustulosa (Lea).

I have investigated about half a dozen specimens from the Ohio
drainage in western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio, and (var.
schoolcraftensis Lea) from Lake Erie in Ohio. Further I had ten
specimens, males and females, from Ouachita River, Arkadelphia,
Clark Co., Arkansas (H. E. Wheeler). Both males and females were
seen, but none of the latter gravid.

The soft parts have been described by Simpson (in Baker, 1898,
p. 87).

Anatomy similar to that of the genera Fusconaja and Crenodonta,
chiefly the latter. Anal and supra-anal separated by a short mantle-
connection. I never found the latter absent. Branchial opening
with papilla, anal crenulated. Palpi of the usual shape, their poste-
rior margins connected for about one-third of their length.

Gills short and broad (according to shape of shell), the inner gill

252 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

the wider. Anterior attachment of gillsas usual. Diaphragm normal.
Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac except at anterior
end.

Gills with well-developed septa, which are rather distant in the male.
In the female, all four gills are marsupial, the septa being close together,
and the water-tubes narrow. In the inner gill the septa are slightly
less crowded near the base, but they have the characteristic marsupial
structure (see Ortmann, 19IIa, pl. 7, fig. 1).

The glochidia are figured by Lefevre and Curtis (1910, p. 97, fig. F).
Length 0.23; height 0.32, which is unusually large for this group of
genera.

The color of the soft parts is grayish, or yellowish white.

Quadrula spherica (Lea).

Three sterile females from Pearl River, Jackson, Hinds Co., Missis-
sippi, are at hand, collected on Nov. 5, 1910, by A. A. Hinkley.

Structure essentially as in Q. pustulosa. Anal opening with fine
crenulations, almost smooth. In all three specimens all four gills
possess the marsupial structure, and the water-tubes of the inner gills
are also not quite so narrow as these of the outer gills, chiefly near the
base.

By its shell this species is very closely allied to the foregoing, and
the soft parts are practically identical. I hardly think they are speci-
fically distinct, and among the specimens of pustulosa from Ouachita
River, mentioned above, there are intergrades between the two forms,

Quadrula refulgens (Lea).

One male, collected together with Q. spherica, is before me.

Since there is only a male, the characteristic Quadrula-structure
cannot be made out. But I have no doubt that this is a Quadrula on
account of its close affinity to Q. spherica. In fact all the details,
both of the shell and the soft parts, are identical with the latter,
except that the shell is more compressed (lenticular) in Q. refulgens.
My specimen is more rounded in outline than the original figure of
Lea, and thus more nearly approaches Q. spherica in this character.
I should not be astonished, if refulgens should turn out to be a mere

ae,

“form” of spherica.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 258

Quadrula mortoni (Conrad).

Three males and two females, one of the latter gravid, from Bayou
Pierre, De Soto Parish, Louisiana, collected by L. S. Frierson, Aug. 6,
1910.

Agreeing in every detail with pustulosa and spherica, to which it is
allied. The inner edge of the anal opening is almost smooth.

In the gravid female, eggs and glochidia were present, the latter
of the usual shape, of medium size, subovate, without hooks. The
glochidia are quite young and their shape is not very distinctly seen,
They were of whitish color, and distributed in an irregular way in
certain ovisacs both of the outer and inner gills, many ovisacs being
empty. No exact measurements of the glochidia can be given.

The date for the breeding season should be noted.

Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea).

One male and four females from the Wakarusa River, Lawrence,
Douglas Co., Kansas, received from R. L. Moodie, and one female
collected by myself in the Ohio River, at St. Marys, Pleasants Co.,
West Virginia. No gravid females have been seen.

Soft parts described by Simpson (cf. Baker, 1898, p. 84).

Similar to the preceding species. Inner edge of the anal opening
irregularly and indistinctly crenulated, almost smooth. Posterior
margins of palpi connected for over one-half, almost two-thirds, of
their length.

All four gills are marsupial, septa of the inner ones slightly less
crowded than those of the outer ones (see Plate XVIII, fig. 1).

Soft parts whitish.

Quadrula aspera (Lea).

Three males, one female (all small, or of medium size) from Bayou
Pierre, De Soto Parish, Louisiana, collected by L. S. Frierson, and one
very large female from Pearl River, Jackson, Hinds Co., Mississippi,
collected by A. A. Hinkley.

An incomplete description is given by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p.
437).

Agreeing in every respect with Q. lachrymosa, to which it is closely
allied. Even the minor details (anal opening, palpi, etc.) are abso-
lutely identical. No gravid females have been seen.

254. ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Quadrula tuberculata (Barnes).

Fifteen specimens have been investigated, collected by myself in
the Ohio drainage in western Pennsylvania; nine more have been re-
ceived from H. E. Wheeler from the Tennessee drainage in northern
Alabama, and the Ouachita River in Arkansas. Females are among
them, but not in the gravid condition.

Simpson has created for this species the genus Tritogonia, which he
removed far from Quadrula. The shape of the shell is indeed somewhat
strange at the first glance, but it is possible, without much difficulty,
to correlate shape and sculpture with that of such species as lachrymosa,
aspera, and chiefly with certain southern forms, which probably also
belong here (forshei Lea, speciosa Lea, apiculata Say).

In the structure of the soft parts, this species is essentially a Quad-
rula. The anal opening is separated from the supra-anal by a rather
short mantle-connection; the latter was found absent in one case only
(out of twenty-four). Branchial with well developed papille, anal
with fine, but distinct crenulations, which sometimes resemble fine
papilla. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac, except
at its anterior end. Posterior margins of palpi connected for one-half,
or even more, of their length.

Gills rather long, but also rather wide; their anterior attachment as
usual. Septa well developed, rather distant from each other in the
male. In the female they are more crowded in all four gills, and the
water-tubes are narrow, but there is a slight difference between the
inner and outer gill, the water-tubes of the former being slightly wider
near the base of the gills. In the marginal portion there is hardly any
difference in the water-tubes of the two gills (see Ortmann, 1911),
pl. 86, fig. 4). In all four gills the septa are distinctly marsupial in
structure: they are heavy, and have a folded epithelium.

No gravid females have been seen by the writer, and the glochidia
are still unknown.

The color of the soft parts is grayish or yellowish (or brownish)
white.

Simpson (1900), p. 608) says of his genus Tritogonia: “in the female
there is a thickened flap of the mantle which fills the circular posterior
expansion of the shell, and which has a small flap inside.’’ I have
never seen anything answering to this phrase in my specimens. The
chief expansion of the shell is at the anal opening, and the margin of
this opening corresponds to it, and thus the anal is larger in the female,

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 255

thanin the male. The “inside flap’’ can only be the inner edge of the
mantle, which is present, however, in the male also. The true position

of this species was first indicated by Sterki (1907, p. 48).

Quadrula metanevra (Rafinesque).
Thirteen specimens of either sex, one a gravid female, were exam-
ined in the laboratory, all from the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers in

western Pennsylvania; additional specimens were examined in the

Fic. 6. Quadrula metanevra (Rafinesque). Male, from Allegheny River, Kelly,
Armstrong Co., Pa. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,549.) Coll. May 20, I91o.

field, in the Ohio River in West Virginia and Ohio, and two (male
and female) were received from the Ouachita River in Arkansas (H. E.
Wheeler).

The gravid female was found
on June 22, 1909, and had only
eggs.

Margins of the mantle con-
nected so as to separate anal
and supra-anal openings; this
connection is short, but in no
case was found to be absent.

Supra-anal very large. Bran-

chial with well developed pa-

Fic. 6a. Left gills of a sterile female,

pilla, anal practically smooth, from same locality.

or only with mere traces of ir-

regular crenulations. Palpi with the posterior margins connected for
about one-fourth to one-third of their length.

Gills short and wide, their anterior attachment as usual. Dia-

256 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

phragm normal. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal
sac, except at anterior end.

Septa and water-tubes well developed. In the female all four gills
are marsupial, and possess the typical structure. In the basal portion
of the inner the water-tubes are somewhat wider, but there is hardly
any difference in their width in the marginal part of the two gills,
since the water-tubes of the inner gills become narrower by inter-
calation of additional ones. In the gravid female the gills swell
moderately, but their edges remain sharp. The eggs form only poorly
developed placente in the ovisacs, and the shape of the latter is com-
pressed and lanceolate (leaf-like).

The eggs are whitish. I have not seen glochidia, but according to
Lefevre and Curtis (1910, p. 97, fig. E) they are normal in shape and
size. Length 0.18; height 0.19 mm.

Color of soft parts whitish. As usual, the edge of the mantle,
chiefly along the posterior part, is more or less blackish or brownish.
Gills paler or darker grayish or brownish white. Foot brownish
white. The posterior part of the abdominal sac is often suffused with
black.

Quadrula sparsa (Lea).

One male and one sterile female, from the Cumberland River in
Cumberland and Pulaski Counties, Kentucky, at hand, received from
B. Walker.

Identical in every detail with Q. metanevra, to which it is also allied
by the shell. The agreement extends so far, that minor details are
also identical, as the smooth edge of the anal, the shape of the palpi,
and the black pigment of the posterior part of the abdominal sac.

In the male supra-anal and anal were not separated, but this region
was somewhat injured, so that the mantle-connection may have been
torn.

Charged marsupia and glochidia unknown.

Quadrula cylindrica (Say).

Nine specimens (males and females) from the Ohio drainage of
western Pennsylvania have been examined in the laboratory, and
several more in the field, taken from the Ohio River in western Penn-
sylvania and Ohio. Two males were received from H. E. Wheeler,
from the Ouachita in Arkansas.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 257

Although the shape of the shell is very unique in this species, it
clearly belongs to the metanevra-group, as has been recognized already
by Simpson, and the soft parts bear out this affinity, since they are
identical in all essential characters. Of course, according to the shape
of the shell, the gills are very long and narrow. The mantle connection
between anal and supra-anal was always found present. The inner
edge of the anal is practically smooth. The posterior margins of the
palpi are united for about one-half of their length.

All four gills have a marsupial structure in the female, and the inner
gill has the water-tubes a little wider in the basal part than the outer
gill. No gravid specimens have been found.

The color of the soft parts of this species is very remarkable. The
general ground color is yellowish orange, with black markings. The
abdominal sac is whitish, with blackish gray markings, chiefly pos-
teriorly. The foot is grayish at the extremity, shading into black, the
black ending in a sharp horizontal line, which is followed by grayish
orange. The palpi are yellowish, with a gray edge, the gills are grayish
brown, the mantle transparent gray, shading to grayish yellow on
the margin, with a blackish brown edge, which becomes deep black
and very wide posteriorly at the siphons. The adductors are pale
yellowish to orange. The color varies in different specimens in so far
that in some the ground-color is paler yellow, while in others it is of a
more intense yellow, inclining to orange.

Breeding season and glochidia unknown.

Genus ROTUNDARIA Rafinesque. 1820.
Simpson, 1900), p. 794 (as subgenus).

Shell rounded or quadrate, with elevated beaks, very deep beak-
cavities, and well developed hinge-teeth. Outer surface sculptured
with tubercles and nodules. Epidermis brown, without rays. Beak-
sculpture consisting of numerous rather close bars, the first few con-
centric, those following developing a strong angular loop on the
posterior ridge, and an anterior loop, which soon breaks up into an
irregular zig-zag pattern of more or less isolated tubercles. This
sculpture extends somewhat upon the disk and mingles with the first
tubercles of the disk. Nacre more or less violet, which may be a
specific character.

Soft parts primitive in structure. The anal is never closed above,

258 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and no supra-anal is present. Inner lamina of inner gills free. Of the
gills, only the outer ones are marsupial in the female, and the water-
tubes in them are much closer than in the non-marsupial gills. Glo-
chidia unknown.

Type R. tuberculata (Rafinesque).

This genus is more primitive than any of the foregoing because of
the absence of a supra-anal opening. In the structure of the mar-
supium it is a little more advanced, and is related to the following
genera. In the characters of the shell it is rather peculiar, but re-
minds somewhat of certain types of Quadrula. We can do justice
to these conflicting characteristics only by recognizing this as a valid
genus.

Rotundaria tuberculata (Rafinesque).

Three males and three females from the Ohio drainage in western
Pennsylvania, and one female from the Ohio River at St. Marys,
Pleasants Co., West Virginia, all collected by myself, have been
investigated.

o=mp

Fic. 7. Rotundaria tuberculata (Rafinesque). Sterile female, from Allegheny River,

Kelly, Armstrong Co., Pa. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,562.) Coll. July 25, 1910.

The soft parts have been described by Simpson (in Baker, 1898,
p. 86), but very poorly.

Although there are only a few specimens at my disposal, the char-
acters given for the genus are uniformly found in all of them. The

most marked character is the absence of a supra-anal. Since Simpson

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 259

also mentions this character, I think we may take it as settled that
- this form does not possess a supra-anal. As regards the marsupium,
I can only say that in all four females at hand only the outer gills show
the marsupial structure.

In conclusion there is nothing remarkable in the structure of the
soft parts. The branchial opening is unusually large, and has papille
on the inner edge, while the large anal has a practically smooth inner
edge. The palpi are normal, and their posterior margins are united
for one-third to one-half of their length. The gills, conforming to the
shape of the shell, are rather short and wide, and their anterior ends
are normal, the diaphragm is complete, and the inner lamina of the
inner gills is free from the abdominal sac, except at the anterior end.
The gills have the usual structure, and the female marsupial structure
is found only in the outer gills, where the septa are much more crowded,
and the water-tubes much narrower, than in the non-marsupial gills.

A gravid female has never been found, and consequently the glo-
chidia remain unknown.

The color of the soft parts is grayish or brownish white, with ex-
ception of the margin of the mantle, which is brownish, and becomes
deep black in the region of the branchial and anal openings.

Genus PLETHOBASUS Simpson. (1900.)
Simpson, 1900), p. 764 (as section).

Shell rounded, oval, or slightly elongate, with moderately elevated
beaks, and moderately deep beak-cavities, and well developed hinge-
teeth. Outer surface sculptured with nodules or tubercles, which
often are transversely elongated. Epidermis yellowish to brown,
without distinct rays. Beak-sculpture rudimentary, consisting (as
far as known) of a few concentric ridges, which do not extend upon the
disk. Nacre whitish or pinkish.

Soft parts primitive in structure. Anal separated from the supra-
anal by a short mantle-connection. Inner lamina of inner gills free.
Only the outer gills are marsupial in the female, in other respects the
gills have the usual structure. When gravid, the outer gills swell
moderately, and their edges do not distend. Placenta lanceolate
(leaf-like) and compressed; they are rather persistent, and are dis-
charged whole. Glochidia small, semioval, without hooks.

Type P. esopus (Green).

260 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Possibly the color of the soft parts and of the eggs (placentz) is also
characteristic. (See below.)

This genus greatly resembles in shell-structure the genus Quadrula,
chiefly the pustulosa-group and the genus Rotundaria. But in the
marsupium it is more advanced than the former, and in the color of
the soft parts and the eggs it suggests affinity with Fusconaja. It
surely is a connecting link between the more primitive Unionine and
those of the type of the genus Plewrobema. Simpson has recognized
the peculiar character of P. @sopus, and I think his section Pletho-
basus is entitled to generic rank.

Plethobasus zsopus (Green).

Some fifty specimens have been examined, chiefly from the Allegheny
River in Armstrong Co., Pennsylvania. Among them were gravid
females, and the latter were found exclusively in the month of July.
The species is typically tachytictic.

O=mp

Fic. 8. Plethobasus @sopus (Green). Sterile female (just discharged), from
Allegheny River, Kelly, Armstrong Co., Pa. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,598.) Coll.
July 25, 1910.

Anal and supra-anal separated by a very short mantle-connection,
which was found missing in a small number of cases. Branchial
opening with strong papilla, anal with very fine papillae. Palpi of
usual shape, their posterior margins connected for about one-third
of their length.

Gills long and broad, the inner the wider. Anterior attachment as
usual. Diaphragm normal. Inner lamina of inner gills free. Septa

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 261

and water-tubes well developed, septa rather distant in the male.
In the female, only the outer gill is marsupial, with crowded septa,
while in the inner gill the septa are like those of the male.

When gravid, the water-tubes (ovisacs) of the outer gill swell mod-
erately, and assume a lanceolate shape, and consequently the placentz
have this shape. The edge of this gill does not distend. The eggs and
placente are pink or red, and the placente preserve their shape, and
are discharged whole. This discharge has been actually observed
in two cases (July 25, 1910).

Glochidia of the usual shape, rather small, semioval, without hooks.!*

Color of soft parts very characteristic. All specimens seen had a
peculiar, pale orange ground-color. The foot, margins of the mantle,
and adductors were darker, often deep orange. The abdominal sac
is whitish, the palpi and gills pale grayish brown, the gills with more
or less of the orange hue. The color may be more or less intense,
but some shade of orange always prevails. When gravid, the red
color of the placentez contained in the gills blends with the orange of
the latter, producing a very peculiar lilac tint.

Plethobasus cooperianus (Lea).

Only two specimens with soft parts have been observed, the one
from the Ohio River in Beaver Co., Pennsylvania, the other from the
Ohio at Parkersburg, Wood Co., West Virginia. Both proved to be
females.

The anatomy of this species is practically identical with that of
P. esopus agreeing in all particulars, chiefly also in the peculiar color
of the soft parts. This color is so characteristic that it alone suggested
to me the relationship of cooperianus and @sopus, which was confirmed
by the subsequent anatomical investigation. No gravid females have
been observed, and nothing is known about the color of the placente
and the shape of the glochidia.

Genus PLEUROBEMA Rafinesque. 1820.
Simpson, 19002, p. 745 (amended).
Shell rounded, subquadrate, oval, or somewhat elongate, but then
oblique, with the beaks placed anteriorly. Beaks generally somewhat
18 The glochidia were observed only in one case, in one of the discharging females,
and apparently were discharged prematurely (a phenomenon observed by others).

They were young and incompletely formed (soft), but their shape could be made out.
The size was about 0.18 mm., but it was impossible to make exact measurements.

262 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

prominent, with moderately deep beak-cavities; hinge-teeth well
developed. Outer surface without sculpture. Epidermis generally
lighter or darker brownish, sometimes yellowish, with more or less
distinct rays, which may be arranged in blotches, or may be fine lines,
or entirely absent. Beak-sculpture obscure, consisting of a few
concentric ridges, not extending upon the disk. Nacre generally
whitish, or red.

Soft parts practically identical with those of Plethobasus, except
in color, which is generally paler, sometimes yellowish, even with a
suggestion of pale orange (in P. clava), but in most cases without this.
The eggs are, where known, white, and the placente are distinct, and
seem to be persistent. Glochidia small, suboval, without hooks.

Type P. clava (Lamarck).“

It isan unhappy coincidence, that the type species does not represent
the normal condition of the genus, but a rather extreme form of it.
In general, we may say that Pleurobema resembles Quadrula in the
soft parts, and Fusconaja in the shape of the shell, with the exception
that it has reached the advanced stage of having only the outer gills
marsupial. It differs from the following genera (Elliptio and Unio-
merus) only by the characters of the shell, chief among which is the
general outline, which is of the short, rounded, quadrate, or oblique
type, while Flliptio and Uniomerus have the elongate and straight
type of shell. Simpson (1900), p. 760, footnote 2) had difficulty in
defining this genus, and there are indeed species which are to a degree
intermediate between Pleurobema and Elliptio. PP. clava is a peculiar
type. Since I have not had any opportunity to investigate these
doubtful forms, I have made the present arrangement of the genera
to suit the material at hand, but I shall not be astonished if further
studies will necessitate changes.

Pleurobema riddelli (Lea).

One young male, and one larger female (sterile) are before me, from
Pearl River, Jackson, Hinds Co., Mississippi, collected by A. A.
Hinkley.

I was a little uncertain about the identification of this species, but
since Mr. Walker, to whom I sent these specimens, also thinks that
they are riddell1, I believe the identification is right.

The species of Pleurobema described by Rafinesque are unrecognizable, but
L. Agassiz (1852) has made this the type.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADEs. 263

Structure of the soft parts like those of the following species, which
see. Color of soft parts also of similar type. Mantle-connection *
separating anal and supra-anal very short. Anal with fine crenula-
tions, branchial with papilla. Posterior margin of palpi connected
for about one-half of their length.

Gills of the usual structure, in the female only the outer gills are
marsupial (see Plate XVIII, fig. 2).

In the soft parts there are no characters which assign this species
to a definite genus, except that they indicate, that it is not Fusconaja
and not Quadrula. It has been placed by Simpson in the latter genus.
In the shape of the shell it most resembles the coccineum-obliquum-
group of Pleurobema, from which it is distinguished by the rather
distinct posterior ridge. I think, P.riddelli comes in here, but stands
rather isolated by itself. The dark color of the epidermis is also un-
usual in this genus.

Pleurobema coccineum (Conrad).

Numerous specimens have been examined from the smaller creeks
of the Ohio and Lake Erie drainage in western Pennsylvania, among
them some fifty gravid females. The species is tachytictic, and the
breeding season lasts from the end of May to the end of July.

The soft parts have been described by Simpson (in Baker, 1898,
p. 79), but the account given of the marsupium is wrong.

Margin of the mantle, branchial, anal, and supra-anal openings of
the usual conformation, as also the gills and palpi. Branchial with
papillae, anal with distinct, almost papille-like crenulations. The
mantle-connection between the anal and supra-anal was found absent
in some cases. Posterior margins of palpi connected for one-half, or
even more, of their length.

Only the outer gills are marsupial.!* When gravid, the outer gills
swell only moderately, the edges remaining sharp. The ovisacs are
compressed and lanceolate and the placente, which are distinctly
developed, have the same leaf-like shape; they are always white, and
are permanent, being discharged whole. This discharge has been
observed several times. Glochidia rather small, subovate, without

1s Lefevre and Curtis (1910, p. 83) suggest that the fact that I found only the
outer gills charged may be due toa partial discharge of the marsupia in consequence
of beginning suffocation. This supposition is untenable. I observed many speci-

mens in the field. Moreover, even in females, which have the marsupium not
charged, it is easily seen that only the outer gills have marsupial structure.

264 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

hooks (see Ortmann, 19110, pl. 89, fig. 4). Length and height about
*the same: 0.15 mm.
Color of soft parts grayish or yellowish white. Among the numerous
specimens investigated not one has been found which showed any
traces of orange color.

Pleurobema obliquum (Lamarck).

A large number of specimens from the Ohio and Allegheny in
Pennsylvania, and the Ohio in West Virginia and Ohio have been
investigated. Gravid females have been found only a few times in
June.

Structure of soft parts absolutely identical with that of P. coccineum,
but glochidia have not been observed.

I do not think that this form is specifically distinct from P. coc-
cineum. It is the form of the large rivers, which is represented in the
headwaters and smaller streams by P. coccineum. In the Allegheny
River in Armstrong Co., Pennsylvania, these two forms are connected
by all kinds of intergrades.

Pleurobema pyramidatum (Lea).

Not more than adozen specimens of typical pyramidatum have been
seen, found always associated with the foregoing form. Females were
among them, but none gravid. I also received one male and three
females of this form from Arkadelphia, Arkansas, collected by H. E.
Wheeler.

This is merely an extreme variety of P. obliquum, connected with
it by frequent transitional forms, and consequently the anatomy is

absolutely identical.

Pleurobema clava (Lamarck).

About twenty-five specimens, among them gravid females, have
come under observation. They are all from the Ohio drainage in
western Pennsylvania. This species is gravid in June and July.

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 441),
but only those of the male.

Anatomy like that of the other species of Pleurobema. It should be
mentioned that the mantle-connection between the anal and supra-anal
is rather short, and was always found present. The anal is rather
distinctly, but finely, papillose. Posterior margins of palpi connected
for only a short distance.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 265

The outer gills alone are marsupial, and the placenta are rather
distinct. Glochidia (see Ortmann, 19110, pl. 89, fig. 5) of small size,
subovate, without hooks. Their length and height is about the same,
0.16 mm.

Color of soft parts whitish, with foot and gills grayish, and the

margin of the mantle black posteriorly. In other specimens the foot

Fic. 9. Pleurobena clava (Lamarck). Male, from Sandy Creek, Sandylake,
Mercer Co., Pa. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,589.) Coll. June 27, 191Io.
Fic. 9a. Left gills of sterile female, from Shenango River, Pulaski, Lawrence
Go., Pa. (Carn. Mus:, No. 61, 4,501.) Coll: Oct. 4, roro.

is pale orange, as are also the margins of the mantle and adductors.
The gills are grayish brown. There are all intergrades between these
extremes. The placente are white, cream-color, or pale orange.

Pleurobema decisum (Lea).

According to the similarity of the shell, and the notes on the anatomy
furnished by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 405), this species belongs here.

Genus Exziptio Rafinesque. 18109.
Simpson, 1900), p. 700 (as section).

Shell more or less elongated, with straight longitudinal axis, not
oblique. Beaks not very near the anterior end, not very prominent,
with shallow beak-cavities; hinge-teeth well developed. Outer surface
without sculpture.!® Epidermis generally rather dark, brown to
black, without rays, or with indistinct rays, chiefly so when young.
Rays straight, simple, and fine. Beak-sculpture tending to become

l€ Tf U. spinosus belongs here, the diagnosis should be modified in this par-
ticular.

266 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

obsolete; when present, consisting of few fine concentric ridges, to
which may be added, toward the disk, a small number of slightly
heavier bars, with a posterior angle upon the posterior ridge of the
shell; these bars run about parallel to the growth lines. Sometimes
the bars are slightly sinuate in front of the posterior angle, but they
never are distinctly of the double-lodped type. Nacre from white
through all shades of pink and red to deep purple and violet, with the
dark shades prevailing.

Soft parts practically identical with those of Plethobasus and Pleuro-
bema, with only the outer gills marsupial. Mantle-connection between
anal and supra-anal short, or somewhat longer. Inner lamina of
inner gills free. Color of the soft parts whitish, often greatly suffused
(chiefly the gills and mantle) with black. Eggs, where known, whitish,
placente rather distinct. Glochidia small, subovate, without hooks
(see Plate XIX, fig. 1).

It may be mentioned as an additional character, that in all these
forms the anal has rather distinct papille.

Type: E. crassidens (Lamarck.)"

We may regard Eilliptio as a special branch of Pleurobema, distin-
guished from the latter only by the characters of the shell. It prob-
ably is not descended directly from a Quadrula- or Fusconaja-like type
with four marsupial gills, but it has gone through the intermediate
Pleurobema-stage first.

The species of Elliptio easily fall into several groups.

In E. crassidens and beadleianus, the typical shape of the shell is
not so distinctly developed: it is not greatly elongated, and approaches
yet somewhat the subquadrate or subtrapezoidal type of certain
Fusconaja- and Pleurobema-species. The beak sculpture in these
forms is rather obscure.

Next to this stands the group of FE. complanatus (including productus
and jayensis), where the typical characters of the genus are fully de-
veloped.

A third type is furnished by E. gibbosus, and a fourth by E. popez.

Elliptio crassidens (Lamarck).
Numerous specimens both males and females have been examined,
all from the Ohio and Allegheny Rivers in western Pennsylvania.
17 Unio (Elliptio) nigra Rafinesque, 1820, is Rafinesque’s type (first species),

and this is undoubtedly a synonym of U. crassidens Lamarck, 1819. The large,
heavy shell of the Ohio with red nacre cannot be anything else.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 267

There were only three gravid females among them, which were found
on June 22, 1909.
Anatomy normal: margin of the mantle, siphons, gill-structure, and

marsupium typically Unionine. In a few cases the rather short

Fic. 10. E£lliptio crassidens (Lamarck). Male, from Allegheny River, Kelly,
Armstrong Co., Pa. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 3,777.) Coll. July 3, 1908.

Fic. 10a. Left gills of a sterile female, from same locality. (Carn. Mus., No. 61,
3,055.) Coll. Sept. 5, 1907.

mantle-connection between the anal and supra-anal was found to be
absent. Anal with small, but quite distinct, papilla. Palpi with the
posterior margins connected for a short distance.

268 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Marsupium formed by the outer gills; when gravid moderately
swollen, with rather well-developed, leaf-like placente. Glochidia
(see Ortmann, 19110, pl. 89, fig. 6) small, suboval, without hooks.
Length 0.13; height 0.15 mm. ‘The color of the abdominal sac is
whitish, the foot pale gray or brownish gray, the mantle pale liver-
brown, whitish toward the margins, edge brown, black posteriorly.
Gills gray or dirty brown. Adductors whitish, palpi grayish.

Elliptio beadleianus (Lea).

Two males and two females, from Pearl River, Jackson, Hinds Co.,
Mississippi, have been received from A. A. Hinkley.

This species, which has been placed by Simpson (1900), p. 786)
in the genus Quadrula, is not a Quadrula, because only the outer gills
have marsupial structure. In other respects its anatomy is indis-
tinguishable from that of other forms belonging in the genera of the
type of Pleurobema, etc. The shape of the gravid marsupium, of the
placenta, and of the glochidia is unknown.

The supra-anal opening is well separated from the anal, but the
separating mantle-connection is short. The inner edge of the anal
has fine, but distinct, papilla, that of the branchial has larger papille.
The posterior margins of the palpi are connected for one-third or one-
half of their length (this is the most prominent difference from the
allied forms). The inner lamina of the inner gills is free, as usual.

Although the structure of the gills unquestionably removes this
species from Quadrula and Fusconaja, it is hard to assign it a place in
the other genera. We must rely entirely upon the shell, and this is
rather an indifferent criterion. However, I think the shape of the shell
is more like that of crassidens than that of any other form. It is some-
what more elongate than the Fusconaja-Pleurobema-type, straight,
with the beaks not much anterior, with a dark epidermis, and with
a tendency to develop red nacre, characters which are all found in
FE. crassidens. The posterior ridge is also present in both species.

I consider E. beadletanus a peculiar type, standing nearest to E.
crassidens. Probably other species go with it, as for instance chicka-
sawhensis Lea and askewt Marsh (of the latter two, Frierson writes
to me that they are ‘“‘next to inseparable’). All these differ from
crassidens in being smaller, possessing more regularly swollen lateral
faces of the disk, lacking corrugations on the posterior slope, and having
a lighter nacre. Also the whole shell and the hinge are less massive in
structure. Their beak-sculpture is unknown.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES, 269

Color of soft parts of E. beadleianus whitish; foot grayish; gills and
palpi grayish-brown, as is also the mantle, except the margin, which is
whitish, with the edge blackish posteriorly.

Elliptio (2) spinosus (Lea).

The anatomy has been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 413).
It is similar to that o! E. crassidens, but Lea mentions some peculiar-
ities in the ovisacs, which I do not understand. The shell is of the
crassidens-type, but its spines are unique and would possibly justify
the erection of a separate genus: Canthyria Swainson, 1840.

Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn).

Numerous specimens of this species, males, sterile and gravid
females, have been investigated from the Delaware, Susquehanna, and
Potomac drainages of eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland. The
species is tachytictic, and the breeding season begins at the end of
April, and lasts to the middle of June, possibly a little longer.

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p.
412).

In the shell, this is a typical Elliptio, with the typical shape of this
genus, and its typical beak-sculpture. In the soft parts, we find the
edges of the mantle forming the usual openings. Anal and supra-anal
are separated by a moderate mantle-connection, shorter than the anal,
which has never been found missing. The branchial has large papille,
while the anal has much finer ones. Posterior margins of palpi con-
nected for a short distance.

Gills corresponding to the shape of the shell, rather long and
moderately wide, the inner rather wider. Diaphragm of the usual
shape, inner lamina of inner gill free, except at anterior end. Septa
and water-tubes well developed, the latter wide in the male. In the
female only the outer gills are marsupial, and their septa are much
crowded. When gravid, this gill swells only moderately, the edge
remaining sharp, and the ovisacs assume a leaf-like shape, as also do
the placente (figured by Lillie, 1895, pl. 1, fig. 1), which are not very
solid when glochidia are present. The latter are always white,
rather small, subovate, without hooks. They are longer than high.
Length 0.20, height 0.19 mm. (see Plate XIX, fig. 1).

Color of soft parts of the grayish white type, foot darker, also gills,
the latter often suffused with black posteriorly.

270 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Elliptio jayensis (Lea).

Five males and twelve females (all sterile) from Lake Monroe,
Sanford, Orange Co., Florida, collected by O. T. Cruikshank, in
April, 1907.

The soft parts are of the usual structure, and agree in every particular
with those of E. complanatus. Anal and supra-anal separated by a
mantle-connection, which is slightly longer than in the more primitive
forms, but still considerably shorter than the anal. Anal with rather
well developed papilla, which are almost as large as the papille of the
branchial opening. Posterior margins of palpi connected at base only.
Inner Jamina of inner gill free, except at anterior end. Only the outer
gills are marsupial.

The beak-sculpture of this species is not quite of the normal Elliptio-
type, in that in the case of the later bars a sinuation is seen in front
of the posterior angle. This sinuation is variable, and never assumes
the shape of a distinct, reéntering angle, and thus the beak-sculpture
cannot be called double-looped.

There are over one hundred shells (without the soft parts) at hand,
many of which might as well be called E. buckleyi (Lea). All these
shells undoubtedly are the same species, and were collected together.

The old ones most resemble buckleyi (see: Simpson, 1892, pl. 58,
figs. 6 and 7, and pl. 50, fig. 1), while those of medium size and the
young ones are jayensis (Simpson, ibid., pl. 61, fig. 4). It is remarkable
that there are no young buckleyi in the lot, while there are dozens of
jayensis. I am very much inclined to regard buckleyi as being only
the older adult form of jayensis.

Elliptio productus (Conrad).

Nine specimens have been investigated, males and sterile females,
from the Potomac drainage in southern Pennsylvania and Maryland.

The soft parts agree in all essential respects with those of E. com-
planatus. Conforming to the shape of the shell, the gills are extremely
long and narrow. Branchial, anal, and supra-anal as in complanatus;
anal and supra-anal separation slightly longer than usual; anal with
the same distinct papilla. Structure of palpi and gills the same.
No gravid females have been found.

Color of soft parts like that of complanatus.

Beak sculpture practically identical, and there is no doubt that this
species is an offshoot of the complanatus-stock.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 271

Elliptio gibbosus (Barnes).

Numerous specimens from the Ohio and Lake Erie drainage in
western Pennsylvania have been seen, and two males and two females
from Arkansas. Gravid females were found in the months of May,
June, and July, and in one case as late as August 13. This isa typical
tachytictic form.

The soft parts have been discussed by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 417)
and Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 70).

The beak-sculpture in this species is also similar to that of E. com-
planatus, but it is slightly heavier, though less distinct; that is to say:
the ridges are thicker, but less well defined.

Soft parts essentially identical with the other species described in
this genus. It, however, should be mentioned that in a very few cases
the mantle-connection between the anal and the supra-anal was found
missing. The anal has distinct papille.

When gravid the marsupium swells moderately, but the edge re-
mains sharp. The ovisacs are leaf-shaped, and the placente are
moderately well-developed, but when the glochidia are formed, they
seem to be less distinct. Color of eggs and glochidia always white.
Glochidia (see Lea, Obs., XIII, 1874, pl. 21, fig. 10; and Ortmann,
1911b, pl. 89, fig. 7) rather small, suboval in shape, without hooks.
Length 0.20, height 0.22 mm.

Color of soft parts grayish white. Foot, gills, and mantle gray, edge
of the latter black posteriorly. Marsupium cream-white.

Elliptio popei (Lea).

Two gravid females, from Valles River, Mexico, collected by A. A.
Hinkley in December and January, 1906-1907,'* were received from
L. S. Frierson.

The beak-sculpture is somewhat different from that which is typical
of this genus. In the two specimens before me, it is poorly developed,
although the beaks are well preserved. It consists of two to three
fine concentric ridges, which are somewhat interrupted in the middle,
giving a faint appearance of double loops. But it is not by any means
double-looped, since no reéntering angles are present.

The soft parts are typical. The anal and supra-anal are separated
by a mantle-connection, which is shorter than the anal. Anal with
well-developed papilla; papille of branchial larger than those of anal.

18 See Hinkley, 1907, pp. 68 and 79.

Zhe ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Posterior margins of palpi connected for a short distance. Inner
lamina of inner gills free, except anteriorly.

Both of my specimens are gravid, but have only eggs. Marsupium
formed by the outer gills, only moderately swollen, with sharp edge.
Placente moderately well developed.

Hinkley collected these specimens in December and January. Here
we would have a so-called ‘‘summer breeder,’’ which breeds in mid-
winter. But we know now, that not the season of the year, but the
shortness of the breeding season is important, and according to all
analogies, E. popei should be a form with short breeding season.

Genus Unromerus Conrad. (1853.)

Conrad, 1853, p. 268.—Simpson, 1900), p. 739 (as section).

Shell moderately elongated, with straight longitudinal axis, not
oblique, and beaks not very near the anterior end. Beaks not very
prominent, beak-cavities shallow, hinge-teeth well developed. Outer
surface without sculpture. Epidermis light yellowish to brown,
often with dark concentric bands, without rays. Beak-sculpture
rather distinct, concentric, bars rather numerous, not angled behind,
but curved up toward the posterior side of the beaks, and not parallel
to the growth lines. Nacre whitish or grayish, not inclining to purple
orred. Soft parts practically identical with those of Elliptio. Gravid
females are unknown, but in sterile females only the outer gills are
marsupial in structure. The anal has, in the type species, only crenu-
lations, and the mantle-connection between anal and supra-anal is
rather long.

Type U. tetralasmus (Say).

This genus stands very close to Elliptio, and, like this, may be
regarded as descended from Pleurobema.

Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say).

One male and two females (sterile) from Bayou Pierre, De Soto
Parish, Louisiana, have been received from L. S. Frierson.

The soft parts do not offer anything remarkable, when compared
with those of Pleurobema and Elliptio. The supra-anal is separated
from the anal by arather long mantle-connection, the latter, however, is

19 The first species given by Conrad is declivis, which, according to Simpson,

together with six of the other so-called species named, are synonyms, or varieties,
of telralasmus.

ORTMANN;:; FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. PHY (3°

shorter than the supra-anal, but distinctly longer than the anal. Inner
edge of anal with fine crenulations, that of branchial with papilla.
Inner lamina of inner gills free, except anteriorly. Posterior margins
of palpi connected for about one-fourth of their length. Marsupium
formed by the outer gills, and of the usual structure. Color of soft
parts whitish.

Genus UNIO Retzius. (1788.)
Simpson, 1900), p. 679 (restricted).

Shell ovate, or more or less elongated, with straight longitudinal
axis, not oblique, and beaks not very close to the anterior end. Beaks
not very prominent, with shallow beak-cavities. Hinge-teeth well-
developed. Outer surface without sculpture. Epidermis light or
dark, with, or without, rays. Beak-sculpture distinctly of the double-
looped type, or even zig-zag, with a distinct reéntering angle of the
bars in front of the posterior angle. Often the sculpture is rudi-
mentary, and consists of tubercles indicating the lower angles of the
original loops.

Soft parts much like those of Pleurobema, Elliptio, and Uniomerus.
Mantle-connection between anal and supra-anal moderately long
(generally almost as long as the anal). Inner lamina of inner gills
free, except at anterior end. Marsupium formed by the outer gills,
with the usual structure (see Plate XVIII, figs. 4, 5). Gravid females
have not been seen by the writer, but the glochidia are described by
European authors as being moderately large, subtriangular, with a
hook on the ventral point of each valve.

Type U. pictorum (Linneus).

This genus chiefly differs from the foregoing genera in the shape of
the glochidia and in the beak-sculpture. Although the marsupium
is similar to the North American genera Pleurobema, Elliptio, and
Uniomerus, I do not think that this indicates close relationship, but
that it is due to parallelism of development. The genus Unio of the
Old World has started from certain Unionine (with four gills serving
as marsupium) in an independent line of descent. We do not yet
know the forms which probably were ancestral to Unio. The shape
of the glochidium indicates that somewhere near Unio was the starting

/
rf

fs

point for the development of the subfamily Anodontine.

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ho
~I
He

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Unio pictorum (Linneus) 1758.
See also Ortmann, IQIIc, p. 21.

A large number of specimens, both males and females, are at hand,
from various parts of Germany and Hungary, received from W.
Israél.

Fic. 11. Unio pictorum (Linneus). Male, from Saale River, Rudolstadt,
Germany. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,934.)

Branchial opening separated from the anal by a complete diaphragm
formed only by the gills. Anal opening closed above by the union
of the margins of the mantle, forming a supra-anal; this mantle-con-
nection is rather long, slightly longer than the anal, and about as long
as the supra-anal. Inner edge of bran-
chial with distinct papille, that of the
anal almost smooth, or with very minute
crenulations. In front of the branchial
the inner edge of the mantle is practically
smooth. Palpi subfalciform, their pos-
terior margins united for about one-third
of their length, or slightly more.

Gills (corresponding to the shape of the
shell) rather long and narrow, the inner
the wider, chiefly so anteriorly. Anterior
end of the gills as usual, that of the inner
widely distant from the palpi. Outer
lamina of outer gill entirely connected

Pie nies alelt cills of aleteric with the mantle, inner lamina of inner

female, same locality. gill free from abdominal sac, with excep-
tion of its anterior end.

Both gills with well-developed water-tubes and continuous septa.

The septa of the inner gill of the male (see Plate XVIII, fig. 3) and

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 275

female (see Plate XVIII, fig. 4) are rather distant from each other;
in the outer gill of the male, they are slightly more crowded. But
in the female the septa of the outer gill are very close, forming narrow
water-tubes (see Plate XVIII, fig. 4). The epithelial lining of the latter
water-tubes is marsupial in character. Thus the marsupium is formed
by the outer gills alone practically throughout their whole extent;
for small sections at the anterior and posterior ends of the gill, which
have wider water-tubes, pass gradually into the marsupial part, and
may be disregarded.

Gravid females are not at hand. According to previous observations
of other authors (Harms, 1908, p. 696, fig. 1, and 1909, pp. 322 and 334;
Haas, 1910a, p. 107), the glochidia are subtriangular, with hooks.
Size 0.29 mm.

Unio tumidus Retzius.

The soft parts of four males and six females from Germany and
Hungary are at hand, received from W. Israél.

Structure essentially identical with that of U. pictorum. No
gravid females have been observed. The glochidia have been figured
by Schierholz (1889, pl. 4, fig. 63).

Unio crassus Retzius.”

Many specimens have been studied, received from W. Israél from
the drainage of the river Elster in Thuringia, Germany.

In this species also the soft parts are identical with those of U. pic-
torum. The non-marsupial part at the anterior and posterior ends
of the outer gills of the female is sometimes a little larger, but there
are specimens exactly like U. pictorum in this respect. Glochidia
have not been observed, and have not been described so far as I know.

Unio crassus musivus (Spengler).”!

One male, and four females from Germany and Hungary have been
sent to me by W. Israél.

Absolutely identical in structure with U. crassus. A female from
the river Begas, Hungary, had a few ovisacs near the middle of the

20 For nomenclature, see Thiele, 1909, p. 35.

21 This form is not batavus Maton and Rackett, 1907 (see Haas, 19104, p. 108,
and 1910¢, p. 167), but is surely batavus Lamarck, 1819, which name, consequently,

cannot be used. As Haas (1910d, p. 62) has shown, the oldest name is musivus,
Spengler, 1793.

276 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

cight outer gill filled with eggs. There were also eggs in the supra-
branchial canal. No glochidia were seen. The water-tubes had no
lateral water-tubes developed.

Unio crassus consentaneus (Rossmessler).

A male from the drainage of the Danube in Bavaria, and three
males and four females from the Danube in Hungary, were sent to me
by W. Israél.

Agrees in all particulars with the foregoing forms, (A cross-section
of the gills of the female is seen on Plate XVIII, fig. 5.)

Genus PARREYSIA Conrad. (1853.)”
Simpson, 19000, p. 840.—Ortmann, I910b, p. 139.

Shell subovate or subquadrate, with rather high beaks, moderately
deep beak-cavities, and well developed hinge-teeth. Epidermis
bright, sometimes rayed. Beak-sculpture of the radial type: two sets
of radial ridges run from in front and from behind the beaks in the
direction of the lower margin. The two sets of radial ridges meet in
the middle of the shell in an acute angle, and sometimes extend well
upon the disk. ;

Soft parts partly primitive, partly more advanced. Supra-anal
separated from the anal by a well developed mantle-connection, which
is rather long. Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with the
abdominal sac. All four gills are marsupial in the female, with well
developed septa and water-tubes, which latter are somewhat narrower
in the outer gill thanin theinner. In the male, the septa are distinctly
more distant than in the female. During pregnancy, the gills swell
but little, and the edges remain sharp, and the ovisacs remain simple.

Placenta subcylindrical, only slightly compressed, and not very
solid. Glochidia not observed.

This genus, in the structure of the soft parts, corresponds to Fus-
conaja, Crenodonta, and Quadrula, to which it is apparently related,
but represents another type of development of beak-sculpture, which
may be derived from the simple Fusconaja-sculpture. Some minor
features of the soft parts indicate that it has advanced a little along its

” Determined only by the type-species, multidentata Philippi =corrugatu Mueller

(see Conrad, 1853, p. 267). The investigated species, wynegungaénsis Lea is closely
allied to the type.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. PATCH

own line, which is also indicated by the full development of the beak-
sculpture. It may be possible, that species forming connecting links
with Fusconaja still exist in eastern Asia. The investigation of ad-
ditional, related types is much to be desired, and we should try
especially to become acquainted with the glochidia.

Parreysia wynegungaénsis (Lea).

A number of specimens from Bombay, India, have been sent to me
by L. S. Frierson. As to the description, I refer to my previous pub-
lications (Ortmann, 1910), p. 139, and I911a, p. 106, pl. 6, fig. 4,
ey ee ae

Genus LAMELLIDENS Simpson. (1900.)
Simpson, 1900), p. 854.—Ortmann, I9IIa, p. 106.

This genus bears about the same relation to Parreysia, as does
Unio and Elliptio to Fusconaja and Quadrula. A complete diagnosis
cannot be given at the present time, but the differences known to
exist in the only species examined are the following: Outer gills alone
marsupial, the shell more elongated, with the beak-sculpture rudi-
mentary.

As to the latter character, I may mention that I have seen, in a
specimen of L. consobrinus, as well as in specimens of L. marginalis
(Lamarck) in the Carnegie Museum, that the sculpture starts with a
few (one or two) fine, concentric bars, and, following these, other bars
are added, of which, however, only the lateral (anterior and posterior)
parts are developed, which assume a direction radiating from the
anterior and posterior side of the beak. These radiating ridges are
very short, and I think they give us a clue as to the derivation of the
radiating sculpture from the concentric. I think the Lamellidens-
sculpture represents a phylogenetically older stage of beak-sculpture,
while in other characters the form investigated is somewhat more
advanced.

Lamellidens consobrinus (Lea).

One single sterile female from India has been investigated; I re-
ceived it from L. S. Frierson. For-the anatomy see my previous
publication (Ortmann, I911Ia, p. 106, pl. 7, fig. 4).

278 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Subfamily 4 NODONTIN A.

To this subfamily belongs, first of all, the European genus Ano-
donta, which is the typical genus, and which also occurs in North
America, and probably likewise in Asia. In North America there are
a number of additional genera, in some respects even more primitive
than Anodonta, of which I have examined the following: Alasmidonta,
Strophitus, Symphynota, Arcidens, Anodontoides, Lastena. They are
all adopted from Simpson’s Synopsis, and I do not see any reason for
changing these generic divisions.

In the soft parts, they all very closely resemble each other. The
fundamental idea, the physiological meaning of the anatomical pecu-
liarities of this group, which governs its structure, is the following:
these forms are bradytictic, and the breeding season becomes a long
one, and the glochidia, after having fully developed, are not discharged,
but kept in the marsupium over winter.?? This makes necessary a
special apparatus for supplying the glochidia with the necessary oxygen
during this period. The problem is solved by the development of a
special apparatus to secure the circulation of water within the gills,
which, in the diagnosis (p. 224), has been called that of the “lateral
water-tubes.’”” This apparatus exists only during the breeding
season, but it has been found in all species the gravid females of
which have been investigated. In sterile females traces of it are also
generally discernible, since the lateral parts of the water-tubes often
show indications of its presence in the conformation of their epithelium
(see Plate XVIII, fig. 6). This is the most essential character of the
subfamily.

Other characters are furnished by the development of thickened
tissue along the edge of the marsupium, which permits the distending
of this gill during pregnancy, and this character is also generally
easily seen in sterile females. Further, the mantle-connection sep-
arating the anal and supra-anal is generally well, often very well,
developed; the inner gill has the inner lamina free or connected with
the abdominal sac. These latter two characters are of secondary
value, but they help somewhat in the distinction of genera. The
marsupium is always formed by the outer gills, the glochidia are rather
large, subtriangular, and possess hooks. There are no generic distinc-
tions observable in these characters, although the shape and size of

23 Very few Anodontine are known from countries without a winter, but such are
present. It would be very interesting to study their behavior in this respect.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 279

the glochidia varies somewhat in the different species (see Plate XIX,
figs. 2, 3, 4). In only one genus, Strophitus, the anodontine-structure
of the marsupium has undergone a marked change, and has made a
step in advance. Here each ovisac, which remains simple in other
genera, is subdivided into a number of secondary compartments run-
ning in a direction transverse to the gill. There are also further
peculiarities in the marupium of this genus, which concern the mutual
cohesion of the eggs and glochidia.*!

Strophitus is the only genus, which must be separated from the rest
on solely anatomical grounds. In the case of all other genera the only
criteria are the differences of the shells sometimes supplemented by
minor characters of the soft parts.

The shell, in this subfamily, is quite variable in shape, but in most
forms it is not very thick, or it is even quite thin. The hinge is ex-
tremely variable, showing all stages from a complete development to
complete reduction. If present, the hinge-teeth are peculiar: the
pseudocardinals are supplemented, in the lett valve by an additional
(generally a third) tooth, which is formed by a projection of the
interdentum, and extends below the corresponding part of the right
valve. Sometimes this supplementary tooth is rudimentary, and it
may be well separated from the posterior pseudocardinal, or may
be fused with it.

A very important feature of the shell seems to me the beak-sculpture,
which indicates two, possibly three, lines of development within this
sub-family.

We would thus obtain the following scheme of classification:
a1. Beak-sculpture double-looped, with a more or less sharp sinuation or re-entering

angle. Mantle connection between anal and supra-anal moderate or
very long. No tendency to unite the inner lamina of inner gills with
abdominal sac.

by. Hinge-teeth more or less developed, at least pseudocardinals present.

Shell not very thin.
a. Beak-sculpture not tubercular, and no sculpture upon the disk, but

sometimes upon the posterior slope................-.. Symphynota.

c. Beak-sculpture tubercular, and strong tubercles and other sculpture
TTPO CEs GIGIGEs |. says 'cicrz We che a aceue codholiesaropaltscre ene 24/508 wh seis sod Arcidens.

bo. Hinge-teeth completely absent. Shell smooth and thin......... Anodonta.

az. Beak-sculpture concentric, fine. Hinge-teeth practically absent. Mantle-

24 It is possible that the structural differences of Strophitus are connected with
the fact recently discovered by Lefevre and Curtis (1911) that the glochidia of this
genus do mot pass through a parasitic stage on fishes.

280 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

connection between anal and supra-anal moderately long. No tendency
to unite the inner lamina of inner gills with abdominal sac... Anodontoides.

a3. Beak-sculpture concentric, heavy. Mantle-connection between anal and supra-
anal moderate. Certain forms with tendency to connect the inner
lamina of inner gills with abdominal sac.

bi. Hinge-teeth more or less developed, at least the pseudocardinals present.

Marsupium with simple ovisacs. Shell subrhomboidal.. .Alasmidonta.
bo. Hinge-teeth rudimentary. Marsupium of gravid female unknown. Shell
ClOM GALE ished s Gsaie’s) a iesesele eee cee Rd ee eke enor ore ae te een Lastena.
bs. Hinge-teeth rudimentary. Marsupium with ovisacs subdivided into trans-
verse, compartments: ‘Shell subovatersn. 1. ecise cs). eicieie eeiere Strophitus.

The most primitive types are undoubtedly Symphynota and Alas-
midonta, and among them species with fully developed hinge-teeth
are found. The most extreme modification of the soft parts is seen
in Strophitus, while the most extreme specialization in the shell is
represented by Anodonta (most successful adaptation to the life in
quiet water with muddy bottom). Arcidens is peculiar in its shell
sculpture. Anodontoides is a connecting form between a; and as,
but with the whole shell-structure more inclining toward aq. Lastena
is yet rather doubtful in its position.

It must be pointed out that comparatively few forms have been in-
vestigated, and that further knowledge will possibly furnish the means
for a better understanding ot the phylogeny of this subfamily. There
surely should be Anodontine in Asia (aside from Anodonta proper),
which possibly might be more primitive than any of those investigated
hitherto. For the present, the most ancient types are known from
North America, but I do not think that the subfamily originated in
this continent. The shape of the glochidia indicates, that it started
probably from a form near the European genus Unio, and this makes it
more likely that the ancestral form lived in the Old World.

Genus SYMPHYNOTA Lea. (1829.)
(Simpson, 1900), p. 662.)

Shell ovate or elliptic, compressed, with smooth disk, but sometimes
with ribs upon the posterior slope. Beak-sculpture distinct, consisting
of a few concentric bars, followed by others, which are distinctly
sinuated,” or double-looped. Hinge with teeth, the pseudocardinals
always present, the laterals present, imperfect, or absent.

Soft parts of typical structure: outer gills alone marsupial, when

25 See description of beak sculpture of S. costata.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 281

charged their edges distending, lateral (secondary) water-tubes present,
ovisacs not subdivided. Placente very poorly developed, and only
indicated when eggs are present. Inner lamina ot inner gills free from
abdominal sac.

Type S. compressa Lea. Very close to this stands S. viridis (Con-
rad). These two species are normally hermaphrodites, while the other
two (S. complanata (Barnes) and S. costata (Rafinesque)) are gono- °
chorists.

This genus is the most primitive among the Anodontine with double-
looped beak-sculpture. Simpson divides it into subgenera, which are
well characterized, although there is not much need of a division of
the genus on account of the small number of species.

Symphynota compressa Lea.

Numerous specimens from northwestern Pennsylvania and other
parts have been investigated.

This is a typical bradytictic form, and the breeding season is normal,
beginning in August, and ending in May (and June in Lake Erie).

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 423,
as pressus), and Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 59).

Anal and supra-anal separated by a well-developed mantle-connec-
tion, which, however, is shorter than the anal. Inner edge of anal
distinctly crenulated, that of the branchial with papille; farther in
front the edge is practically smooth, only in the beginning fine crenu-
lations are seen. Palpi subfalciform, their posterior margins united
for about one-half of their length.

Gills broad, the inner the broader. Anterior end of inner gill
about half way between the palpi and the anterior end of the outer
gill. Gill-diaphragm normal. Inner lamina of inner gill free, except
at anterior end.

Gills with well-developed septa and water-tubes. This species being
normally hermaphroditic (see Ortmann, 1911), p. 309), the gills have
always (with extremely rare exceptions) the female structure, that is
to say, in the inner gill the septa are rather distant, and the water-
tubes are wide, and the outer gill is marsupial. When sterile, the
septa are crowded, with marsupial epithelium, and the water-tubes
are narrow. When gravid this gill swells considerably, and at the
edge the tissue distends, so as to render the edge rounded off or trun-
cated. Within this gill, each water-tube develops the characteristic

282 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

lateral, or secondary, water-tubes, while the middle portion forms the
ovisac, which is also closed at the base of the gill. The eggs fill the
ovisacs in densely crowded masses, and in certain places a placenta-
like cohesion may be observed. But when the glochidia are mature,
they are perfectly free, and no indications of placente are seen.
Glochidia subtriangular, almost semicircular, longer than high, with
hooks. Length 0.34; height 0.28 mm. (see: Lea, Obs., VI, 1858,
pl. 5, fig. 23; and Ortmann, 19118, pl. 89, fig. 10).

Color of soft parts whitish, edge of mantle black, chiefly so poste-
riorly. The foot is pale brownish yellow, the gills grayish. The ab-
dominal sac is often pinkish. The charged marsupium varies greatly
in color, this variation depending at least in part on the stage of de-
velopment of the embryos. It may be white, cream-color, pinkish,
pale orange, or various shades of brown.

Symphynota viridis (Conrad).

Numerous specimens have been investigated from the Potomac,
Susquehanna, and Delaware drainages of eastern Pennsylvania.

Breeding season from August to May.

Soft parts described by Lea (Obs., XIII, 1874, p. 71). They are in
every particular identical with those of S. compressa. This species also
is hermaphroditic (Ortmann, 1911), p. 310), and specimens with the
male structure of the gills have never been found. Glochidia (Lea,
ibid., pl. 21, fig. 4) are about of the same shape as those of the fore-
going species, but slightly larger. Length 0.36; height 0.30 mm.
Color of soft parts as in compressa; marsupium cream-color, pale orange,
or brown.

Symphynota complanata (Barnes).

Eight specimens from northwestern Pennsylvania, collected by my-
self, have been investigated; in addition, three from the Kansas
River, Lawrence, Douglas Co., Kansas (R. L. Moodie), and one from
the Ohio at Portland, Meigs Co., Ohio (collected by myself). Among
them were males, sterile and gravid females.

Breeding season not completely known, but the dates at hand agree
with those of other species. Eggs were found in the marsupium in
September.

Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 448) has described the soft parts; Simpson’s
(in Baker, 1898, p. 61) description is partly incorrect (scalloped edge

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 283

of marsupium). A figure of the gravid female has been published by
Lefevre and Curtis (1910, pl. 1, fig. 6), but the essential structure of
the marsupium is not brought out.

Mantle-connection between anal and supra-anal about as long as
the anal, supra-anal slightly longer. In other respects, the soft
parts are essentially identical with those of the other species of the
genus. Glochidia of similar size, but shape more distinctly tri-
angular, not so long in comparison with height. Length and height
0.34 mm. (see Lea, Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 29, and Lefevre and Curtis,
l. c., p. 97, fig. A. The measurements given by Lefevre and Curtis,
0.29 X 0.30, are at variance with mine; see also Ortmann, 19110,
pl. 89, fig. 11).

Color whitish when young, but foot and gills browner when old.

Abdominal sac brown-orange, marsupium pale yellow to brown.

Symphynota costata (Rafinesque).

Many specimens from western Pennsylvania have been investigated,
and two gravid females from Hurricane Creek, Gurley, Madison Co.,
Alabama (H. E. Wheeler, Sept. 13, 1910).

Breeding season from August to May. Eggs were found only in
August and September.

Soft parts described by Lea (as Margaritana rugosa, Obs., X, 1863,
p. 446) and Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 58).

Soft parts like those of S. compressa. It is noteworthy that the
anal is very large, and the mantle-connection between anal and supra-
anal comparatively short, much shorter than the anal. Glochidia
(see Lea, Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 26; Lefevre and Curtis, 1910, p. 97,
fig. B, length 0.35; height 0.39), larger, more distinctly triangular,
higher than long. Length 0.34; height 0.37 mm.

This species is remarkable on account of its beak-sculpture, which
does not conform to the double-looped type characteristic of this
genus. In.S. costata, the later bars (toward the disk) are rather heavy
and straight, with hardly an indication of a sinuation. The earliest
bars are concentric as usual. But between the earliest and the latest,
are some bars, which show an indication of sinuation more or less
well-developed.

This condition shows that we must not lay too much stress upon
beak-sculpture as a general systematic character. S. costata is un-

284 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

doubtedly a Symphynota, but the beak-sculpture is abnormally de-
veloped. The sinuation of the bars, however, indicates that this
species originally had double-looped sculpture.

Color of soft parts rather remarkable. Orange tints are often found,
similar to those seen in certain forms of Alasmidonta. The ground-
color is yellowish brown; foot, margins of mantle, and adductors,
often deep orange. The gills are brown, the edge of the mantle, as
usual, blackish. The marsupium, when charged, varies from yellowish

to brown.

Genus ARCIDENS Simpson. (1900.)
Simpson, 1900), p. 661.

Shell subrhomboid, inflated, with full beaks. Disk sculptured.
Beak-sculpture strong, distinctly double-looped, the loops tubercular,
and the tubercles are continued in two radiating rows upon the disk.
In addition, there are oblique folds upon the disk, and the posterior
slope is also sculptured. Hinge with teeth, pseudocardinals present
and well developed, laterals obliterated, but traces of them may be
seen.

Soft parts, as far as known, anodontine in structure, and similar to
the genus Symphynota. Gravid females have not been observed.

Type: A. confragosus (Say).

The genus is incompletely known, but very probably it is to be placed
near Symphynota.

Arcidens confragosus (Say).

I have one male and two females from Bayou Pierre, De Soto Parish,
Louisiana, collected on Aug. 6, 1910, by L. S. Frierson, further the
gills of an additional female from the same place, collected a little
later, and one female from Pearl River, Jackson, Hinds Co., Mississippi,
collected Nov. 5, 1910, by A. A. Hinkley. None of the females was
gravid.

The soft parts of the male have been described by Lea (Obs., X,
1863, p. 448). Supra-anal long, well separated from the anal by a
mantle-connection, which is shorter than the anal. Inner edge of
anal crenulated, inner edge of branchial with papille. Diaphragm

complete and normal. Inner lamina of inner gills free, except at

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 285

anterior end. Posterior margins of palpi connected for not quite
one-half of their length.
Fic. 12. Arcidens confragosus (Say). Male from Bayou Pierre, De Soto Parish,

a. -(Carms Mus: No: 61; 4,701.)

Gills anodontine in structure. Simpson (1900), p. 661) describes
the marsupium in peculiar terms (‘fof a peculiar, granular texture’’).
Although I have not seen gravid
females, the sterile females I
possess offer nothing unusual or
different from other Anodontine.

Only the outer gills are marsu-

A

»

pial, and their septa are much

crowded, forming very narrow

:

mp

water-tubes, while in the inner
gill the septa are much more
distant. The septa of the outer
gills are typically anodontine,
and an indication of secondary
water-tubes is present in the
sterile female (see pl. XVIII, Fic. 12a. Left gills of a sterile fe-
fig. 6). Besides, at the edge of male, tee cet River, EO na
fhe marsupial gill, there is a Co., Miss. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,928.)
thick mass of tissue, which indicates, that in the gravid female the
edge is capable of distending.

286 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Genus ANoponta Lamarck. (1799.)
Simpson, 1900), p. 620.

Shell elliptical, or elongated; thin; flat, or inflated, with smooth
disk. Beak-sculpture distinct, but not very heavy, of the double-
looped type, the loops separated by a sinuation, or a reéntering angle.
Hinge-teeth completely absent.

Only the outer gills are marsupial. When charged, the edge dis-
tends, and secondary water-tubes are present. Ovisacs not sub-
divided. No placente are developed. Inner lamina of inner gills
free from abdominal sac. Mantle-connection between anal and
supra-anal generally very long, longer than either opening.

Type A. cygnea (Linneus).

In the reduction of the hinge-teeth, in the long mantle-connection
between anal and supra-anal, and the whole structure of the shell,
this genus represents a very extreme specialization of the anodontine
type. In the free inner lamina of the inner gill it is rather primi-
tive.

A large number of species are recognized by Simpson (1900)), but
in Europe the species-making in this group has gone beyond all the
bounds of reason. <A healthy reaction is, however, setting in, with
regard to this genus as well as the European genus Unio (see Kobelt,
1908, p. 91; Thiele, 1909, p. 33; Israél, 1909, p. 26; Haas, 1910¢).
As will be shown below, the European genus Pseudanodonta, which
has been split off, is also unsatisfactorily supported. It remains to
be seen, whether the species from western North America and Asia
have the same structure of the soft parts. Certain Chinese forms
differ in the beak-sculpture.

Anodonta cygnea (Linnzus).
See also Ortmann, IQII¢c, p. 22.

A large number of specimens of both sexes, including gravid females,
from various places in Germany and Hungary have been sent to me
by W. Israél.

I agree with Israél (1909) in regarding all Anodontas of central
Europe (except complanata), as one species. The form cellensis is
surely only the senile form of ponds, and anatina is the form of small
creeks. The name of this species should be cygnea and not piscinalts.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 287

Supra-anal and anal openings widely separated, the one about as
long as the other, but the united part of the margin of the mantle

Fic. 13. Anodonta cygnea (Linneus). Male, from Obra South Canal, Sepno,
Prov. Posen, Germany. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,956.)

between them longer than either, with slight variations in length.
Anal with crenulations, branchial with papilla. Palpi with the pos-
terior margins united for one-
fourth or one-third of their length.
Gills and diaphragm as usual, inner
lamina of inner gills free, except
at anterior end.

In the male, the septa of both
gills are rather distant; in the sterile
female the septa of the outer gill Lao
are very crowded, forming very
narrow water-tubes (see Plate
XVIII, fig. 7). The whole outer
gill is marsupial, and at its edge
there is heavy tissue which permits

the distending of the gill when

charged. Within the marsupium Fic. 13a. Left gills of a sterile

each water-tube is divided, in the f™ale, from Mogelnitza River, Prov.
Posen, Germany. (Carn. Mus., No.

breeding season, into three tubes, :
61, 4,953-)

two narrow lateral (secondary)
water-tubes lying toward the faces of the gill, and a central larger

288 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

tube; the latter forms the ovisac, containing the eggs and embryos,
and this ovisac is also closed at the base of the marsupium by a
fine membrane.ӎ

The eggs and glochidia fill the ovisacs without forming placente,
and the glochidia are discharged through the anal opening in rather
irregular masses. Glochidia®” rather large, triangular, with hooks.
They are about as long as high, 0.35 mm. (see Plate XIX, fig. 2).

Having seen only alcoholic material I refrain from describing the
colors of the soft parts.

Anodonta complanata Rossmessler.
See also Ortmann, 191 Ic, p. 22.

Six specimens from Dinkelsbueh], Bavaria, and ten specimens from
Buda-Pest, Hungary, are at hand, received from W. Israél. Among
them are gravid females.

=
™ are . so an
l/s
ye ly :
rt rh

Fic. 14. Anodonta complanata Rossmessler. Male, from Weernitz River,
Dinkelsbiihl, Bavaria. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,958.)

Inner edge of anal opening with very fine papilla. Gills (see Plate
XVIII, fig. 9) essentially of the same structure as Anodonta cygnea,

2° That the lateral water-tubes are actually parts cut off from the original water-
tube by folds is conclusively shown by fig. 8, Plate XVIII. This is a slide made
from a female, in which the eggs were just beginning to go into the marsupium.
Attention should be called to the fact that in this species I never found the lateral
water-tubes complete. This may be due to the fact that all my material was col-
lected early in the breeding season. Nevertheless, some of the specimens had fully
developed glochidia. :

27 The glochidia have been figured by Fleming (1875, pl. 4, fig. 4) and Schierholz
(1889, pl. 2, fig. 26), their measurements, 0.35 mm., have been given by Harms
(1909, p. 332) and Haas (19104, p. 110).

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 289

but septa more irregular in the non-marsupial gills. In the marsupial
gill of the female, the septa are crowded, even more so than in A.
cygnea. The tissue of the gills is generally more delicate in A. com-
planata, but the various elements are similar to those of A. cygnea.
The glochidia (see Plate XIX, fig. 3, also Schierholz, 1889, pl. 2, fig. 29;
Fleming, 1875, pl. 3, fig. 11) are smaller, longer than high, with shorter
hooks; thus the outline is less distinctly triangular, and less pointed.
I find the length to be 0.34, the height 0.32; while Haas (1910a) gives
0.33 mm., but does not say in which dimension.

For this species, Bourguignat (1880, pp. 11-13) has created the
genus Pseudanodonta, founded originally upon the shape of the shell
and differences in the hinge. The first character is quite pronounced,
but cannot be regarded under any condition as a generic character;
the second does not exist at all, which is best shown by the fact that
it has been dropped entirely by subsequent authors (Haas). Other
writers have added to the distinctive characters, which have been
condensed by Haas (1910a, p. 110; and
1910c, p. 170). According to Germain, the
beak-sculpture is said to be different.
Pseudanodonta is reported to have three to
five tubercular ridges, which are absent in
the true Anodonta, while in Anodonta, there
are flexuous ridges, but never tubercular
ridges (‘‘les Pseudanodontes ont . . . trois
a cinq rides tuberculeuses . . . qui man-
quent chez les véritables Anodontes. Chez
les Anodontes, les sommets sont parfois
ornés de rides flexueuses, mais jamais de
rides tuberculeuses’’). This statement isan

intentional exaggeration of the actual con-

Fic. 14a. Left gills of a

ditions, worded with the purpose to obscure .erile female from same lo-
the similarities, and to emphasize the differ- cality.

ences. The fact is that in both Anodonta

and Pseudanodonta, the beak-sculpture is of the same type, and
consists of a number of double-looped bars, of which, in complanata,
the posterior loop is slightly more swollen, but not tubercular. Haas
also described the beak-sculpture of Pseudanodonta as “consisting of

9

a few isolated, rather elevated tubercles,’ which is positively wrong,

as is shown by the specimens before me.

290 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

According to Clessin, differences are said to be present in the gills.
Clessin (1876, p. 446) asserts that the tissue of the gills in Pseudano-
donta is more delicate, that the transverse strie (‘‘Querstreifen’’) are
more deeply incised, and that the less conspicuous longitudinal striz
(‘‘Leengsstreifen’’) are straighter and that the breeding compartments
(‘‘Brutfecher’’) are more quadrate (‘“‘bilden vollkommenere Quad-
rate’’).

The tissue of the gills is indeed more delicate, which is due chiefly
to the slighter development of the interlaminar tissue. The gill-
filaments are finer, and the interfilamentar grooves (probably the
‘‘Querstreifen’’ of Clessin) are deeper. What he calls ‘“‘ Lengsstreifen,”’
is probably produced by the longitudinal rows of water pores (ostia).
Such a striation is indeed less distinct in a face view of the gills, in
consequence of the stronger development of the filaments. They
are not so distinctly visible as in A. cygnea, but nevertheless they are
present. I cannot, however, under any conditions, see that they are
straighter than in A. cygnea; on the contrary, they are slightly more
irregular. What Clessin means by the statement that the “ Brut-
feecher’’ are more quadrate, I cannot imagine. If he means the com-
partments formed by the septa, I can only say that, in a face view,
they are not quadrate at all, either in Anodonta or in Pseudanodonta;
if he means in a cross-section, they are quadrate or approximately
quadrate only in the outer gill of the sterile female, both in Pseudano-
donta and Anodonta, while in all other gills, non-marsupial gills of
the male and female, and marsupial gill of the gravid female, they
are in both genera anything else but quadrate.”8

As has been said above, in Pseudanodonta the gill-structure is
essentially the same as in the typical Anodonta, and all anatomical
elements are present in both forms. The gills of A. complanata are
indeed more delicate, chiefly in consequence of the slighter development
of the interlaminar tissue; the gill filaments are finer, closer together,
with deeper interfilamentary grooves, so that this layer on the outside
of the gill is slightly thicker (compare Plate XVIII, figs. 7, 8, and 9).
The consequence is that the rows of ostia, which are distinctly visible
in A. cygnea in a face view, are rather indistinct in A. complanata.
But when held up against the light, they also become distinct in the

28 It almost appears as if Clessin had compared the marsupial gill of a sterile

female of Pseudanodonta, with a non-marsupial gill of Anodonta. But I am not
sure of this, since his terms are rather vague.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 291

latter. Besides there is no difference whatever in the gills. The
slight differences mentioned cannot be regarded, under any conditions,
as of generic value, in face of the great similarity of structure. The
presence of papilla on the anal opening (Haas, 1910a, p. 130) in
Pseudanodonta is a character, which at most has merely specific
value. There remains only the glochidium (see Plate XIX, fig. 3)
to be considered. There are, indeed, certain differences between the
glochidia of A. complanata and cygnea, but as far as they are known
in other members of the genus and subfamily, such differences are
encountered elsewhere, without being considered as of generic value.
The glochidia are undoubtedly built upon the same plan in both species.

A. complanata not only is a true Anodonta, but judging by the shape
of the beak and beak-sculpture belongs to that growp in the genus, of
which A. cygnea is the type. We cannot separate it generically from
the latter, without disregarding natural affinities.

Anodonta imbecillis Say.

I have investigated twenty-three specimens from northwestern
Pennsylvania (Allegheny and Lake Erie drainages), and two from
Lawrence, Douglas Co., Kansas (R. L. Moodie). All were females in
structure, and many were gravid. This species is hermaphroditic.

Typically bradytictic, and gravid from September to May. In
Lake Erie the time of discharging the glochidia is postponed even
further, this act having been observed as late as July 12.

The anatomy has been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 449).

Of all American forms this species resembles most closely the
European Anodontas in the shape of the shell. It differs, however,
in being hermaphroditic. The soft parts present no special features,
and they agree both with the European A. cygnea and the North
American A. grandis. The anal opening is almost smooth.

Glochidia smaller than those of cygnea, slightly higher than long
(length 0.30; height 0.31 mm.), of the usual shape, with hooks (see
Lea, Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 36; Ortmann, 19110, pl. 89, fig. 13).

Color of soft parts whitish, foot yellowish brown; gills pale brown;
edge of mantle blackish. Charged marsupium brown.

Anodonta henryana Lea.

Seven specimens from a branch of the Rio Grande, Mercedes,
Hidalgo Co., Texas, collected May 15, 1907, by Dr. D. A. Atkinson.

292 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Soft parts and glochidia described by Lea (Obs., VIII, 1860, p. 373).

I think my specimens belong to this species, although they are all
remarkably shortened and truncated posteriorly. They are all
gravid, with glochidia. Possibly this species also is hermaphroditic.

Soft parts absolutely identical with those of A. imbecillis, and
the glochidia also are practically identical. Length 0.29; height
0.30 mm. (The difference from the measurements given for A.
imbecillis may be due to the personal equation of the observer.) The
shell of this species reveals that it undoubtedly belongs to the same
group as A. imbecillis.

Anodonta grandis Say.

Numerous specimens of the typical form as well as of several vari-
eties have been investigated. They come from western Pennsylvania,
Kkansas, northern Alabama, and Louisiana.

The breeding season begins in August and September, and ends
very early in spring, for in April the majority of the females have
already discharged their glochidia. But occasionally gravid females
are found as late as the end of May (latest date, May 22).

The soft parts have been described (as of A. plana, decora, ovata)
by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 452) and by Simpson (in Baker, 1898; p. 52,
chiefly as to color).

Mantle-connection between anal and supra-anal very long, anal
small, its inner edge crenulated. Branchial opening with papilla, inner
edge in front of branchial smooth. Posterior margins of palpi con-
nected for one-third to one-half of their length. Anterior end of inner
gills midway between that of the outer gills and the palpi, so that it is
widely remote from the palpi. Diaphragm normal. Inner lamina
of inner gills free except at anterior end. Septa of the gills distant
in the male and the non-marsupial gills of the female. Marsupium
formed by the outer gills, which swell greatly when charged, distending
at the edges so as to appear truncated, and developing lateral water-
tubes, while the ova are contained in the central ovisacs; the latter
are not subdivided. No placente are formed, and the glochidia are
discharged loose, in irregular masses.

Glochidia very large, the largest known to me, even larger than those
of A. cygnea, subtriangular, slightly higher than long (length 0.36;
height 0.37 mm.) with hooks. The glochidia figured by Lea (Obs.,
VI, 1858, pl. 5, figs. 32-34) as of A. lewtsi, ovata, decora, differ some-
what from each other, while they actually should be all alike.

OrRTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 293

Color whitish. Foot orange-yellow, palpi and gills brown. Edge
of mantle brown, black behind. Charged marsupium yellowish white
(with eggs) to liver-brown (with glochidia). The orange tint of
the foot is variable, lighter or darker.

Anodonta cataracta Say.

About twenty-five specimens from various places in the Atlantic
drainage of eastern Pennsylvania have been investigated.

The breeding season begins in August, in which month I repeatedly
found gravid females with eggs. I have no other observations of
my own, but Conner (1907, p. 88) gives October to May as the breeding
season.

Lea (Obs., II, 1838, pl. 15, fig. 46) has figured the animal, but his
figure is practically useless.

The soft parts resemble in every respect those of A. grandis. I have
seen the glochidia of specimens from the Delaware River, collected
by C. H. Conner on March 19, 1911, and they agree with the figure
published by Lefevre and Curtis (1910, p. 97, fig. C); the dimensions
are: length 0.36; height 0.37 (identical with those of the glochidia of
A. grandis). The colors of the soft parts are also the same.

I have my doubts as to the specific distinctness of this form from
A. grandis. Atany rate, it is merely the eastern representative of the
western grandis, and does not have any close affinity to the European
species and the Anodontas of the Pacific slope of America, as Walker
(1910a, p. 135) believes, and there is no reason to think that “it was
a co-immigrant with Margaritana margaritifera to the east coast of
North America”’ (from Europe). A. cataracta is, if anything, an east-
ern offshoot of the A. grandis-stock of the central basin.

Genus ANODONTOIDES Simpson. (1898.)
(Simpson, 1900), p. 658.)

Shell subelliptical, thin, inflated, with smooth disk. Beak-sculpture
distinct, but not very heavy, consisting of concentric ridges curved
up behind, not double-looped. Hinge-teeth absent, or represented
by the merest rudiments.

Soft parts much like those of Anodonta. Outer gills alone marsupial,
when charged distending at the edges, and secondary water-tubes
present, ovisacs not subdivided. No placente developed. Inner

22 Sometimes the light color is preserved in the glochidial-stage.

294 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac. The mantle-connection
separating anal and supra-anal shorter than in Anodonta.

Type A. ferussacianus (Lea).

This is practically an Anodonta with concentric beak-sculpture.
The general make-up of the shell is much like Anodonta, while the
beak-sculpture is suggestive of the Alasmidonta-group, without being
so heavy.

Anodontoides ferussacianus (Lea).

Numerous specimens of the typical form, as well as of the var.
subcylindraceus (Lea) have been investigated, the former from the
Ohio drainage in western Pennsylvania, and the Cumberland River in
Kentucky, the latter from Lake Erie.

Bradytictic. The breeding season begins in August and ends in
May; discharging specimens were found on May 14.

Soft parts described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, pp. 449 and 451), and
Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 73), but the latter is mistaken with
reference to the marsupium of ferussacianus, while the description
of that of subcylindraceus (p. 74) is correct.

Anatomy essentially that of Anodonta, but it should be mentioned
that the mantle-connection between anal and supra-anal is only about
as long as the anal as well as the supra-anal. The inner edge of the
anal is finely, but distinctly papillose. The posterior margins of the
palpi are only connected for a short distance, and the anterior end of
the inner gill is about half-way between that of the outer gills and the
palpi. The marsupium has the same structure as in Anodonta, and
the glochidia (Ortmann, 19110, pl. 89, fig. 12) are rather small for the
subfamily, subtriangular, and about as long as high (0.32 mm.).
They have hooks, although Lea (Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 35) figures
and describes them as without hooks.

I find that by a singular oversight I failed to make any field-notes
on the color of the soft parts of this species but from alcoholic material
and according to my recollection it is grayish white with the foot and
the gills inclining to brownish. The marsupium containing glochidia
is brown.

Genus ALASMIDONTA Say. (1818.)
(Simpson, 1900), p. 666.)

Shell elliptical, or generally rhomboidal, inflated, with a well-
developed posterior ridge. Disk generally smooth, but sometimes

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 295

with a faint sculpture upon the posterior slope. Beak-sculpture
heavy and coarse, the later bars are often very thick and swollen,
concentric, often angled behind, not double-looped. Hinge with
teeth, pseudocardinals always present, laterals present or absent; in
the former case sometimes abnormally developed.

Only the outer gills are marsupial, when charged, distending at
edges, secondary water-tubes present, and ovisacs not subdivided.
No placente developed. Inner lamina of inner gills free from ab-
dominal sac, or more or less connected with it. Mantle-connection
between anal and supra-anal not very long.

Type A. undulata (Say).

This genus is rather primitive, especially in the character of the shell,
and stands on about the same level as Symphynota, representing an-
other parallel branch, characterized by the heavy, concentric beak-
sculpture. The tendency to a union of the inner lamina of the inner
gills with the abdominal sac indicates a slight advance in structure.

Alasmidonta heterodon (Lea).

About thirty specimens collected in April near Philadelphia have
been investigated. Among them were many gravid females. Conner
(1909, p. 112) found this species gravid in February.

An imperfect description of the marsupium and the glochidia has
been given by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 442).

The soft parts do not offer anything remarkable. The mantle-
connection between anal and supra-anal is shorter than the anal.
Anal with crenulated inner edge. Inner lamina of inner gills free.
Posterior margins of palpi connected for about one-half of their length.
The anterior end of the inner gill is separated from the palpi, but nearer
to them than to the anterior end of the outer gill. Marsupium
typically anodontine in structure. Glochidia (Ortmann, tro11b,
pl. 89, fig. 8) the smallest known to me in this subfamily. They are
subtriangular, much longer than high, with strong hooks. Length
0.30; height 0.25 mm.

Color of soft parts whitish; charged marsupium brown.

This is in every respect the most primitive type known to me in this
subfamily.

Alasmidonta minor (Lea).

One male, and one gravid female (with glochidia), from Cumberland
River, Pineville, Bell Co., Kentucky, have been communicated to me
by B. Walker.

296 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Of this form I have only the soft parts, and their structure is like
that of other species of this genus. The mantle-connection between
anal and supra-anal is almost as long as the anal, and the supra-anal
is only slightly longer than the mantle-connection. The anal is
finely crenulated, and the branchial has papillae. Posterior margins
of palpi connected for a short distance. Inner lamina of inner gills
free. Anterior end of inner gill about half-way between the palpi
and the anterior end of the outer gill.

Marsupium as usual, with distended edges, and secondary water-
tubes. Glochidia as small as in the foregoing species, and of the same
shape. Length 0.30; height 0.25 mm. (see Plate XIX, fig. 4).

Color whitish, edge of mantle spotted with black and white in the
region of the branchial, anal, and supra-anal. Marsupium brown.

I have had no opportunity to examine the shell of this species, but
it seems that it is related to A. heterodon.

Alasmidonta undulata (Say).

Numerous specimens from the Atlantic drainage in eastern Penn-
sylvania have been in my hands.

The breeding season begins in the middle of July, and lasts till the
middle of June, so that the end of one season, and the beginning of the
next are not very far apart. Of specimens found in July, 18th and
22d, all had only eggs; while those found on June 14 (only two) had
fully developed glochidia.

Soft parts typical. Mantle-connection between anal and supra-anal
rather long, slightly longer than the anal and than the supra-anal.
Branchial with papilla, anal crenulated. Posterior margins of palpi
connected for one-half or slightly less than one-half of their length.

Diaphragm normal. Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected
with the abdominal sac, and only in a few cases was a small hole ob-
served at the posterior end of the foot. Anterior end of inner gill
about half-way between the outer gill and the palpi.

Marsupium normal; when charged, having distended edges, secon-
dary water-tubes, and undivided ovisacs. Glochidia (Ortmann, 19110,
pl. 89, fig. 9) moderately large, higher than long, with strong hooks.
Length 0.34; height 0.36 mm.

Abdominal sac whitish; foot paler or darker orange-brown; palpi
whitish to orange-brown. Gills grayish brown, shading into orange.
Mantle transparent gray, shading into brownish or brownish orange

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 297

on the margin anteriorly, into white posteriorly. Edge of mantle
brown, posteriorly orange, mottled with black spots. Adductors
grayish to orange. The orange tints are often rather pale, inclining
toward grayish yellow. Marsupium charged with eggs pale yellow;
with glochidia brownish.

Alasmidonta marginata (Say).

Of this species, and of its eastern variety varicosa (Lamarck) a
large number of specimens have been investigated, both from the
Ohio and the Atlantic drainages in Pennsylvania.

Bradytictic, breeding season beginning in August, and lasting until
May. Discharging specimens have been found on May 3.

The anatomy has been discussed by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 446) and
Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 63).

Soft parts esseritially like those of A. wndulata, to which species it is
indeed closely allied. The mantle-connection between anal and supra-
anal is much shorter. I have found the inner lamina of the inner gills
always connected with the abdominal sac, although Lea (J. c.) says
that it is sometimes more or less free at the posterior end. Posterior
margins of palpi connected at base only.

Glochidia (see Lea, Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 27) rather large, higher
than long, with hooks. Length 0.33; height 0.36 mm.

Color entirely like that of A. undulata, with a strong tendency
toward orange tints; posterior margin of the mantle spotted with black
and orange. Marsupium, according to contents, yellowish white to
brown.

Genus LASTENA Rafinesque. (1820.)
(Simpson, 1900), p. 654.)

Shell elongated; not inflated; without distinct posterior ridge. Disk
smooth. Beak-sculpture concentric, bars irregular, coarse, middle
part nearly straight. Hinge with rudimentary teeth, pseudocardinals
only vestigial, laterals absent.

Soft parts only of male and sterile female known, but as far as can
be seen anodontine in structure. Inner lamina of inner gills free.
Mantle-connection between anal and supra-anal rather short.

Type L. lata (Rafinesque).

According to the characters of the shell, this genus stands between

298 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Alasmidonta and Strophitus. It has the beak-sculpture® of the genera
of the Alasmidonta-group, and approaches Strophitus in the hinge.
It is very much to be regretted that gravid females are not at hand,
and that the structure of the charged marsupium and the glochidia
remain unknown. The sterile females, which I have seen, make
it clear that only the outer gills are used as marsupia, and that they
have a structure like that found in sterile females of the Anodontine
in general.

Lastena lata (Rafinesque).

I have received, from B. Walker, the soft parts of two males and
two sterile females from the Cumberland River in Pulaski and Cumber-
land Cos., Kentucky.

Anal and supra-anal separated by a rather short connection of the
mantle. Anal finely crenulated, branchial with papillae. Posterior
margins of palpi connected for a short distance.

Gills and gill-diaphragm normal, and not as described by Simpson.*!
Gills long and rather narrow, the inner one decidedly wider in front,
its anterior end distinctly in front and below the anterior end of the
outer gill, but separated from the palpi by a short, but distinct interval
(it is connected with the descending part of the mantle attachment
line for about three-fourths of its length, while one-fourth is occupied
by the interval). Posteriorly, the gills do not project freely, but are
entirely of the usual shape. Inner lamina of inner gills free from the
abdominal sac with exception of the anterior end.

Septa and water-tubes normally developed. Marsupium formed
by the outer gills, with the water-tubes narrow, and the septa close
together, thick, and with strongly wrinkled epithelium. Inthe females
at hand, no indications of secondary water-tubes could be seen. The
thickened tissue at the edge of the gill was also not well developed.
Both specimens are small (under medium size, about 40 and 45 mm.
long), and seem never to have been gravid.

Color (of alcoholic material) whitish, edge of mantle brown, black
behind.

80 This sculpture is somewhat variable. It begins with simple concentric bars
upon which a few heavier bars follow, slightly sinuated in the middle and angled
behind, and then follow a few more upon the disk, quite heavy, but indistinct.
The latter are sometimes absent, and sometimes even the sinuated bars are very
rudimentary. The sculpture resembles somewhat that of Strophitus.

31 Simpson (19008, p. 654) says: ‘“‘inner and outer (gill) about alike in size and
form, projecting free slightly behind.”’

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 299

Genus STROPHITUS Rafinesque. (1820.)
(Simpson, 1900), p. 616.)

Shell subelliptical, subovate, or subrhomboidal, inflated, with indis-
tinct posterior ridge. Disk smooth. Beak-sculpture concentric, con-
sisting of a few rather heavy bars curving sharply up behind, forming
an angle there. Hinge-teeth quite rudimentary, only mere vestiges
of pseudocardinals present, which sometimes disappear altogether.

Inner lamina of inner gills free, or more or less connected. Mantle-
connection between anal and supra-anal rather short. Marsupium
formed by outer gills, when charged having the edge distended and
secondary water-tubes. But the ovisacs do not remain simple,
and are subdivided into a number of compartments running cross-wise
in the gill from face to face; each compartment containing the ova and
glochidia is well defined; placentule solid, persistent until they are
discharged.

Type S. undulatus (Say).®

This genus offers in the marsupial structure the highest specialization
known among the Anodontine. In the hinge and the inner lamina of
the inner gill we also see indications of a high stage of development.
The beak-sculpture and other characters of the shell assign it a place
in the Alasmidonta-series.

Strophitus edentulus (Say).

I have examined a great many specimens from all over Pennsylvania,
from the Ohio, as well as the Lake Erie, Delaware, Susquehanna, and
Potomac drainages. I have also seen specimens from the Erie drainage
in Huron Co., Ohio (O. E. Jennings coll.), from the Potomac drainage
in Maryland (collected by myself), from Lawrence, Douglas Co.,
Kansas (R. L. Moodie), and of the form called shafferiana Lea, from
the Cumberland River in Kentucky (B. Walker).

Bradytictic. The breeding season begins in July (earliest date
July 11), and ends in April and May. Discharging specimens have

® Tt is not clear what the original Anodonta undulata of Say is. Most authors
(including Simpson) have taken the common Strophitus of the Atlantic drainage
for it; but this is not different from the western edentulus Say. Conner thinks
he has re-discovered the real undulatus in the tide waters of the Delaware river, but
I can only see a local form of edentulus in it (I have not seen its soft parts). The
form I have investigated is surely the edentulus of Say.

300 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

been found on April 22 and 24, and May 6 and 11. The latest date
for gravid females in spring is May 22.

Lea (Obs., II, 1838, pl. 15, fig. 47) has published a very poor figure
of the soft parts, and descriptions of the latter (Obs., X, 1863, pp. 450
and 453).

Mantle-connection rather short, shorter than the anal. Inner edge
of anal crenulated, that of branchial papillose. Posterior margins of
palpi connected at base only.

Diaphragm normal. Inner lamina of inner gills very variable. In
most cases it is connected anteriorly for about one-half of the length of
the abdominal sac, in other cases the connection is much longer, and
not unfrequently the inner lamina is entirely connected. Anterior
end of inner gill about halfway between that of the outer gill and the
palpi. Septa of the gills distant from each other in the male and the
non-marsupial gills of the female. The outer gill alone is marsupial,
with much more crowded septa. When gravid, the gills swell greatly,
distend at the edges, and lateral water-canals are formed. In addition,
the ovisacs are divided into compartments as described above. Pla-
centule containing two to ten (or more) ova or glochidia. The
placentule and glochidia have been figured by Lea (VI, 1858,
pl. 5, figs. 37 and 38). The latter are not very large, subtriangular,
longer than high, and have hooks. Length 0.36; height 0.30 mm.

Color of soft parts quite variable, but with the same tendency as
Alasmidonta undulata to have certain parts (foot, edge of mantle, and
adductors) orange. Some specimens (chiefly young ones) are more or
less uniformly grayish or yellowish white, while others exhibit all
shades from yellowish through brownish orange to bright orange.
Gills mostly paler or darker brown, shading to orange. Mantle edge
blackish, with the same orange and black spots as Alasmidonta un-
dulata. Marsupium, according to contents, pale yellow, or creamy,
to brown.

Subfamily LAM PSILIN ZA.

A large number of forms belong here, which, as far as we know, are
all found in North America, extending southward into Central America.
Indeed, Simpson associates with these a number of Asiatic and African

33 According to Lefevre and Curtis (1911) the ‘“‘interim”’ is in July in Wisconsin,
probably corresponding to the higher latitude. In 1911 I found gravid and dis-

charging females in West Virginia on May 11, 12, and 13, but on May 23, 24, and 25
no gravid females were any more seen.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 301

genera (Pseudospatha, Hyriopsis, Chamberlainia, Cristaria, Lepido-
desma, Pilsbryoconcha), but of all these the soft parts are unknown,
and we may entertain strong doubts as to their belonging here.

In order to understand the structure of the Lampsiline, and their
further differentiation, we must recall their essential characteristics
and their purpose. We have seen that the soft parts are accommo-
dated to two functions: (1) owing to the extended breeding season
(in bradytictic forms) that of securing the proper aération of the gravid
marsupium, (2) the discharge of the glochidia through the edge of the
marsupium. The latter physiological character is unique, and is
found only in this subfamily. The former occurs in the Anodontine,
but we have seen that it is there brought about in another way.

Very likely the adaptations to these two peculiar functions are con-
nected in a degree. We see that it is the general tendency among the
Lampsiline to move the marsupium toward the edge of the gill, and
even beyond the latter. This has the effect that it is removed, more
or less, from the natural outlets, and comes in close contact with the
outer water flowing over the gills. Under these conditions it is easily
understood that the habit was acquired to discharge the glochidia
not by the long way (the suprabranchial canals), but by the shortest,
by making them go through holes in the edge of the marsupium (see
Plate XVIII, fig. 10). Thus we may say that the lampsiline mar-
supium serves two purposes, and is built according to a type which
meets first the necessity of aérating the marsupium, and which in con-
sequence of the structure so assumed, made another peculiar way of
discharge desirable.

To supply breathing water for the glochidia, however, is of chief
importance, and thus the further differentiation within this subfamily
is easily understood, when keeping this point in view. “Allowance
should be made for certain expressions used in the following statement,
and they should be excused by my desire to make the facts as clear
as possible.

Among the Lampsiline, there are at least four types of marsupial
structure, which represent as many different attempts to find a way
of supplying breathing water to the marsupium. They all agree in
having as a common feature the extrusion of the marsupium beyond
the edge of the gill, and its investiture by only a very thin membrane,
so that osmotic processes are greatly facilitated. In addition, in
three of these types, there is also developed the tendency to move the

302 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

marsupium toward the posterior part of the gills and the shell, in
order to have it as close as possible to the branchial opening and the
inflowing water.

Of the four types of marsupium, three are found only in compar-
atively a few forms, while the fourth is more widely distributed, and
gives origin to a new line of development. The first three may be
called rather indifferent attempts on the part of the forms concerned,
to solve the problem. The problem has been solved by them, indeed,
but the way in which they did it did not contain any further pos-
sibilities. In the fourth case, the attempt was more successful, and
opened the way for a series of additional improvements.

1. In one case (Ptychobranchus), the marsupium remains in a
primitive stage in this respect, that it is pushed only slightly beyond
the edge of the gill, and is not moved backward, but occupies the
whole gill, But here in order to insure proper aération by increasing
the surface of the marsupium, while the latter remains rather thin,
the whole marsupium is thrown into a number of folds which permit
the water to easily reach the ovisacs, which are subcylindrical and not
much swollen.

2. In the second type (Obliquaria and Cyprogenia), the task has been
accomplished by reducing the number of ovisacs. This would have
had the result of restricting the number of ova that could be accom-
modated in the marsupium, but this disadvantage is counterbalanced
by a tendency to greatly elongate the ovisacs, in the direction beyond
the edge of the gill. This feature is only slightly developed in Obdli-
quaria, while it reaches its greatest perfection in Cyprogenia, and here
there is not room enough within the shell for the extremely elongated
ovisacs and thus they have to coil up in a spiral.

3. In the third type (Dromus), the marsupium originally is rather
simple, the ovisacs remaining subcylindrical or being only slightly
compressed. Here a better aération is accomplished by a peculiar
arrangement of the glochidia within each ovisac. They are not dis-
tributed through the mass of the placenta, but are situated along the
edge of the slightly compressed placenta, thus facing the outer walls
of the marsupium, where they are nearer the breathing water. In
addition Dromus has developed a peculiar warping and folding of the
marsupium, which also apparently has the object of increasing the
surface offered to the water. But this latter feature is exhibited only
in old specimens. It reminds somewhat of the structure of Ptycho-

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 3038

branchus, but I think it has been independently acquired, and does
not indicate close relationship.

4. In the fourth type (all other genera), an entirely different ar-
rangement to provide aération for the marsupium has been effected.
While in the first three types structural modifications of or within the
marsupium are introduced to bring the glochidia close to the breathing
water, here the marsupium itself remains rather simple, and it is the
water supply which is increased and intensified.

The marsupium forms in this case a rather swollen, generally kidney-
shaped mass, in which the ovisacs are transversely dilated, so as to
give them a leaf-like shape. The tendency to locate the marsupium
in the posterior part of the gill and to cause it thus to approach the
posterior end of the shell, close to the branchial opening and close to
the incoming water, is common to all these genera. In other respects,
there is no further differentiation of the marsupium. But anew device
begins to develop, having for its aim the increase of the flow of the
water over the marsupium, and this is accomplished by special struc-
tures on the edge of the mantle, just in front of the branchial opening.
In the simplest cases (Obovaria, Nephronajas, Amygdalonajas, Pla-
giola, Paraptera, Proptera), the inner edge of the mantle is only slightly
dilated, forming a fine lamella, but the presence of a (muscular)
thickening, and often of pigment, indicates, that the edge has here a
peculiar function. In other genera (Medionidus, Eurynia, Lamp-
silis), this part of the inner edge of the mantle is greatly developed, and
carries special appendages in the shape of strong papilla or flaps,
which have the function of producing by their contractions, a lively
current of water over the surface of the marsupium, which lies immedi-
ately inside of them. Finally, in the genus Truncilla, the inner edge of
the mantle, which also has papille, is removed from the outer edge,
thus enclosing a separate compartment, which may possibly be regarded
as a kind of reservoir.

Thus it becomes evident that of these four arrangements acquired by
the Lampsiline to provide breathing water for the glochidia, the last
was the most advantageous, because it included the possibility of
further development and improvements such as we find realized in
the various genera just mentioned.

5. There remains yet a fifth type of structure, that found in Frier-
sonia. Here the marsupium is truly lampsiline, resembling somewhat
the Obovaria-type, but it is not so swollen, and instead of being blunt,

304

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

the edge is here sharp. The water-tubes (ovisacs) have a peculiar
curve backward toward a point near the posterior end of the mar-
supium. For the present, I cannot correlate this structure with any
special function, and must leave it for future study to decide what the
meaning of this feature is.

We may arrange the genera of this subfamily as follows:

a. Marsupium thin, not kidney-shaped, ovisacs subcylindrical or very slightly

bi.

compressed. Placente generally rather solid. Inner edge of mantle in
front of branchial opening not distinctly differentiated. Shell rounded,
ovate, or subelliptical, sometimes with outer sculpture. Male and female
shells practically alike.
Marsupium occupying the whole of the edge of the outer gill, folded. Pla-
cente subcylindrical, club-shaped, short, Shell subelliptical.
Ptychobranchus.

. Marsupium occupying only a part of the outer gill. Placenta moderately

elongated or very long, subcylindrical, or very slightly compressed.
Shell more or less rounded, generally with tubercles.
ci. Marsupium consisting of comparatively few, elongated ovisacs, ex-
tending from near the base of the gill beyond its edge. Placente
subsolid, subcylindrical.
di. Placente moderately long, slightly curved. Marsupium just behind

theemiddlevof the toilles cis ccaereros <ictcasieienciclotm etic acters Obliquaria.
d2. Placente very long, spirally coiled up. Marsupium in, or slightly
inwtront. of the middlelot-the cil ease oe ee woke Cyprogenia.

c:. Marsupium consisting of a large number of ovisacs, occupying the
larger posterior section of the outer gill. Placentz slightly com-
pressed near base, tapering, and becoming subcylindrical toward
the margin.

d;. Ovisacs straight. Placente almost entirely beyond the edge of the
gill, subsolid. Glochidia much longer than high, arranged on the
outer faces of the marsupium. Edge of marsupium blunt, in old
specimens warped and folded. Shell rounded, disk nodular.

Dromus.

d». Ovisacs strongly curved back in the distal part. Placente for a
great part enclosed between the original gill lamina, not solid.
Glochidia not longer than high, distributed uniformly through the
placental mass. Edge of marsupium sharp, pointed behind, not
folded. Shell subelliptical, disk smooth............. Friersonia.

az. Marsupium thick, more or less kidney-shaped, ovisacs dilated and compressed.

by.

Placente not very solid. Inner edge of mantle in front of branchial
opening, more or less differentiated. Shell rounded, elliptical, or elon-
gated, swollen or compressed, generally without any outer sculpture.
Male and female shells more or less different in shape.
Inner edge of mantle slightly lamellate and crenulated, but without dis-
tinct papilla or flaps. Male and female shell differing only slightly
in shape, sometimes hardly at all.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 305

a. Shell rounded, ovate, or subelliptical, without or with indistinct posterior
ridge. Glochidia of normal size and shape, subovate.
ad. Shell rounded or ovate, swollen. Epidermis brownish, rarely greenish,
OULU LAIR LS HUTT CentOS sonante cnarerareteletersicteraisjertre) aie ue nists oy er Obovaria.
ds. Shell subovate or subelliptical, compressed, or only slightly swollen,
Epidermis greenish or yellowish, with more or less distinct rays.
Nephronajas.
c. Shell ovate, triangular, swollen, or subelliptical and compressed. Glo-
chidia of abnormal size or shape.
d:. Shell subovate or subtriangular, with a strong posterior ridge,
e:. Glochidia of normal shape, but abnormally small size. Shell
subovate or elongate]. a. ..n eee ctilece easel Amygdalonajas.
e. Glochidia spatulate, with gaping margins, large. Shell sub-
Uintielahliey aoe abr ceO pion On pdd abonead 6 0 Db Oonct Plagiola.
ds. Shell subovate or subelliptical, more or less compressed, often winged,
without distinct posterior ridge.
e:. Glochidia of normal shape, but abnormally small. Shell rather

ELUNE A este eas ein late eal SOO eee hee STEAL GE ehh Paraptera.
e. Glochidia celt-shaped, with two spines on each valve. Shell thin
OR erat Herd CLC hk-serore ck ctay ci avenste ini oles dole tatet phos aristols evesches Proptera.

bs. Inner edge of mantle with papille or flaps. Male and female shell distinctly,
and often greatly different in shape.
a. Inner edge of mantle parallel with and close to the outer edge. Shell
ovate, elliptical, or elongated. Glochidia subovate.
d:. Inner edge of mantle with papille.
e1. Shell with nodulous plications upon the posterior slope.

Medionidus.
Ay SSH waldaeyie Ranh yiiccqoagomauetocdoncoosoccneuce Eurynia.
dz, Inner edge of mantle forming a ribbon-like flap......... Lampsilis.

co. Inner edge of mantle in front of the branchial opening more or less remote
from outer edge in the female. Shell variable, not ovate or elliptical.
GlochidiaalMOst:Semucinreulate yi. eleieie eles) dele! seis) «is¥5le ow where Truncilla.

In all these genera, we have a beak-sculpture, which is rather rudi-
mentary, and, when developed, either of the concentric or the double-
looped type. Beak-sculpture in this subfamily is apparently a char-
acter becoming more or less obliterated, and thus cannot be used for
general systematic purposes, although it is available as a subsidiary
character in a few cases.

Genus PryCHOBRANCHUS Simpson. (1900.)
(Simpson, 1900), p. 612.)
Shell subelliptical, somewhat elongated. Disk smooth, sometimes
with ridges on the posterior slope. Beak-sculpture indistinct, con-
sisting of a few ridges, the first concentric, the others slightly double-

306 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

looped. Epidermis brownish, usually painted with hair-like rays,
forming here and there squarish spots. Hinge-teeth well developed.
Male and female shell alike externally, but internally the female shell
has an oblique depression for the marsupium.

Soft parts with the inner lamina of the inner gills variable, free,
except at the anterior end, to entirely connected, with all intergrades
between these two extremes. Edge of the mantle not differentiated
in front of branchial. Marsupium formed by the whole of the outer
gills, with more crowded septa than the non-marsupial gills. Ovisacs
only slightly extended beyond the edge of the gill, occupying only the
marginal part of the gill, rather short, subcylindrical, and club-shaped
(swollen at distal end); the whole marsupium is thrown into a number
of folds (six to twenty). Placente very solid. Glochidia suboval,
rather small.

Type: P. phaseolus (Hildreth).

This genus, in many respects, is the most primitive among the
Lampsiline, but the folds of the marsupium represent a special
structure.

Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hildreth).

I have seen many specimens from the Ohio and Lake Erie drainages
in Pennsylvania, and one gravid female from the Ouachita River,
Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Arkansas (H. E. Wheeler, coll. Febr. 6, 1911).

Bradytictic, gravid from autumn to spring.

The soft parts have been described and figured by Lea (Obs., VII,
1860, pl. 29, fig. 101) and Lefevre and Curtis (1910, pl. 1, fig. 1).

Edge of mantle closed between the anal and supra-anal, the con-
nection is short, but was never found missing. The branchial has
papilla, the anal is finely crenulated. In front of the branchial opening
the inner edge of the mantle is first finely crenulated, but then becomes
entirely smooth. Palpi of usual shape, their posterior margins con-
nected for about one-fourth of their length.

Gills long and moderately wide, the inner the wider. Their anterior
attachment as usual, with the end of the inner gill slightly in advance
of that of the outer, but widely separated from the palpi. Diaphragm
normal, inner lamina of inner gill very variable: generally it is more or
less free, and may be attached to the abdominal sac only at the anterior
end, or for a greater distance; but in one case (out of thirty-two) it
was found to be entirely connected. Thus, in this species, this char-
acter is inconstant.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 307

Septa of the non-marsupial gills as usual. Marsupium formed by
the outer gills in almost their whole length; only small sections are left
free anteriorly and posteriorly; but in young individuals larger sections
are non-marsupial. In the basal half the whole outer gill is non-
marsupial, and has rather wide water-tubes, but the marginal half
becomes marsupial, with much narrower water-tubes (ovisacs), and
along the edge of the gill the ovisacs bulge out beyond it. This
bulging out is only moderate. The placente are in the distal half of
the gill; they are subcylindrical and club-shaped, being thicker toward
the edge. The whole marsupium is thrown into a number of folds,
increasing its surface, and further, in the distal part of the gill, the
filaments are stretched or flattened out, so that the membranes en-
closing the placenta become much thinner in this region than usual.
Along the edge of the marsupium, the protruding ovisacs appear as a
folded series of beads. The number of the ovisacs and of the folds is
variable, and increases with age. Also in the sterile female the ,
beads and folds are indicated on the edge of the marsupium.

Placentze quite solid and permanent. They are discharged whole
through holes formed at the end of the ovisacs (repeatedly observed).
A brown stain is developed in the placentz, chiefly on their surface,
which possibly indicates a hardening of the gelatinous matter. The
eggs and glochidia are imbedded uniformly through the placental
mass, but they are most crowded at the swollen ends.

Glochidia (see Lea, Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 12;*4 and Ortmann,
1911), pl. 89, fig. 14) rather small, subovate, without hooks, higher
than long. Length 0.17; height 0.19 mm.

Color of soft parts whitish, foot grayish, gills whitish, or grayish
brown. Edge of mantle brown, broadly black posteriorly. Marsu-
pium, when charged, blackish or purplish brown, inclining sometimes
more to blackish, sometimes more to purple. Beads at edge more
vividly colored, red or purple. A line of black markings near the
edge, immediately below the protruding beads, on each side.

* The poor quality of Lea’s figures of the glochidia is clearly shown in this in-
stance. The figure of the glochidium of phaseolus (fig. 12) stands next to that of
Eurynia recta (fig. 11), and is distinctly larger than the latter, while actually the

glochidium of E. recta is by far the larger of the two. Also the outlines of these two
glochidia are not quite correctly rendered.

308 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Ptychobranchus foremanianus (Lea).

The soft parts of this species have been described by Lea (Obs., X,
1863, p. 443), and have been figured by him under the synonym
woodwardianus (Obs., VII, pl. 29, fig. 103), and this species surely
belongs in this genus.

Ptychobranchus clintonensis Simpson.
This species also belongs here, as is shown by Simpson’s description
(19004, p. 79).

Ptychobranchus subtentus (Say).

Soft parts of one male and one gravid female were received from the
Cumberland River, Burnside, Pulaski Co., Kentucky (B. Walker).

Fic. 15. Ptychobranchus subtentus (Say). Gravid female from Cumberland
River, Burnside, Pulaski Co., Ky, (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,971.) (Anal and supra-
anal conjectural.)

The soft parts of this species are entirely like those of P. phaseolus.
The only difference I detect is in the extent of the marsupium, which
consists of only five folds in my specimen, and does not occupy all
of the outer gill, but leaves free a small section in front, and a somewhat
larger one behind. Since I have only one female, I cannot tell whether
this is always so, but I think it is unimportant, since likewise in P.
phaseolus a considerable portion of the posterior end of the outer gill
is non-marsupial in young individuals.*® The anal seems to be almost
smooth, and nothing can be said about the supra-anal, since these
parts are badly injured in both specimens. Posterior margins of
palpi connected only at base. Inner lamina of inner gills in both

36 This is most noticeable in a young gravid female of P. phaseolus from Arka-
delphia, Arkansas.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 309

specimens free, except in front, where it is connected for a short dis-
tance in the female, and for a somewhat longer distance in the male.
The glochidia are like those of P. phaseolus, but slightly larger.
Length 0.18; height 0.22 mm. (see Plate XIX, fig. 5).

The color of the soft parts is the same as in P. phaseolus. Mar-
supium blackish purple, pale along the beaded edge, with black mark-
ings like those in P. phaseolus.

This species is placed by Simpson (19008, p. 591) in the genus Medioni-
dus, but he states that the soft parts were unknown to him. If we
disregard the peculiar sculpture of the posterior slope of this shell, the
structure of the hard parts is very similar to that of P. phaseolus. In
some shells of P. suwbtentus in the Carnegie “Museum I have even seen
the slight depression inside of the shell, which corresponds to the mar-
supium.,*6

Genus OBLIQUARIA Rafinesque. (1820.)
(Simpson, 1900), p. 610.)

Shell rounded oval, inflated. Disk with a row of large knobs,
running from the beak to the center of the base, those of one valve
alternating with the knobs of the other. Posterior slope corrugately
sculptured. Beak-sculpture consisting of two or three rather heavy,
but not sharply defined, concentric bars, which seem to be continued
by the knobs of the disk. Epidermis greenish-yellow to brown,
painted with numerous, delicate, wavy, and broken rays, which may
be entirely absent. Male and female shells essentially alike.

Inner lamina of inner gills free, except at the anterior end. Edge
of mantle not differentiated in front of the branchial. Marsupium
consisting of a few (generally less than ten) ovisacs, occupying a
position just behind the center of the outer gill, beginning near the
base of the gill, and reaching far beyond the edge. They are large,
subcylindrical, and slightly curved, and have the rather solid placentz
of the same shape. Glochidia lying all through the placental mass,
of medium size, almost subcircular.

Type O. reflexa Rafinesque.

Obliquaria is a primitive genus of the Lampsiline, which, in order
to solve the problem of the aération of the glochidia, has reduced the

8° Sterki (1898, p. 31, and 1903, p. 103) describes in Ptychobranchus ‘‘a deep,
oblique sulcus on the inside of each valve in the female, the space occupied by the

marsupium.’’ This sulcus very often consists of a series of impressions correspond-
ing to the marsupial folds. The same feature is observable in P. subtentus.

310 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

marsupium to a few ovisacs, compensating for the reduction in their
number, by an increase in their length. The tendency to move the
marsupium backward toward the branchial opening is but slightly
indicated.

Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque.

Three males and one sterile female from the Ohio in Beaver Co.,
Pennsylvania, and another sterile female taken at Portsmouth, Scioto
Co., Ohio, have been collected by myself. I received a sterile female
from the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Arkansas, collected
by H. E. Wheeler, February 6, 1911; and two males and four gravid
females from Bayou Pierre, De Soto Parish, Louisiana, collected by
L. S. Frierson, August 6, 1910.

Soft parts described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 429) and figured by
Letevre and Curtis (1910; pl: 1, fig. 3).

Branchial, anal, and supra-anal
as usual, mantle connection be-
tween the two latter moderately
long, but shorter than the small
anal. Branchial with papille, anal
crenulated. Toward the front the
papilla of the branchial disappear
suddenly, and the edge of the
mantle is smooth, with a few indis-

tinct crenulations just in front of

Fic. 16. Obliquaria reflexa Rafin-
esque. Gravid female, from Bayou
Pierre, De Soto Parish, La. (Carn.
Mus., No. 61, 4,755-) at bate.

Gills short and broad, the inner

the branchial. Palpi normal, their
posterior margins connected only

wider anteriorly. Diaphragm normal; inner lamina of inner gills free
from abdominal sac except at anterior end, where a portion less than
half the length of the abdominal sac is connected. Anterior ends of
gills normal. .

Septa and water-tubes of both gills of the usual structure in the
male. In the female, the marsupium is formed by a part of the outer
gill lying just behind the middle of the gill, and not extending to the
posterior end of it. The most characteristic feature is that the mar-
supium consists only of a small number (four to six in my specimens,
but reported up to eight) of ovisacs, which, when empty, are hardly

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 311

narrower than the normal water-tubes, but have much heavier septa,
with the usual marsupial structure of the epithelium. When charged
the ovisacs swell so as to be considerably wider than the nozmal
water-tubes. The marsupium protrudes beyond the original edge of
the gill to a considerable degree, and the single ovisacs are subcylin-
drical, and are somewhat curved backward. The ova and glochidia
fill the ovisacs in the shape of rather solid placenta, and are packed
close together through all of the placental mass (see Lefevre and Curtis,
1910, pl. 4, fig. 28). Probably the subcylindrical placente are dis-
charged whole, although this has not been observed. The placente
can be taken out whole (see ibid., pl. 4, fig. 26), and in one of my
specimens the holes through which placente had been recently dis-
charged, have been seen (see Plate XVIII, fig. 10). The marsupium
begins near the base of the gill, so that a considerable part of it is
enclosed within the two original laminz of the gill.

Lefevre and Curtis (1910, p. 97, fig. M) have figured the glochidium,
and give its dimension as 0.225 X 0.23 mm. I find that this is sub-
stantially correct. The glochidia are of medium size, almost sub-
circular (their shape may be best compared with a circle a small
section of which is cut off). Length and height about the same:
0.22 mm. (see Plate XX, fig. 1).

Color of soft parts whitish, with the edge of the mantle brownish,
chiefly so in the region of the branchial and anal openings. Mar-
supium white.

There is much uncertainty as to the breeding season of this species.
Lea (Obs., III, 1842) mentions ova as formed in the ovarium in autumn,
and Sterki (1898, p. 20} found them in October. Lefevre and Curtis
(1910, p. 89) place this species among the forms with a short breeding
season, but without giving particulars. The sterile females collected
by myself were all found in the month of September, at a time when
most other bradytictic forms are gravid. The gravid females from
Louisiana, collected by Frierson on August 6, were in part discharging,
so that this would tend to show that the breeding season ends at that
time. The statements made by Lea and Sterki might suggest that
the breeding season begins rather late, in winter, and this assumption
would agree with the facts at hand. Yet recorded observations are
entirely too few, and attention should be directed to this question.
The sterile specimen from Arkansas, collected in February, does not
ccntribute to the solution of the question.

331 (2 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

According to its known affinities and the gill-structure, this species
should be bradytictic, and not tachytictic, as Lefevre and Curtis
believe. But its primitive character makes it appear possible that
in its breeding habits it may also be primitive, although I do not
believe that it is a characteristic tachytictic form, for it possesses
adaptations to a long breeding season.

Genus CYPROGENIA Agassiz. (1852.)
(Simpson, 19000, p. 609.)

Shell rounded-triangular, inflated, often with a posterior ridge and a
depression in front of it (especially in the young shell). Disk with
nodular sculpture. Beak-sculpture obsolete (according to Simpson)
slightly double-looped.*” Epidermis greenish-yellow, painted with
delicate rays, which break up into mottlings and spots. Male and
female shell alike.

Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac, except at
anterior end. Edge of mantle in front of branchial with fine crenu-
lations, which soon disappear anteriorly, but without special structures.
Marsupium consisting of rather few (generally less than ten) ovisacs,
lying in the center, or a little before the center, of the outer gills.
The ovisacs begin near the base of the gill, and reach far beyond the
edge. They are extremely long, and coil up spirally, in a backward
and inward direction. The placente are very solid, subcylindrical
like the ovisacs, and spiral. Glochidia distributed all through the
placental mass, of medium size, almost semicircular.

Type C. trrorata (Lea).

The structure of this genus can easily be traced back to Obliquaria.
The same general plan is observed in the structure of the soft parts,
except that the marsupium is unusually elongated, and, in order to
be accommodated in the shell, it is coiled up.

Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea).

I collected, September 24, 1910, two males and one gravid female
in the Ohio River at Portsmouth, Scioto Co., Ohio, and received from
B. Walker, three gravid females from the Cumberland River in
Cumberland Co., Kentucky.

No particulars as to the breeding season are known, but my specimen

37 Although I have several specimens with tolerably well preserved beaks, I
have never seen the beak-sculpture clearly.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 313

from Portsmouth had eggs only, and thus the beginning of the breeding
season is shown to be in autumn.

The soft parts have been described and figured by Lea (Obs., I,
1834, pl. 5, figs. 6 and 7; and Obs., X, 1863, p. 433), but the figure is
very poor.*§

Branchial, anal, and supra-
anal as usual, the latter two
separated by a very short
mantle-connection. Brarich-
ial with papillae, anal finely
crenulated. In front of the
branchial, the inner edge of
the mantle has a series of fine
crenulations which soon di. -
appear, this edge becoming
smooth. Palpi normal, pos-

Fic. 17. Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea).

tenor margins connected at Gravid female, from Ohio River, Ports-

base only. mouth, Scioto Co., O. (Carn. Mus., No.
Gills short and broad, the 61, 4,763.)

inner much wider than the

outer throughout its whole length. Diaphragm normal, inner lamina
of inner gills free from abdominal sac, except at the anterior end.
Anterior attachment of gills as usual.

Septa and water-tubes in both gills normally developed, the latter
moderately wide in the male and the non-marsupial gills of the female-
Marsupium formed by a section in the middle of the outer gill; in
fact this section is a little more toward the anterior end of the gill.
Ovisacs few (three to eight in my specimens; up to eleven reported
by other authors; Simpson gives for the genus twenty-three as maxi-
mum), hardly different in width from the rest of the water-tubes,
that is to say in the longitudinal direction. But, when charged, they
swell somewhat in the transverse direction, so as to become subcylin-
drical. The ovisacs project to an extreme degree beyond the edge of the
gill. Although they begin near the base of the gill, and although a
considerable part is enclosed between the original lamine of the gill,

38 Lea’s figures are quite characteristic of the marsupium itself, but the position
of the latter in the animal (fig. 7) is wrong. Apparently the anterior and posterior
ends of the body are inter-changed. The marsupium does not coil forward, as this
figure shows, but backward.

314 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

this part is very small when compared with the prolonged portion.
The latter curves backward in a circle, and is rolled up spirally, the
spiral forming about one and a half to two turns, but only the posterior
ovisacs complete the whole revolution, while the anterior ones stop
earlier, the first after completing the circle about once. The distal
parts of the spiral wind up in the direction toward the median line of
the body, so that in a view from the outside, they are hidden under
the outer gill and the first whorl of the marsupium.

The ova fill the ovisacs in the shape of closely packed masses, forming
distinct and very solid placentae, red in color, rarely white. Glochidia
rather small, almost semicircular, distinctly longer than high, without
hooks. Length 0.18; height 0.15 mm. (see Plate XIX, fig. 6). Sterki
(1898, p. 19) gives the dimensions as length 0.21; height 0.17; diameter
0.14 mm. He also says that the glochidial shell is ‘considerably
longer than high and has numerous distinct, crowded, concentric lines
of growth.’ I have not seen the latter. The shape of the glochidia
approaches to a degree, that of Dromus, but the disproportion between
length and height is much less.

Color of soft parts whitish. Abdominal sac and mantle suffused
with black. Edge of mantle brown with black spots, this mottling
extending all around. Marsupium, when charged, red, or (according
to Sterki) sometimes white.

Genus Dromus Simpson. (1900.)
(Simpson, 1900), p. 614.)

Shell very much like that of Cyprogenia. Beak-sculpture obsolete,
described by Simpson as consisting of interrupted, concentric ridges,
but I have never seen them distinctly.

Inner lamina of inner gills partly free from abdominal sac, connected
near the anterior end for about one-third, or more, of the length of
the abdominal sac. Edge of the mantle in front of branchial without
special structures. Marsupium consisting of numerous ovisacs, which
occupy the larger posterior portion of the outer gill, leaving a smaller
anterior section non-marsupial. The ovisacs are comparatively short,
subcylindrical, or only slightly compressed, and lie practically entirely
beyond the original edge of the gill. In older individuals, the mar-
supium becomes warped and folded. Placente solid, subcylindrical,
or slightly compressed, rather short. Glochidia placed chiefly toward

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 315

the outer walls of the marsupium, around the edges of the placente,
which are central. Glochidia of peculiar shape, small, much longer
than high.

Type D. dromas (Lea).

This is a highly interesting genus, with several quite unique features
(general shape of marsupium, arrangement of glochidia and placente,
shape of glochidia), but there is no question that it belongs to the more
primitive types of the Lampsiline. In young specimens, where the
marsupium is not folded, the marsupium resembles somewhat that of
Obovaria, but without being so swollen. The general shape of the
shell, as well as the shape of the glochidia can only be compared with
that of Cyprogenia. I do not think that the folded marsupium in-
dicates closer relationship to Ptychobranchus, since here the folds are
of a different character. In the absence of special structures on the
edge of the mantle, this genus shows only a low stage of specialization,
without pointing to any particular affinity with other forms.

Dromus dromas (Lea).

I am indebted to B. Walker for seven complete specimens, and the
soft parts of nine others, all from the Cumberland River, in Pulaski,
Russell, Wayne, and Cumberland Cos., Kentucky. One of the soft
parts was a male, the others were all gravid females with glochidia.

They all were collected late in
the season of 1910, so that the
beginning of the breeding season
is in autumn.

The description of the marsu-
pium given by Simpson (1900),
p. 615) is entirely inadequate
and directly misleading, and in
one particular (‘‘bases of the

ovisacs slightly rounded’’) un-
intelligible.

BIG. 18. Dromus dromas (Lea).

Raat - ; ett Gravid female, young (shell 41 mm.
Se eee Pate, Om long), from Cumberland River, Albany
Landing, Cumberland Co., Ky. (Carn.

and deciduous mantle-connec- Mus., No. 61, 4,970.)

the supra-anal by a very short

tion: only in two young and one
older specimen was the latter preserved; but the others, had been
rather roughly handled and the posterior region of the mantle was

316 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

generally more or less injured.*® Anal large, with crenulations.
Branchial large, with papille; toward the front papille gradually
changing to crenulations, which soon disappear, so that the anterior
inner edge of the mantle is smooth. Palpi of usual shape, but small;
their posterior margins united for about one-half, or less, of their
length.

Gills conforming to the shape of the shell, rather short and broad,
the inner much the wider anteriorly. The anterior attachment of
the gills is as usual. Gill-diaphragm normal. Inner lamina of inner
gills free from abdominal sac, except anteriorly, where it is connected for
about one-third to almost one-half of the length of the abdominal sac.

Fic, 18a. Gravid female, medium size (shell 55 mm. long), from Cumberland
River, Eadsville, Wayne Co., Ky. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,968.)

Gills with'well_developed water-tubes and septa. Those of the male,
and the non-marsupial gills of the female, with distant septa and wide
water-tubes. _Marsupium formed by the posterior section of the outer
gill; more thanfhalf of the gill takes part in it; a larger section in
front and a smaller behind remain non-marsupial. The marsupial
part bulges outYconsiderably beyond the original edge of the gill,
about as wide again as the gill, and in this section the septa are much
more crowded, and the ovisacs are narrow. When gravid, the ovisacs
swell only slightly,¥so that they are very little compressed, and chiefly
so near their base. The placente have the same subcylindrical and
only slightlyfcompressed shape. Practically the whole of each ovisac

89 But in some it_was positively absent. This is also a rather primitive condition,
not observed in’any other form of the Lampsiline.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 317

lies in the outbulging part of the gill, and only the basal ends extend
very little in between the original gill-lamina.”

In young specimens, the marsupium is simple, and forms a smooth,
compressed (not much swollen) body, marked off from the anterior
and posterior non-marsupial parts of the gill by irregular folds. In
larger specimens, however, this marsupial mass begins to warp, and
finally is folded up into a number of irregular folds. The strongest
folds are near the anterior end of the marsupium. In none of my
specimens does the marsupium occupy the whole margin of the gill.

The placente are quite solid and
permanent, and possess a_ peculiar
structure (see Plate XVIII, fig. 11).
In all specimens at hand glochidia are
developed, and they appear arranged
around a central axis (placenta), the
color of which is white or red. The
latter color, if present, is restricted to
this axis, and the glochidia themselves
are transparent white, and form a
{fringe around the narrow edges of the
placenta. They seem to be connected
with them by fine threads, possibly ena, Russell Co., Ky. (Carn.
their embryonal threads." Since the Mus., No. 61, 4,066.)
placente themselves almost touch the
septa, the glochidia are thus crowded toward the lateral faces of the
marsupium. Whether this arrangement is already present in the
eggs, is unknown to me. It is, however, certain that this arrangement
can only have the purpose of bringing the glochidia as close as pos-
sible to the wall of the marsupium, in order to give them the best
chance to be near the current of fresh water going over the mar-
supium. This is one of the little special devices for the proper
aération of the glochidia.

Glochidia of unique shape; they are much longer than high, and

Fic. 18). Left gills of a large
gravid female (shell 60 mm. long),
from Cumberland River, near Ro-

40 Simpson says that the marsupium occupies the ‘‘base”’ of the outer gills. This
is a very ambiguous expression, but apparently is intended to imply that it is
situated on the margin of the gills, while the “‘base’’ is non-marsupial. This is a
very peculiar feature of Dromus, and not met with in any other genus. Only
Ptychobranchus has the same condition slightly indicated.

41 The glochidia adhere rather firmly to the placental mass by their threads
and it is hard to isolate them, except with caustic potash.

318 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

might be called bean-shaped. No hooks are present. Length 0.19;
height 0.10 mm. (see Plate XIX, fig. 7).

Color of soft parts whitish. Foot yellowish white, basal part
(abdominal sac) gray or blackish. Gills gray or grayish white. In
the gravid female, the marsupium is white or red. Mantle more or
less suffused with black, whitish toward margins and front parts. Its
edge has alternating chestnut-brown and black spots. Anal opening
inside of this maculated edge with a white, followed by a black band.

Genus FRIERSONIA gen. nov.

Shell subelliptical, without distinct posterior ridge. Disk not
sculptured. Beak-sculpture of the double-looped pattern, consisting
of six to eight fine bars, of which the later ones are distinctly double-
looped, and the latest are interrupted (unconnected) in the middle.
Epidermis greenish-yellow, with rather distinct, simple rays. Male and
female shells hardly different.

Inner lamina of inner gills connected with abdominal sac. Edge
of mantle in front of branchial slightly lamellate, with fine and distinct
crenulations, disappearing gradually in front, but without papille.
A brown streak of pigment along this part of the edge. Marsupium
consisting of many ovisacs, occuping the larger posterior section of
the outer gill. When gravid, the ovisacs swell very little, and they are
only slightly compressed in the basal part, which is largely enclosed
between the lamine of the gill. The ovisacs reach considerably
beyond the edge of the gill, and in this region they are curved backward
in a peculiar manner, subcylindrical, and tapering toward a point
directed backward at the hind end of the marsupium. The marsupium
has also a remarkably sharp edge. Placentz not very solid. Glochidia
lying all through the placental mass, of medium size, and subovate in
shape.

Type F. iridella (Pilsbry and Frierson).

According to the arrangement in the key (p. 304) this genus would
appear to fall into the same group with the preceding genera. But
this is hardly the case. It has in common with the genera with which
it has been associated in the key only the fact that the marsupium is
not of the simple kidney-shape shown by the genera which follow in the
key. The sharp edge of the marsupium, its posterior point, and the
recurved ovisacs are quite unique. For the present, I do not under-
stand the meaning of this structure, but it may be connected with the

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 319

discharge of the glochidia. In shell characters Friersonia shows nothing
very characteristic, but it approaches more nearly the Nephronajas-
and Eurynia-types than any other.

Friersonia iridella (Pilsbry and Frierson).
Lampsilis iridella, Pilsbry and Frierson, 1908, p. 81 (figure published in 1907, on

pl. 12); Pilsbry, 1909, p. 534.

I have the soft parts of three gravid females, one with eggs, two with
glochidia, from Valles River, Valles, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, and owe
them to the courtesy of L. S. Frierson. They were collected by A. A.
Hinkley in December and January, 1906-1907." Cotypes of species.

Fic. 19. Friersonia iridella (Pilsbry and Frierson). Gravid female, from Valles
River, Valles, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,495.)

To the characters of the soft parts mentioned in the generic diagnosis
the following should be added: Anal and supra-anal separated by a
rather short mantle-connection (these parts are greatly injured in all
three specimens, but the remnants of the connection may be seen in
one specimen). Anal finely crenulated. Branchial with papille.
Palpi rather large, of usual shape, posterior margins connected about
one-half of their length. Diaphragm and anterior attachment of gills
normal. Gills of gravid female rather long, the outer marsupial
gill covering all of the inner gill, except its anterior end. Septa and
water-tubes as usual. Marsupium quite long, and formed by a
greater part of the outer gill than usual, yet there is a portion at the
anterior end and a very smal] one at the posterior end, which are non-
marsupial. Ovisacs over fifty. The sharp edge of the marsupium

42 See Hinkley, 1907, p. 68.

320 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and the peculiar posterior point are quite evident in all three specimens,
and the same is true of the peculiar curve of the ovisacs, so that these
features cannot be accidental. Glochidia higher than long. Length
0.20; height 0.22 mm. (see Plate XIX, fig. 8).

Colors largely faded in my alcoholic material. One specimen has a
peculiar brown line across the middle of the foot. The edge of the
marsupium has brownish black pigment in spots.

This species and genus is one of the most peculiar with which I am
acquainted. JI would have considered it a Nephronajas, but since I
have investigated another Mexican Nephronajas (see below), it is
clear it cannot belong to this genus. The generic name is selected in
recognition of the valuable help in my work received from Mr. L. S.
Frierson.

Genus OBOVARIA Rafinesque. (1819.)
(Simpson, 1900), p. 599.)

Shell rounded or ovate, higher than long, or only slightly longer
than high, inflated, without distinct posterior ridge. Disk not sculp-
tured. Beak-sculpture poorly developed, consisting of few subcon-
centric bars, of which the later ones have sometimes the tendency to
become sinuate, but are not distinctly double-looped. Epidermis
yellowish to brownish, rarely greenish, with indistinct, simple rays
or without rays. Male and female shell slightly different in shape,
the female being generally a little expanded on the post-base, but this
difference is sometimes hardly noticeable.

Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac.
Edge of the mantle very little differentiated in front of the branchial.
It is slightly lamellar, with fine crenulations; and this part is generally
emphasized only by the thickening of the margin of the mantle and the
presence of a streak of dark pigment; there are never papill@ on it.
Marsupium consisting of many ovisacs, occupying the posterior part of
the outer gill. The ovisacs, when charged, swell transversely, so as to
become lanceolate and compressed. They reach from near the base
of the gill to, and a good deal beyond, the edge of the gill, and the whole
marsupium assumes a kidney-shape. Placente not very solid. Glo-
chidia all through the placental mass, of medium size and subovate.

Type O. retusa (Lamarck).

This is another primitive type of the Lampsiline, leading, however,
toward the more highly developed forms of the subfamily. The

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 321

marsupium in this genus is not very peculiar, though assuming the
characteristic kidney-shape of the higher Lampsiline. The task of
aérating the glochidia is taken up by the edge of the mantle in front
of the branchial opening. However, the latter is as yet very little
differentiated morphologically, but the thickened (muscular) margin
and the pigment indicate that it actually has a special function. The
shell of Obovaria presents no remarkable features, though it is possibly
archaic, for it reminds of certain forms of Fusconaja and Quadrula.

This genus is divided by Simpson into two subgenera, which are
very well defined.

Subgenus Obovaria (sens. strict.).

Shell rounded, rather upright, beaks more or less in the middle of the
upper margin. Pseudocardinals normal and divergent.

Type O. retusa (Lamarck).

Subgenus Pseudodn Simpson (19008, p. 601).

Shell ovate, oblique, beaks quite anterior. Pseudocardinals (at
least in old shells) oblique, almost parallel to the laterals.

Type O. ellipsis (Lea).

At first glance, O. ellipsis looks very different from typical Obovaria,
and I was for some time inclined to unite it with Nephronajas; but
O. castanea clearly forms a connection with the typical forms.

Simpson (/. c.) describes the soft parts of Pseudodn, and says:
“mantle having a wide, thickened, double border, the inner edge being
toothed throughout below.”’ This is incorrect. The inner edge is
slightly widened and crenulated only for a short distance in front of
the branchial. Simpson also says that the ovisacs are ‘‘tinted with
purple below.” I have not seen this in O. castanea, although O.
ellipsis hasa slight purplish gray pigment at the edge of the marsupium:
but this should not be described as ‘‘ purple.”

Obovaria retusa (Lamarck).

On August 29, 1908, I found a gravid female with eggs in the Ohio
River in Beaver Co., Pennsylvania, and on September 22, 1910, I
secured two males and two gravid females, with glochidia, in the
Ohio River at Portland, Meigs Co., Ohio.

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 433).

Anal and supra-anal separated by a short mantle-connection. Anal
crenulated, branchial with papilla. In front of the branchial the inner
edge of the mantle in the female is slightly dilated and lamelliform,

322 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

with fine crenulations. It is defined on the inner side by a narrow
stripe of black pigment. In the male this lamella is also present, but
much weaker. Farther in front the edge of the mantle is smooth.
Palpi small, normal, their posterior margins connected only at the
base.

Gills short and broad, the inner ones broader. Diaphragm normal.
Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac.
Anterior attachment of gills as usual.

Septa and water-tubes in both gills normally developed. Mar-
supium restricted to a small section in the posterior half of the outer
gill, leaving more than half of the anterior portion and a small posterior
section non-marsupial. Ovisacs fifteeen to twenty (in my specimens); -
when charged not narrower than the normal water-tubes in the longi-
tudinal direction, but expanding in the transverse direction, so that
their lumen becomes lanceolate and compressed, the whole mar-
supium thus appearing swollen and kidney-shaped. The marsupium
extends considerably beyond the original edge of the gill, and about
three-fourths of the length of the ovisacs is within the lamine of the

Fic. 20. Obovaria retusa (Lamarck). Gravid female, from Ohio River, Port-
land, Meigs Co., O. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,773-)

gill, while one-fourth lies beyond the latter. Edge of marsupium blunt,
without pigment. Placente not well developed; eggs and glochidia
rather loose.

Glochidia rather large, suboval, without hooks. Length 0.22;
height 0.27 mm. (see Plate XIX, fig. 9).

Color of soft parts whitish, only edge of mantle brown, with a black
streak in front of the branchial. Charged marsupium whitish.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 323

Obovaria circulus (Lea).*

About a dozen specimens from the Ohio drainage of western Penn-
sylvania have been investigated, among them gravid females. Several
additional specimens were examined from the Ohio River in Ohio.
Gravid females were found in the month of September, and on May 27,
In the latter case, discharging individuals were secured, with holes
in the edge of the marsupium.

Structure of soft parts essentially the same as in O. retusa. In the
sterile female, the ovisacs are slightly narrower than the regular water-
tubes. Number of ovisacs up to thirty and more. As in the pre-
ceding species the edge of the mantle in front of the branchial is in the
female slightly lamellar and crenulated, but has only a brown (not
blackish) mark along it.

Glochidia (see Ortmann, 19110, pl. 89, fig. 15) similar to those of
O. retusa, but smaller. Length 0.20; height 0.23 mm.

Obovaria unicolor (Lea).

I have received from A. A. Hinkley three males and eight gravid
females, taken from the Pearl River, Jackson, Hinds Co., Mississippi,
on Nov. 5, 1910. This species agrees in every particular with O. cir-
culus, except that the glochidia are smaller. Length 0.16; height
0.21 mm. (see Plate XIX, fig. 10).

Obovaria (Pseudoén) ellipsis (Lea).

Two females were collected in the Ohio River in Beaver Co., Penn-
sylvania, on August 29, 1908, one sterile, the other just beginning to
fill the marsupium with eggs. Three males, one sterile, and six gravid
females were secured in September, 1910, in the Ohio River in Ohio.
Thus the beginning of the breeding season is normal.

The soft parts are much like those of the other species of the genus.
Anal and supra-anal separated for a short diatance. Anal crenulated,
branchial with papilla. In front of the branchial the inner edge of the
mantle of the female is slightly lamelliform, with fine crenulations.
This part does not reach to the middle of the lower margin, and farther
in front the edge is smooth. Posterior margins of palpi connected
only at base. Inner lamina of inner gills connected with abdominal
sac.

48 This includes O. lens (Lea), which is not specifically distinct.

324 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Marsupium formed by about the posterior half of the outer gill,
kidney-shaped, consisting of as many as forty and more ovisacs, its
edge slightly pigmented.

Glochidia similar to those of the other species. Length 0.19;
height 0.22 mm. (see Plate XIX, fig. 11).

Color whitish, edge of mantle inclining to blackish, chiefly in the
region of the branchial and anal, and more intense in the male sex.
Pigment on edge of marsupium purplish gray, not sharply marked.

Obovaria (Pseudoén) castanea (Lea).‘

Twelve males, one sterile, and five gravid females (with glochidia)
from the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Arkansas, have been
sent by H. E. Wheeler. They were collected on February 6 and
March 21, 1911.

Identical in all essential respects with O. ellipsis. Marsupium
formed by twenty to thirty ovisacs and its edge not pigmented. A
grayish streak along the inner edge of the mantle in front of the
branchial. Glochidia of the same shape as those of O. ellipsis, but
smaller. Length 0.15 mm.; height 0.19 mm.

Genus NEPHRONAJAS Crosse and Fischer. (1893.)
(Simpson, 19008, p. 591.)

Shell ovate or subelliptical, distinctly longer than high, compressed
or slightly inflated, without, or with, indistinct posterior ridge. Disk
not sculptured. Beaks moderately anterior, never in the middle of
the shell, and never very near the anterior end. Beak-sculpture
poorly developed, consisting of a few faint bars, which have a tendency
to become double-looped, with the central part between the loops
obliterated. Epidermis yellowish to greenish, generally with distinct

44 There is some doubt as to the identity of my specimens. B. Walker has a
number of sets of a shell from Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas,
of which he sent me specimens, and some of which have been labeled by Simpson
castanea, but which are certainly different from the present form, and probably do
not belong to this genus at all. Although I have not seen Lea’s type, I believe that
I have the real castanea, for the reason that all authors (Lea, Obs., I, 1834, p. 91;
Call, 1895, p. 9; Simpson, 1900), p. 602) who have discussed this species, emphasize
its similarity to O. ellipsis. Lea’s words: ‘‘ This small species is allied to U. circulus
(nob.) in colour and to U. ellipsis (nob.) in form”’ are entirely sufficient to recognize
it. There is no other form known to me, of which this could be said. Also Vanatta
(1910, pp. 102 and 103) quotes O. castanea from the Ouachita River in Arkansas,

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 325

green rays. Male and female shells differing in shape, but the dif-
ference often hardly noticeable.

Soft parts agreeing with those of Obovaria in every respect; the
glochidia also of the same type.

Type JN. plicatula Charpentier.

In its anatomical structure this genus is indistinguishable from
Obovaria. The differences are all in the shell. But while Obovaria
is primitive in its shell, Nephronajas inclines toward the genera of the
Lampsilis-type, in fact its species have been considered, at least
temporarily, to belong to Lampsilis. The subgenus Pseudodn of
Obovaria connects this genus with Obovaria, and so we have an almost
complete series.

The nomenclature of this genus is doubtful. Of the species, which
belong here, two (/igamentina and perdix) stand according to Simpson's
system in Lampsilis, and a third (sapotalensis) in Nephronajas.
Since Lampsilis is retained for other forms, only Nephronajas is
available. But the anatomy of the type species of Nephronajas
(plicatula) remains as yet unknown, and it is possible that it may
differ in anatomy from sapotalensis. In the latter case, of course,
Nephronajas could not be used for the present genus, and a new name
would have to be chosen.

Nephronajas ligamentina (Lamarck).

Numerous specimens from the Ohio drainage in western Penn-
sylvania have been investigated. In addition specimens have been
seen from the Ohio River in West Virginia and Ohio (collected by
myself), from the Cumberland River in Kentucky (var. gibba),
received from B. Walker, and from the Ouachita in Arkansas, received
from H. E. Wheeler.

Typically bradytictic. The breeding season begins in August, and
specimens with eggs are present in this month and the beginning of
September. Later on only glochidia are observed. Specimens with
glochidia have again been observed in May, and the discharge must
take place in this month, for in June and July no gravid females
have ever been found, although numerous specimens have been in-
vestigated.

The soft parts have been discussed by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 424)
and Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 108).

Anatomy in every particular like that of Obovaria. The inner edge

326 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

of the mantle of the female in front of the branchial is very slightly
lamellate and finely crenulated. It is even less developed than is
generally the case in Obovaria. The edge of the mantle is brown all
around, often very pale, often darker, and becomes blackish in the
region of the branchial and anal. Marsupium generally quite large
and swollen, with as many as forty ovisacs, or even more. At its
edge there is generally brownish or blackish pigment, but this may be
indistinct, or even lacking. For an account of the glochidia see Lea,
Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 18; Ortmann, 19110, pl. 89, fig. 16. Length
0.22; height 0.24. Lefevre and Curtis (1910, pl. 4, figs. 24 and 27)
have figured the placenta, but they are distinguishable only when
the eggs are present, later the cohesion is lost.

Nephronajas perdix (Lea).

I have received three gravid females from B. Walker. They are
from the Cumberland River, Burnside, Pulaski Co., Kentucky.

This species agrees completely with WN. ligamentina, and with
Obovaria in general. In this species also the inner edge of the mantle
of the female in front of the branchial is slightly lamellar and indis-
tinctly crenulated, and emphasized by a streak of black pigment.
Glochidia rather large. Length 0.25; height 0.29 mm. (see Plate
XIX fgeer2),

The affinity of this species with JN. ligamentina has been recognized
by Lea and Simpson, and thus it is not astonishing that the anatomy
should prove to be the same.

Nephronajas sapotalensis (Lea).

Three males, and two sterile females, from Hueyapam River,
Hacienda de Cuatotalapam, Canton Alayucan, State of Vera Cruz,
Mexico, taken July 23, 1910, have been examined. I received these
specimens from A. G. Ruthven, and they belong to the Museum of
the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. One female has been
kindly deposited in the Carnegie Museum.

45 B. Walker writes to me about these specimens: they ‘‘agree exactly with Crosse
and Fischer’s figure of their computatus, which according to von Martens is probably
only a variety of sapotalensis, differing mainly in having the pseudocardinals slender,
while in sapotalensis they are heavy.’’ The type locality of sapotalensis is Sapotal
River, near Tlocatalpam, Mexico. This is not far from the locality of my speci.
mens, and in the same general drainage system (Papaloapan and San Juan Rivers)-

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 327

In every respect like the two preceding species. Mantle-connection
between anal and supra-anal shorter than anal, the latter with crenu-
lations, the branchial with papillae. Inner mantle edge of the female
in front of branchial very slightly lamellate, with fine crenulations, and
a black streak accompanying it. Palpi with posterior margins con-
nected at base. Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected
with abdominal sac. Marsupium formed by numerous (twenty
and more) water-tubes, occupying a section of the posterior half of
the outer gill. In the sterile females at hand, the margin of the mar-
supium is rounded, projecting slightly beyond the edge of the gill,
beaded, and marked with brownish black pigment. Placente and
glochidia unknown.

Fic. 21. Nephronajas sapotalensis (Lea). Sterile female, from Hueyapam
River, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 5,000.)

Color whitish, with the margin of the mantle brown and blackish
in the region of the anal and branchial, a blackish streak in front of
the branchial, and black pigment on the edge of the marsupium.

Genus AMYGDALONAJAS Crosse and Fischer. (1893.)
Simpson, 1900), p. 604 (as subgenus).

Shell ovate-triangular, inflated, truncated at posterior slope, with
a distinct and often sharp posterior ridge. Disk not sculptured.
Beak-sculpture consisting of a few fine ridges, of which the later ones
are more or less distinctly sinuated or double-looped. Epidermis yel-
lowish green, with a pattern of broken or arrow-marked rays. Male
and female shells differing but little, the female shell somewhat inflated
at the post-basal region.

Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected, or free for a short
distance. Inner edge of mantle in front of branchial in the female,

328 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

slightly lamellar for a certain distance, with fine crenulations. Mar-
supium apparently like that of Obovaria (I have seen only sterile
females). Glochidia (according to Lefevre and Curtis, 1910, p. 97,
fig. G), of suboval outline, but extremely small.

Type A. cognata (Lea), a Mexican species, of which the soft parts
are unknown.

This genus stands close to Obovaria and Nephronajas, and has
essentially the same structure of the soft parts. It differs, however,
in the shape of the shell, and most emphatically in the glochidia.
A final definition of the genus depends on the investigation of the
anatomy of the type-species.

Amygdalonajas elegans (Lea).

Two males were found in the Ohio River in Beaver Co., Pennsyl-
vania, by myself. From L. S. Frierson, I received three males and
three sterile females from Bayou Pierre, De Soto Parish, Louisiana,
collected Aug. 6, 1910.

The soft parts are described by Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 93).

Anal and supra-anal separated by a rather long mantle-connection,
about as long as the anal. Anal crenulated, branchial with papille.
In front of branchial, the inner edge of the mantle in the female is
narrowly lamellar, with fine crenulations, this part reaching to about
the middle of the lower margin. Posterior margins of palpi connected
for about one-third of their length.

Gills and diaphragm of the usual shape. Inner lamina of inner gills
sometimes entirely connected with the abdominal sac, sometimes free
for a short distance (maximum about one-fourth the length of ab-
dominal sac); often only small holes at posterior end of foot are left
open.

Gills of the usual structure. In the female the marsupium is
formed by the posterior part of the outer gills (a little over one-half).
Ovisacs numerous, projecting beyond edge of gill. Charged marsupium
not observed. The glochidia have been described and figured by
Lefevre and Curtis (1910, p. 97, fig. G), and are characterized by their
extremely small size. Length 0.075; height 0.09 mm.

Color of soft parts whitish, with the edge of the mantle blackish,
mottled with black and white in the region of the branchial and anal.
Along the inner edge in front of the branchial is a streak of black
pigment.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 329

Genus PLAGIOLA Rafinesque. (1819.)
(Simpson, 1900), p. 603.)

Shell subtriangular, somewhat inflated, but peculiarly compressed
toward the beaks, with a distinct posterior ridge, and a narrow, trun-
cated, posterior slope. Disk not sculptured. Beak-sculpture indis-
tinct, consisting of a few, fine, concentric, and slightly and indistinctly
double-looped ridges. Epidermis yellow, greenish, or brownish,
painted with rays, which are broken into lunate, or squarish, blotches.
Male and female shells slightly different in shape, the female smaller,
more inflated, and slightly swollen in the post-basal region.

Inner lamina of inner gills free for a greater or smaller distance.
Inner edge of mantle in front of branchial for a certain distance slightly
lamellar and with fine teeth, but without papilla in the female. Mar-
supium like that of Obovaria, kidney-shaped. Placentz lanceolate,
not very solid. Glochidia very large, spatulate, gaping at the anterior
and posterior margins.

Type P. securis (Lea).

In the soft parts, this genus stands essentially upon the same stage
of development as Obovaria and Amygdalonajas. Its chief character-
istics are the shape of the shell and of the glochidia. The latter are
quite unique, and possibly indicate a transition toward the glochidia of
Proptera.

Plagiola securis (Lea).

About half a dozen specimens from the Ohio and Allegheny in
western Pennsylvania have been collected by myself. I received from
B. Walker a gravid female from the Cumberland River in Kentucky,
and another from H. E. Wheeler from the Ouachita Riverin Arkansas.

In September and October this species is regularly found gravid,
so that the beginning of the breeding season is normal.

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 43).

Anal and supra-anal separated by a manile-connection of medium
length. Inner edge of anal crenulated, that of branchial with papille.
In the female, the inner edge of the mantle in front of the branchial
is slightly lamellar, with fine teeth, which are rather distant, but with-
out papilla. Posterior margins of palpi connected for about one-
fourth of their length.

Gills and diaphragm of usual shape. Inner lamina of inner gills
more or less free. The maximum observed was free for about three-

330 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

fourths of the length of abdominal sac, the minimum was only a small
hole at the posterior end of the foot, but this was only on one side of
the body; on the other side the lamina was free for a little less than
half the length of the abdominal sac.

Gills of the usual structure. Marsupium kidney-shaped when
charged, occupying the posterior half or more of the outer gill, with
numerous (thirty and more) ovisacs, of the Obovaria-type. Ovisacs
compressed, lanceolate, with poorly developed placente. Glochidia
distributed all through the placenta, of unusual shape (see Lea, Obs.,
VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 6;4* Lefevre and Curtis, 1910, p. 97, fig. H; Ort-
mann, 19110, pl. 89, fig. 17). They are quite large, subspatulate,
(dilated and rounded off toward the ventral margin), and their an-
terior and posterior margins are distinctly gaping. Lefevre and Curtis
give the measurements as follows: length 0.23; height c.31; while my
maximum measurements are: length 0.26; height 0.35 mm.

Color whitish. Edge of mantle brownish black, chiefly so in the
posterior region. The black pigment is emphasized along the edge
in front of the branchial.

Genus PARAPTERA Ortmann. (1911.)
(Ortmann, I911b, pp. 301, 334, 338.)

Shell thin, elliptical, or obovate, when young with a distinct pos-
terior wing, rather compressed, without posterior ridge. Disk without
sculpture. Hinge-teeth feebly and often imperfectly developed.
Beak-sculpture fine, consisting of a few concentric bars, followed by a
few others, which are double-looped. In the latter, only the posterior
loop is distinct, while the anterior is obliterated. Male and female
shells slightly different, the female shell more expanded at post-base.

Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac.
Edge of the mantle of the female slightly lamellar in front of branchial,
with crenulations, but not with papillae. Marsupium kidney-shaped,
swollen, consisting of many ovisacs occupying the posterior part of
the outer gills. Placentz not very solid. Glochidia very small, of
suboval shape.

Type P. gracilis (Barnes).

Another genus having the structure of Obovaria, distinguished only by
the shape of the shell and the glochidia. The latter are very remark-
able, and can only be compared with those of Amygdalonajas.

46 This figure is not drawn to scale, and is much too small.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 331

Paraptera gracilis (Barnes).”

I myself collected about a dozen specimens with soft parts in the
Ohio and Lake Erie in western Pennsylvania, and received, from R. L.
Moodie, a male from the Kansas River in Kansas, and from L. S.
Frierson a male and a sterile female from Bayou Pierre, Louisiana.

The breeding season seems to have certain peculiarities. The
species is undoubtedly bradytictic, but the season begins rather late.
I found specimens with the marsupium partly charged as early as
August 30, but these, as well as others found in September and October,
all had only eggs, but no glochidia. In spring, a discharging female
has been observed as early as May 22, but others were found fully
charged with glochidia as late as July 7,8, and 11.8 Thus the breeding
season must last from the end of August to about the middle of July,
with only a very short interval.

Incomplete descriptions of the soft parts have been published by
Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 434) and Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 99).

Anal and supra-anal separated by a mantle-connection which is
slightly longer than the anal. Anal crenulated, branchial with papille.
In the female the inner edge of the mantle in front of the branchial
is lamellar, somewhat dilated, with fine crenulations, running forward
for about one-third the length of the margin of the mantle. No
papilla are present. Palpi with the posterior margins united at the
base only.

Gills and diaphragm of normal shape. Inner lamina of inner gills
connected throughout with abdominal sac. Structure of gills normal.
Marsupium formed by the posterior part of the outer gill, kidney-
shaped, and swollen. Ovisacs numerous (thirty to forty), lanceolate.
Placentz not very solid, glochidia distributed all through the mass,
very small, of suboval shape. Length 0.08; height 0.09 mm. (See

47 Lea (Obs., VIII, 1862, p. 79, pl. 9, fig. 224) described U. dolosus, which Simpson
(1900), p. 568) makesa synonym of U. purpuratus Lea, but states that the glochidia
are pouch-shaped (Lampsilis-type), not wedge-shaped as in Paraptera purpurata.
Simpson dismisses this by saying (J. c., footnote 2) that the ‘form of embryos ina
given species is often not constant.’’ This is a very serious mistake, for there is
nothing more constant for the species than the glochidium. Call (1895, p. 19)
makes dolosus a synonym of gracilis, and I think that he is right. Simpson (I. c¢.,
P- 574) does not report gracilis from the Alabama drainage, but it surely is there
(as dolosus). I have myself seen two specimens from the Coosa River at Wetumpka,
collected by H. H. Smith in October, 19or.

48 Those collected July 7 and 8 are from Lake Erie, but the one collected July 11
is from the Ohio River.

Sou ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Lefevre and Curtis, 1910, p. 97, fig. K, where the measurements given
are: length 0.07; height 0.09; Ortmann, 19114, pl. 89, fig. 19, and Coker
and Surber, 1911, pl. 1, fig. 2).

Soft parts whitish. Edge of mantle in the region of anal and
branchial brownish black. <A black streak runs along the inner edge
for a certain distance in front of the branchial. °

Paraptera (?) fimbriata (Frierson).”

A gravid female (with eggs) from Valles River, Valles, San Luis
Potosi, Mexico, was received from L. S. Frierson (cotype).
This specimen was collected in December, 1906, or January, 1907,”

éé

and the presence of eggs (beginning of breeding season) in ‘‘ winter’’
should be noted.

I refer this species to this genus only tentatively. The structure of
the soft parts is in every respect like that of P. gracilis. However,
other genera have a similar structure. No glochidia were present,
but the eggs are remarkably small (about 0.10 mm.), and this would
indicate similarly small glochidia.

Further there is no doubt that Lampsilis salinasensis Dall (1909,
p. 181, pl. 30, fig. 3) is the same species. This has been placed by Dall
in Simpson’s subgenus Proptera on account of shell-characters, and
there is indeed much similarity of the shells, so that we may regard
P. fimbriata as a gracilis less typically developed, with a stronger
shell and better developed hinge-teeth. This species is certainly not
a typical Lampsilis as shown by the absence of special structures on the
edge of the mantle.

Genus PRopTERA Rafinesque. (1819.)
Simpson, 1900), p. 566 (as subgenus).

Shell subsolid or rather thin, obovate or subelliptical, strongly
winged behind, sometimes also in front, inflated or subcompressed,
without distinct posterior ridge. Disk without sculpture. Hinge-
teeth generally well-developed. Beak-sculpture much like that of
Paraptera. Male and female shells slightly different, female more
developed in the postbasal region.

Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal! sac.
Edge of the mantle in the temale slightly lamellar in front of branchial,

49 Frierson, 1907, p. 86, pl. 12.
50 Hinkley, 1907, p. 68.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES, 333

with crenulations, but without papilla. Marsupium kidney-shaped,
swollen, consisting of many ovisacs, occupying the posterior part of
the outer gill. Placenta not very solid. Glochidia rather large,
celt-shaped, with two spines, one at each of the ventral corners.
Type P. alata (Say).
This genus stands in all characters except the glochidia, by the side
of Paraptera. The shape of the glochidia is unique.”

Proptera alata (Say).

About a dozen specimens from the Ohio and Lake Erie in western
Pennsylvania have been studied, and a gravid female from the Kansas
River in Kansas (R. L. Moodie).

The breeding season begins unusually early, eggs having been found
in the marsupium on June 22. Glochidia have been seen in July,
August, September, and October, and then againin May. This refers
to specimens from the Ohio drainage. In Lake Erie, specimens with
glochidia have been found in May, and discharging specimens as late
as July 7 and 8. The beginning of the breeding season in Lake Erie
has not been observed. Thus the end of one and the beginning of
another breeding season seem to overlap, of course not in the same
individual, and probably not in the same locality.

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 403)
and Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 98).

It is hardly necessary to describe the anatomy in detail, since it
agrees in every respect with that of Paraptera gracilis, with the ex-
ception of the mantle-connection between anal and supra-anal, which
is here slightly shorter, and the glochidia. The latter (see Lea, Obs.,
VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 25; Lefevre and Curtis, 1910, p. 97, fig. D, and pl. 4,
fig. 25; Ortmann, 19110, pl. 89, fig. 18; and Coker and Surber, 1911,
pl. 1, fig. 3) are so fundamentally different, that the creation of the
genus Proptera is justified. Their dimensions are, according to Le-
fevre and Curtis: length 0.23; height 0.41. The specimens measured
by me were not so large, being in length 0.20; height 0.38 mm.

51 According to Coker and Surber (1911), Lampsilis capax (Green) has the glo-
chidium similar to that of the species of Proptera. It should be ascertained whether
the margin of the mantle of this species is that of Lampsilis or that of Proptera,
before we assign it to Proptera.

334 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Proptera purpurata (Lamarck).

One male, and two sterile females from Bayou Pierre, De Soto
Parish, Louisiana, have been sent by L. S. Frierson, and three males
from Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Arkansas, by H. E.
Wheeler. '

Description of soft parts given by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 436).

This species is closely allied to the foregoing, and is its representative
form in the south. The close relationship is borne out by the soft
parts, which are absolutely identical. I have not seen the glochidia,
but they have been described and figured by Lea (Obs., XIII, 1874,
p. 73, pl. 21, fig. 13). They much resemble those of P. alata, but since
Lea does not give the proportions, a closer comparison is impossible.

Proptera levissima (Lea).

I myself found a young male in the Ohio River, Portsmouth, Scioto
Co., Ohio, and received, from R. L. Moodie, four males, and three
gravid females from the Kansas River, Lawrence, Douglas Co.,
Kansas.

Soft parts described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 425).

Simpson places this species near L. gracilis, but the shape of the
glochidia (see Plate XX, fig. 2) shows that it belongs to Proptera,
and is related to P. alata. The soft parts, although similar in the
genera Proptera and Paraptera, are more like Proptera, because of the
shorter mantle-connection between the anal and the supra-anal.
The glochidia are of the Proptera-type, but they differ distinctly from
those of P. alata in being considerably smaller, and in having the
ventral margin broader and more curved. The difference in shape is
well expressed in Lea’s figure (Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 24; see also
Coker and Surber, 1911, pl. 1, fig. 1) while that of size is not.
Length 0.12; height 0.18 mm. (Coker and Surber give length 0.095
mm.; height 0.15 mm.).

Genus MEpDIONIDUS Simpson. (1900.)
(Simpson, 1900), p. 588.)
Shell elongated. Posterior slope plicately or nodulously wrinkled.
Beak-sculpture of the double-looped type, indistinct. Epidermis
yellowish green, with green rays and blotches. Shell of the female

different from that of the male, somewhat swollen just behind the
middle of the base.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 335

Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac, except at an-
terior end. Inner edge of mantle in front of branchial, with a series
of rather distant, thin, but long, papilla, resembling thick hairs. Mar-
supium formed by comparatively few ovisacs (six to eight), swollen,
kidney-shaped, and occupying only a small part of the outer gill, im-
mediately behind the middle. Ovisacs rounded at the end, projecting
beyond the edge of the gill, not very sharply marked off from each
other. Placente not solid. Glochidia subovate.

Type M. conradicus (Lea).

This isa doubtful genus. The description of the marsupium of
M. parvulus (Lea, Obs., XI, 1867, p. 45) is similar to that of the type-
species. In M. penicillatus, Lea (Obs., VII, 1860, p. 203) describes
the marsupium as larger, but in a foot-note he mentions that in
another specimen it was as small as that of conradicus. In M.
acutissimus, the marsupium occupies, according to Lea (Obs., X, 1863,
p. 411), the whole length of the gill. Simpson also says in the generic
diagnosis, that the marsupium sometimes extends nearly the whole
length of the gill. If thus the shape of the marsupium as described
above should be inconstant, the most important generic character
would be taken away, and Medionidus would fall as a synonym under
Eurynia, with which genus it is indeed closely related in all other
respects. Possibly in this case it would be best to make it a subgenus
of Eurynia, on account of certain other peculiarities, such as the free
inner lamina oi the inner gills and the shell-sculpture.

Medionidus conradicus (Lea).

A male and a gravid female have been sent me by B. Walker, from
the South Fork of the Cumberland River, Burnside, Pulaski Co.,
Kentucky.

Anal and supra-anal separated by a mantle-connection of medium
length. Anal crenulated, branchial papillose. In front of the branchial
the edge of the mantle carries in the female distinct, long, slender, hair-
like papilla almost as far forward as the middle of the lower margin.
These papilla are also present in the male, but considerably shorter.
Palpi with the posterior margins connected at the base.

Diaphragm and gills of usual shape. Marsupium small, consisting
of six to eight indistinctly separated ovisacs, forming an almost
globular swelling just behind the middle of the outer gill. Glochidia
rather large, subovate, or almost subspatulate. Length 0.22; height
0.28 mm. (see Plate XX, fig. 3).

336 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Color of soft parts whitish. Margin of mantle brown all around,
most intensely posteriorly. The edge of the mantle in front of the
branchial and the papille are black, the black color extending broadly
upon the inside of the mantle.

Fic. 22. Medionidus conradicus (Lea). Gravid female, from South Fork of
Cumberland River, Burnside, Pulaski Co., Ky. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,989.)

Both specimens at hand have a distinct byssus (the male is 18 mm.,
the female 27 mm. long). Compare Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 410; and
M. acutissimus, ibid., p. 411).

Genus EuryniA Rafinesque. (1820.)
Simpson, 1900), p. 534 (as subgenus).

Shell subelliptical, often rather elongated. Outside of shell not
sculptured. Beak-sculpture of the double-looped type, rarely sub-
concentric, often quite obsolete. Epidermis generally yellowish or
greenish, with more or less distinct rays, rarely darker and blackish.
Shell of the female quite distinct from that of the male, more or less
swollen, or expanded in the post-basal region.

Inner lamina of inner gills generally wholly connected with abdominal
sac, rarely more or less free. In the female the inner edge of the mantle in
front of the branchial has always distinct papilla, which may be large
or small, more or less numerous, and differently arranged. In the
male a similar structure is observed, but in a rudimentary condition.

°2 A byssus-thread is frequently found in young Unionide, as observed by
various authors and myself. This is undoubtedly a real byssus. Whether it is
in any way connected with the embryonic ‘‘byssus”’ or larval thread, remains to
be ascertained. According to Lillie (1905, pp. 52-54) the latter is not homologous
to the byssus of other Lamellibranchiata, and is a larval organ serving originally
the function of excretion and secondarily the function of attachment. In Medio-
nidus, the byssus seems to be almost regularly present, and to be persistent. In

other species ( Nephronajas ligamentina, Lampsilis ventricosa, and others) where I
have seen it, it is present only in young specimens. See also Isely (1911, p. 77).

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 337

Marsupium kidney-shaped, swollen, formed by many ovisacs, occupy-
ing the posterior part of the outer gill. Edge of marsupium blunt,
projecting beyond the original edge of the gill, beaded, often pig-
mented. Placente not solid. Glochidia subovate, of medium size,
or rather large.

Type E. recta (Lamarck).

This genus represents typically that group of the Lampsiline, in
which the aération of the glochidia is regulated by special structures
on the edge of the mantle in the shape of papilla. These papilla
show several distinct types of arrangement, and according to them
(together with other characters) subgenera may be distinguished.

1. Subgenus Carunculina Simpson, 1898 (see Simpson, 1900b, p. 563).

On the edge of the mantle, in front of the branchial, a rather short
group of crowded papilla, resembling a caruncle. Inner lamina of
inner gills more or less free from abdominal sac. Beak-sculpture
concentric, rather distinct, bars curving up behind and somewhat
angular.

Type E. parva (Barnes).

The beak-sculpture is so peculiar in these forms that Carunculina
might be entitled to generic rank.

2. Subgenus Micromya Agassiz, 1852 (see Simpson, 1900), p. 524).

On the edge of the mantle in front of the branchial there is a shorter
or longer row of rather irregular, larger and smaller papilla, reaching
not quite to the middle of the lower margin. Inner lamina of inner
gills connected with abdominal sac, or more or less free. Shell small,
or of medium size, subovate, or subelliptical, not very long, and not
much pointed behind. Beak-sculpture distinctly sinuated or double-
looped, but often obsolete; the posterior loop often showing a tendency
to be open.

Type E. fabalis (Lea).

Simpson has two species in his genus Micromya, M. fabalis and
celata (Conrad). The anatomy of the latter is unknown. The type-
species has a structure essentially identically with a number of species,
which stand in Simpson’s Lampsilis. Since the latter name is used
here in another sense, the name Micromya becomes available for this
assemblage of species.

338 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

3. Subgenus Eurynia (sens. strict.).

On the edge of the mantle in front of the branchial a long row of quite
regular, uniform, smaller or larger papilla, reaching to about the middle
of the lower margin. Inner lamina of inner gills connected with ab-
dominal sac, but a small hole at the posterior end of the foot is some-
times left open. Shell of medium size or large, subelliptical, elongated,
more or less pointed behind. Beak-sculpture sinuated, or double-
looped, the posterior loop often open behind.

Type £. recta (Lamarck).

Eurynia (Carunculina) parva (Barnes).

Three gravid females, from the outlet of Conneaut Lake in Crawford
Co., Pennsylvania, are at hand.

These specimens were collected on June 17, 1909, and contained only
eggs and no glochidia, thus showing that the breeding season must begin
unusually early.

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., VII, 1860, p. 221)
and a figure is given (pl. 29, fig. 102), which shows the shape of the
marsupium and the position of the ‘‘caruncle.’’ Other descriptions
of the so{t parts are those of Call (1895, p. 35) and Simpson (in Baker,
TSOSsspsel LO)

As I have previously stated (Ortmann, 19110, p. 314) a very small
supra-anal seems to be present in one of my specimens, while in the
others it appears entirely closed. No additional material has come
to hand. The anal is finely crenulated, the branchial has papille.
In front of the branchial, the inner edge of the mantle carries a group
of distinct and crowded papille of various sizes (see Ortmann, I1911b,
p. 317) occupying only a short space on the edge of the mantle, which
further in front is smooth. Palpi connected at base only.

Diaphragm and gills of usual structure. Inner lamina of inner gills
free for more than one-half of the length of the abdominal sac. Mar-
supium kidney-shaped, occupying about the posterior half of the outer
gill, formed (in my specimens) by eleven to sixteen beaded ovisacs,
projecting beyond the gill.

Glochidia not observed. They have been figured by Lea (Obs.,
XIII, 1874, pl. 21, fig. 2), and have the usual! subovate shape found in
this genus.

Color of soft parts whitish. Anal and branchial with brown and
black margins. Group of papilla brown-black, with a black mark on

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 339

its base upon the mantle. My specimens show no pigment at the edge
of the marsupium.

Eurynia (Carunculina) texasensis (Lea).

I have only the soft parts of a male, sent by L. S. Frierson from
Bayou Pierre, De Soto Parish, Louisiana.

In this species a distinct supra-anal is present, longer than the
mantle-connection, which equals the anal. Inner lamina of inner
gills free from the abdominal sac for more than half the length of the
latter. In tront of the branchial there is a group of fine, crowded
papilla, accompanied by a black mark. This structure indicates that
the female probably has a ‘‘caruncle”’ similar to that of E. parva.

In other respects, there is revealed no appreciable difference from
the latter species, but the female is as yet unknown. .

Eurynia (Carunculina) paula (Lea).

Eurynia (Carunculina) glans (Lea).

These two species belong here according to Lea’s description (Obs.,
X, 1863, pp. 402 and 405).

Eurynia (Micromya) fabalis (Lea).

Three males and one sterile female from the Ohio drainage of western
Pennsylvania have been investigated.

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 423).

Anal and supra-anal are separated by a mantle-connection of mod-
erate length, shorter than the anal. Anal crenulated, branchial with
papilla. In front of the branchial, there are in the female upon the
inner edge of the mantle from eight to ten moderately large, subconical
papilla, somewhat distant from each other, extending forward a certain
distance, but not to the middle of the lower margin. (See Ortmann,
1911b, p. 317.) They are accompanied by a streak of black pigment.
Palpi connected only at base o1 posterior margins. Inner lamina of
inner gills free for one-fourth to one-half of the length of the abdominal]
sac (differing in this from other species of the subgenus).

Marsupium formed by the posterior part of outer gills (a little less
than one half of the length), a very small portion non-marsupial at
posterior end. Ovisacs at least seventeen. Charged marsupium and
glochidia not seen. Edge of marsupium whitish in my specimen.

340 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

In the male, the structure is similar, but the papille on the edge of
the mantle are very small.

Color of soft parts whitish, edge of mantle brownish black, most
intense behind, with a black streak along the base of the papille.

Eurynia (Micromya) trabalis (Conrad).

Three complete specimens and the soft parts of nine others from the
Cumberland River in Pulaski, Wayne, and Cumberland Cos., Ken-
tucky, have been received from B. Walker; from the same source
came five other soft parts from Obey River, Celina, Clay Co., Ten-
nessee. All are gravid females with glochidia.

On the inner edge of the mantle in front of the branchial are ten
to fourteen subcylindrical papilla of medium size, which are distant
from each other, subequal, with a few smaller ones between them and
in front of them. Inner lamina of inner gills connected with ab-
dominal sac. Marsupium formed by about the posterior half of the
outer gill, with an unusually long section non-marsupial at the posterior
end. Ovisacs eight to twenty-four. Edge of marsupium broadly and
intensely black. Glochidia rather large, subovate. Length 0.22;
height 0.27 mm. (see Plate XX, fig. 4).

All other characters are like those of E. fabalis.

Eurynia (Micromya) vibex (Conrad).

I have investigated a sterile female of the var. nigrina (Lea) from
Lake Monroe, Sanford, Orange Co., Florida, collected by O. T. Cruik-
shank in April, 1907. ‘

On the inner edge of the mantle in front of the branchial there are
about ten subcylindrical, subequal papillae of medium size, rather
distant from each other, with a few smaller ones anteriorly and pos-
teriorly to them, not reaching the middle of the lower margin. Mar-
supium formed by about the posterior half of the outer gill. Ovisacs
twenty, with blackish ends. Charged marsupium and glochidia un-
known, but the latter have been figured (as of U. rutilans) by Lea
(Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig.-4).

In other respects this species is like E. trabalis.

Eurynia (Micromya) lienosa (Conrad).

I have three males and three gravid females (with glochidia) from
Pearl River, Jackson, Hinds Co., Mississippi, collected by A. A.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADEs. 341

Hinkley, Nov. 5, 1910; and two males from the Ouachita River, Arka-
delphia, Clark Co., Arkansas, collected by H. E. Wheeler, Feb. 6, 1911.

In front of the branchial there are about ten to twelve cylindro-
conical papillae of medium and unequal size, the smallest near the
branchial, the largest forward. They are slightly distant from each
other, and stop suddenly before reaching the middle of the lower
margin. Marsupium formed by the posterior half (or more) of the
outer gill. Ovisacs fifteen to twenty-two. No black pigment on
margin of marsupium. Glochidia rather large, subovate. Length
0.20; height 0.27 mm. (see Plate XX, fig. 5).

In all other respects like E. trabalis and E. vibex.

Eurynia (Micromya) iris (Lea).

Four males one sterile and six gravid females have been investi-
gated, coming from the Ohio and Lake Erie drainages in western
Pennsylvania.

Gravid females have been found in the months of September and
May; sterile females in May, June, and July. Thus the breeding
season seems to be normal.

The soft parts (of iris and novi-eboraci) have been described by Lea
(Obs., X, 1863, p. 419) and Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 106).

Fic. 23. Eurynia (Micromya) iris (Lea). Gravid female from Little Beaver
Creek, Enon Valley, Lawrence Co., Pa. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 2,159.) Coll. May
II, 1907.

In front of the branchial (see Ortmann, 1911}, p. 317) there are four
to ten large, conical papillae, which are quite distant from each other,
with a few smaller ones between them. They do not reach to the
middle of the lower margin. Marsupium formed by the posterior
half (or less) of the outer gill, with a very small non-marsupial section
at the posterior end. Ovisacs thirteen to twenty-two. Edge of

342 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

marsupium with black pigment. Glochidia rather large, suboval
(see Lea, Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 14, as novi-eboraci, and Ortmann,
19110, pl. 89, fig. 20). Length 0.22; height 0.28 mm.

In all other respects like the foregoing species. Inner lamina of
inner gills entirely connected, but in one case a small hole at posterior
end of foot has been observed.

Eurynia (Micromya) vanuxemensis (Lea).

Two gravid females were donated by B. Walker. They are from
Shoals Creek, Lauderdale Co., Alabama, and were collected by H. H.
Smith on November 3, 1909.

On the inner edge of the mantle in front of the branchial there are
ten to fifteen cylindro-conical, rather large papilla, irregular in size,
standing rather close together upon a sightly dilated part of the edge.
This part is not very long, but longer than the branchial opening.
Farther in front, the dilated part narrows suddenly, and becomes
smooth. <A rather broad black band accompanies the papilla. The
marsupium occupies one-half or a little more of the outer gills, with a
very small non-marsupial section at the posterior end. Ovisacs
large, nine to thirteen, their ends marked with brown pigment.
Glochidia as usual in this group. Length 0.22; height 0.28 mm. (see
Plate XX, fig. 6).

All the rest of the soft parts like those of the preceding species.

Eurynia (Micromya) picta (Lea).

Soft parts of two gravid females from the South Fork of the
Cumberland River, Burnside, Pulaski Co., Kentucky, were received
from B. Walker.

Upon the edge of the mantle in front of the branchial there are
numerous, crowded, irregular, subconical papilla. The posterior ones,
close to the branchial, are small, and increase in size forward, then stop
suddenly, and beyond this there are a few very small ones, until
finally the edge of the mantle becomes smooth. The papille do not
reach the middle of the lower margin. Marsupium formed by a little
less than half of the outer gill, with a small non-marsupial section
behind. Ovisacs ten to fourteen, with black pigment at ends. Glo-
chidia as usual. Length 0.22; height 0.27 mm. (see Plate XX, fig. 7).

All other parts like those in the foregoing species.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 3438

Eurynia (Eurynia) nasuta (Say).

Numerous specimens have been investigated, partly from Lake
Erie, partly from the Delaware drainage in eastern Pennsylvania and
New Jersey.

According to Conner (1907, p. 88) this species breeds all the year
round, that is to say, the end of one breeding season overlaps the
beginning of the next in midsummer. This refers to the Delaware
drainage in eastern Pennsylvania. For this region I have only a few
observations (in the months of September and May). From Lake
Erie I have specimens with eggs collected at the end of August (be-
ginning the breeding season), and others with glochidia collected in
May, June, and as late as July 7. On the latter date specimens in
the act of discharging were observed. But there is surely an ‘‘in-
terim’’ in Lake Erie, at least in July, for of all the specimens collected
on July 8, 12, 22, and 23, not a single one was gravid, although numer-
ous sterile females were among them.

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 403),
but in error the marsupium is said to occupy the whole length of the
gill. The papille of the edge of the mantle have been described by
Ortmann (19110, p. 317).

The inner edge of the mantle of the female has in front of the
branchial a rather regular row of numerous (as many as thirty and
more) rather closely set, subequal papilla, which are rather small,
subconical, and run forward to almost the middle of the ventral margin,
where they disappear gradually and pass into the smooth anterior
part of the edge. This row is not accompanied by a distinct black
band, but there is brownish pigment in this region. Marsupium
formed by over half (up to three-fourths) of the outer gills, with a very
small non-marsupial section behind. Ovisacs fifteen to forty, their
ends having no black pigment. Glochidia (Lea, Obs., XIII, 1874,
pl. 21, fig. 2), similar in shape to those of the preceding species, rather
large. Length 0.25; height 0.29 mm. (see Plate XX, fig. 8).

Mantle-connection between anal and supra-anal rather long,
longer than the anal. Inner lamina of the inner gills connected with
the abdominal sac, often with a small hole at the posterior end of the
foot. Posterior margins of palpi connected only at base.

344 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Eurynia (Eurynia) subrostrata (Say).

According to Lea’s description (Obs., X, 1863, p. 439, glochidia
XIII, 1874, pl. 21, fig. 1, as nashvillensis), and, relying principally
upon the figure given by Lefevre and Curtis (1910, pl. 1, fig. 2),
this species belongs here.

Eurynia (Eurynia) recta (Lamarck).

Numerous specimens from the Ohio drainage and Lake Erie in
western Pennsylvania, from Ohio and Arkansas have been investi-
gated.

Bradytictic. The breeding season begins about the middle of
August, and ends unusually late, in July (latest date July 23). Speci-
mens with fully developed glochidia have repeatedly been found in

Sa

Fic. 24. Eurynia (Eurynia) recta (Lamarck). Gravid female, from Lake Erie,
Cedar Point, Erie Co., O. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,458.) Coll. August, 1909, by
Chas. Brookover.

July, and for specimens with eggs the earliest date is August 13.
Although there is apparently an interim of a few weeks, the seasons
come very near to overlapping. But for single individuals there is
very likely a longer interval between the breeding seasons, for sterile
females are very frequent in August and September, and the majority
do not become gravid till October. I cannot detect any difference
in this matter in Lake Erie. At any rate, the beginning and end of
the breeding season are not laver than in the Ohio, in fact the latest
date for the end (July 23) is from the Ohio drainage.

The soft parts have been discussed by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 426)

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 345

and Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 102), and a figure of them has been
published by Lefevre and Curtis (1910, pl. 1, fig. 5).

The inner edge of the mantle of the female in front of the branchial
has (see Ortmann, 1911), p. 318) a row of regular, rather crowded,
subequal papilla, which are large and conical, and run forward to
about the middle of the ventral margin, where they disappear sud-
denly. The anterior part of the inner edge is smooth. The papille
increase somewhat in size from the branchial forward, and the largest
papilla stand near the anterior end of the row. A distinct brownish
black streak accompanies this row, and the papillae have the same
color at their bases, while they are whitish at their tips.

Marsupium occupying less than the half of the posterior section of
the outer gill, with a very small non-marsupial section behind. Ovi-
sacs fifteen to thirty, without black pigment at their ends. Glochidia
(Lea, Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 11; Lefevre and Curtis, 1910, p. 97,
fig. L; Ortmann, 19110, pl. 89, fig. 21) as in the preceding species; I
have found their length to be 0.22; height 0.28 mm.; while Lefevre
and Curtis give length 0.20; height 0.24 mm.

In other respects like the last species, but inner lamina of inner gills
always entirely connected, and mantle-connection between anal
and supra-anal shorter than anal.

Genus LAmpsILis Rafinesque. (1820.)
(Simpson, 1900), p. 526 (restricted).)

Shell ovate to elliptical, or elongated. Outside of shell not sculp-
tured. Beak-sculpture of the sinuated or double-looped type, finer
or coarser, sometimes the posterior loop open behind, or the sculpture
is obsolete. Epidermis generally yellowish or greenish, mostly rayed,
often very beautifully so. Female shell quite distinct from that
of the male, with a strong inflation and dilatation in the post-basal
region, producing a distinct posterior truncation of the shell.

Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac,
but sometimes a small hole is left at the posterior end of the foot.
In the female, the edge of the mantle in front of the branchial is
developed into a ribbon-like flap, generally produced anteriorly into
a free, projecting lobe, which has a lacerated appearance. Along the
edge of the flap, there may or may not be crenulations or teeth, but
never real papilla. On the inside, the flap is beautifully colored,

346 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

generally with a black streak, and often has a peculiar eye-spot at
the posterior end, close to the branchial. In the male a similar struc-
ture is found in a rudimentary condition.

Marsupium kidney-shaped, swollen, formed by many ovisacs,
occupying the posterior part of the outer gill. Edge of marsupium
blunt, beaded, generally pigmented. Placenta not solid. Glochidia
subovate, rather large.

Type L. ovata (Say).

In the specialization of the edge of the mantle in front of the
branchial this genus represents the highest type of Lampsiline.

Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea).

I have one male and two gravid females from the Colorado and Rio
Grande Rivers in Texas (D. A. Atkinson coll. May, 1907); five speci-
mens (males and females) from Kansas River, Lawrence, Douglas
Co., Kansas (R. L. Moodie); one young male and one gravid female
from Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Arkansas (H. E.
Wheeler. coll. Feb. 6, 1911).

Fic. 25. Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea). Gravid female, from Rio Grande,
Mercedes, Hidalgo Co., Tex. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 2,155.)

The gravid females all have glochidia, and show that the species
is bradytictic, carrying the larve over the winter.

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 406)
and Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 101).

Mantle-connection between anal and supra-anal of medium length,
shorter than the anal. Anal crenulated, branchial with papille.
In front of the branchial the inner edge is in the female lamellar and
dilated, forming a ribbon-like expansion, which is (in alcoholic speci-

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 347

mens) either merely suddenly truncated in front, or forms a small
free lobe, variable in my more or less contracted specimens. Along
its edge this expansion is crenulated, but has no papilla, and the whole
inner side of this flap is of a brownish black color, sometimes a distinctly
brown streak between two black streaks is seen. Noeye-spot has been
observed. The flap extends over about one-third of the lower margin,
and farther in front the inner edge of the mantle is smooth.

Posterior margins of palpi connected for about one-fourth of their
length. Gills and diaphragm of usual shape and structure. Inner
lamina of inner gills connected with abdominal sac.

Marsupium kidney-shaped, occupying about the posterior half of
the outer gill, composed of numerous (about thirty) ovisacs. Margin
of marsupium with blackish pigment. A very small section of the
gill posteriorly is non-marsupial. Glochidia (Lea, Obs., VI, 1858,
pl. 5, fig. 2) rather large, subovate. Length 0.20; height 0.26 mm.
(see Plate XX, fig. 9).

Color of soft parts whitish, with little brown on the edge of the
mantle, and the markings on the flap and the marsupium as described
above.

According to the shape of the shell, this species was always sup-
posed to be closely related to Eurynia recta, but I doubt whether there
is actually a close relationship between these two species. The
mantle-flap of L. anodontoides is entirely different from the papille
of E. recta. However, in L. anodontoides the mantle-flap has not yet
attained the typical development of the genus, and the anterior free
end is in particular rather indistinct. Probably it is the most primi-
tive form of Lampsilis and connects this genus with more Eurynia-
like ancestors, but it cannot be placed in Eurynia on account of the
lack of papillz on the edge of the mantle.

Lampsilis fallaciosa Smith.

I have not seen the soft parts of this form, but I doubt very much
whether it is specifically distinct from L. anodontoides. Among my
specimens from Kansas River, there are some, to which this name might
be applied. Among other material likewise in the Carnegie Museum
I cannot sharply distinguish these two forms.

Simpson (19004, p. 75) says: ‘‘in L. fallaciosa there is a horny,
brown, raised streak on the inside of the mantle behind, that I do not
find in anodontoides.’ This ‘‘streak,’’ however, is also present in

348 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

anodontoides (my specimens from Texas are typical and undoubted
anodontoides), and it is not at all ‘‘horny,’’ and corresponds to the
flap described above.

Lampsilis luteola (Lamarck).

Many specimens from the Lake Erie and Ohio drainages in western
Pennsylvania, and also from Kansas and Arkansas, have been in-
vestigated.

Bradytictic, and may be found gravid practically all the year round.
The breeding season begins at the beginning of August, and ends in
July, and may overlap with the next toward the end of July. But in
July there is an indication of an interim, gravid specimens being quite
rare. In the Ohio drainage, the females have generally discharged
their glochidia by the beginning of July, and only single belated in-
dividuals are met with later. In Lake Erie, discharging females were
found more frequently in July, as late as July 12. No gravid females
have ever been found between July 12 and August 4 by myself.

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 402)
and Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 104).

Mantle-connection between anal and supra-anal of medium length,
shorter than anal. Anal crenulated, branchial with papilla. In
front of branchial the female has on the inner edge of the mantle a
typically developed flap (see Ortmann, 1911}, p. 321). It has the
shape of a ribbon-like keel, with irregular, rather distant teeth, but
no papilla, and its anterior end projects considerably, even when
contracted, and has great powers of expansion. The marginal teeth
are largest at the free lobe, which appears lacerated. There are a
number of irregular teeth on the edge of the mantle in front of the
lobe, but soon the edge becomes smooth. On the inner side of the
flap there is a broad streak of black pigment. Eye-spot (in alcoholic
material) indistinct. The flap extends over about one-third of the
lower margin.

Posterior margins of palpi connected for about one-fourth of their
length. Gills and diaphragm normal. Inner lamina of inner gills
entirely connected, rarely a very small hole remaining at the posterior
end of the foot.

Marsupium kidney-shaped, occupying about the posterior half of

53 When strongly contracted by the action of alcohol, the teeth become thicker,
_ and appear like papille, but when expanded, they are flat (not sub-cylindrical).

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 349

the outer gill, with a very small posterior non-marsupial section.
Ovisacs numerous, fifteen to forty, or more. Margin of marsupium
with black pigment. Glochidia (Lea, Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 10)
rather large, suboval. Length 0.23; height 0.28 mm.

Color of soft parts whitish, foot more yellowish, gills white to brown-
ish. Margin of mantle blackish posteriorly. Color of flap and mar-
supium as mentioned above.

Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin).

I have not seen more than half a dozen specimens, and among them
only one gravid female with eggs, but no glochidia (August 22).
They were all from the Susquehanna drainage in Pennsylvania.

According to Conner (1907, p. 88, and 1909, p. 112) this species
breeds “‘all the year round,”’ but the conditions probably will prove
to be the same asin L. luteola. The beginning of the breeding period
is indicated by my specimen.

The soft parts agree in all essential respects with those of L. luteola.
They have been figured by Lea (Obs., II, 1838, pl. 15, fig. 48 and 49),
but fig. 48 does not represent the typical shape of the flap.

The glochidia have been figured by Lea (Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 20).

Lampsilis claibornensis (Lea).

Two males and two gravid females, Pearl River, Jackson, Hinds Co.,
Mississippi, A. A. Hinkley coll., Nov. 4, 1910.

Soft parts absolutely identical with those of L. luteola. Glochidia:
length 0.21; height 0.27 mm.

The glochidia have been figured by Lea as obtusus (Obs., VI, 1858,
pl. 5, fig. 1), and as clatbornensis (Obs., XIII, 1874, pl. 21, fig. 9).
The same author (Obs., X, 1863, p. 406) says of obtusus (=claiborn-
ensis) that it “has large dark papilla below the branchial opening.”’
This is not so in my specimens, which have the typical /uteola-flap.
Lea’s description of claibornensis (ibid., p. 436) is better.

Lampsilis hydiana (Lea).
Three gravid females, Bayou Pierre, De Soto Parish, Louisiana.
L. S. Frierson coll., August 6, 1910.
One of these has eggs, indicating the beginning of the breeding
season; the other two have glochidia, and one of these has the mar-
supium only partly charged, possibly discharged in part. This

350 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

apparently indicates the over-lapping of the seasons in this species
also,

The description of the soft parts given by Lea (Obs., XIII, 1874,
p. 72) is very incomplete. But judging from the specimens before me
they are absolutely identical with those of L. luteola. Glochidia:
length 0.21; height 0.27 mm. (see Plate XX, fig. 10).

Lampsilis ovata (Say).
The soft parts of about half a dozen specimens have been preserved,
but many more have been examined in the field. They were all from

the Ohio drainage in Pennsylvania.
Gravid females have been found in August, September, and October.
Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 435) describes the soft parts.

Fic. 26. Lampsilis ovata (Say). Gravid female, from Allegheny River, Kelly,
Armstrong Co., Pa. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 2,997.) Coll, Sept. 27,1907.

The flap in front of the branchial opening is greatly developed.
When contracted, it has only a rounded, toothed lobe at the anterior
end. But when expanded (see figure of JL. ventricosa, Ortmann,
I9Q11b, p. 320, fig. 8) it is much longer. The edge of the lamellar
expansion is practically smooth, but the free lobe has irregular teeth.
An eye-spot is present at the posterior end, but this is indistinct in
the contracted condition. Anterior to the free lobe the inner edge of

the mantle is slightly crenulated, and then smooth.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES., 351

Mantle-connection, anal, branchial, and gills like those of L. luteola.
Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected, or with a small hole at
posterior end of foot. Posterior margins of palpi connected for one-
third, or slightly more, of their length.

Marsupium occupying the posterior half (more or less) of the outer
gill, greatly swollen, kidney-shaped, with pigment on margin. Ovisacs
numerous, up to thirty or more. Glochidia (figured by Lea, Obs.,
VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 15)! large, subovate; length 0.24, height 0.28 mm.

Color of soft parts like that of L. ventricosa, generally paler, with the
orange tints prevailing on the margin of the mantle and flap. Black
line on inside of flap sometimes wanting.

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes).

Numerous specimens have been investigated from western Penn-
sylvania, and a gravid female from Hurricane Creek, Gurley, Madison
Co., Alabama (H. E. Wheeler coll., Sept. 13, 1910).

Bradytictic; the breeding season commencing at the beginning of
August, and ending in July, so that the species is gravid “‘all the year
round,”’ with the seasons possibly slightly overlapping in July. But
the majority of the females discharge their glochidia in May and
June, and in July only a few belated ones are found. The Lake Erie
form (canadensis Lea) has about the same breeding season, but gravid
females were not found in July.

The soft parts have been described (as occidens) by Lea (Obs., X,
1863, p. 418), and Simpson (in Baker, 1898, p. 95). The flap of the
mantle has been figured rather well by Lea (Obs., VII, 1860, pl. 30,
fig. 107) and by Ortmann (1911b, pp. 319 and 320, figs. 7 and 8).
The anatomy is in every respect like that of ZL. ovata, of which this
is probably only a variety.

Color grayish white, gills pale brownish, foot pale yellow or brown.
Marsupium white, with black edge. Margin of the mantle mottled
black and brown, the brown often shading to orange. Mantle-flap
gray on outside, inside pale orange or brownish, with a black longitu-
dinal line, and an eye-spot (black in white field) at posterior end.

54 Here again a mistake occurs in Lea's figures. In fig. 13 of the same plate he
figures the glochidium of occidens (= L. ventricosa), and the latter is considerably
larger than that of L. ovata. The fact is, however, that the glochidia of these two
forms are practically indistinguishable in size and shape, and the slight differences

in our measurements may easily be regarded as matters of personal equation in the
case of the observer.

352 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Glochidia (Lea, Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 13, as occidens, and Ort-
mann, 19110, pl. 89, fig. 23): length 0.25; height 0.29 mm.

Lampsilis excavata (Lea).

Two males, Pearl River, Jackson, Hinds Co., Mississippi (A. A.
Hinkley).

Structure of soft parts as in the foregoing species. Since no females
are at hand, the shape of the mantle-flap, the marsupium, and glochidia

could not be ascertained, but the latter have been figured by Lea (Obs.,
XU, 1874, pl. 21, fig. 6). My two males have a rudimentary mantle-
flap, consisting of a narrow lamellar keel, with a black streak on the
inside, ending anteriorly in a short, angular projection. This is similar
to the males of L. ovata and ventricosa. The posterior margins of the
palpi are united for from one-third to one-half of their length.

This form undoubtedly falls into the same group with the foregoing
species.

Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea).

Six males and six females (three gravid) are at hand, from the Ohio
drainage of western Pennsylvania.

Breeding season probably as in the preceding species; in fact I have
found gravid females in May, June, July, August, September, and
October. Discharging females were found as late as August 9.

Females with eggs were secured in the beginning of September.
Thus it seems that the seasons overlap later than in L. luteola and
ventricosa, in August.

Soft parts (described by Lea, Obs., X, 1863, p. 426, and Simpson,
in Baker, 1898, p. 96) absolutely identical with those of L. ovata and
ventricosa, only there are a number of teeth along the edge of the flap.
Colors also similar, but the orange on the margin of the mantle and
flap prevalently very bright. Glochidia (Lea, Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5,
fig. 17): length 0.25; height 0.29 mm.

Lampsilis cariosa (Say).

Four males and four females (two gravid) from the Susquehanna
and Delaware drainages in eastern Pennsylvania. Many more
investigated in the field.

The breeding season begins in the first half of August. In 1910,
I was unable to find any gravid females on August 7, in the Susque-

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 353

hanna at York Haven, while on August 14, at Selinsgrove, they were
frequent, but had only eggs. Conner’s notes (1909, p. 112) are
unreliable, for he has confounded this species with L. ochracea, as I
discovered from specimens he sent to me. He gives for ochracea
(which would be this species) that it is gravid in April, May, and June,
My observations are incomplete, but there seems to be an interim at
least at the beginning of August. Perhaps the conditions are similar
to those in the allied species.

Lea’s figure (Obs., IT, 1838, pl. 15, fig. 45) of the soft parts is entirely
useless, but the soft parts agree fully with the preceding species.
The color is much like L. ventricosa, but the margin of the mantle and
inner side of the flap are generally of a beautiful chestnut tint. Black
line on flap sometimes wanting.

I have only one specimen with glochidia, and even in this they are
too young to be correctly measured. But they seem to have the gen-
eral shape and size of those of the foregoing species.

Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth).

Three females, two of them gravid, from the Ohio River in Beaver
Co., Pennsylvania, have been examined.

This species was found gravid with eggs in August (10 and 24), and
with glochidia in September, and thus the beginning of the season
agrees with that of the other species of this genus.

Although this species is placed by Simpson close to L. ligamentina,
it is not at all related to the latter, which is a Nephronajas, while this
is a true Lampsilis, as is shown by the presence of a typical flap (Ort-
mann, I9110, p. 321). This flap has numerous teeth along its edge,
and projects at the anterior end in a free lobe. It also has black
pigment on the inside. An eye-spot has not been seen, but this may
be obscured on account of the contracted condition of my specimens.

All the rest of the soft parts are like those of the foregoing species.
The glochidia (Ortmann, 19110, pl. 89, fig. 22) are peculiar in so far
that I have on my slides two sizes of them. The smaller is more fre-
quent, length 0.19; height 0.21 mm., and among them are rather rarely
larger ones, length 0.20; height 0.25 mm. No intergrades seem to be
present. It is not entirely impossible that by some accident in making
the slide, the glochidia of another species have become mixed with
this one, but this is not very likely. There are no glochidia having
the dimensions of the larger ones, except those of L. anodontoides.

354 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Genus TRUNCILLA Rafinesque. (1819.)
Simpson, 1900), p. 516.

Shell subovate, inflated, often subtriangular, and with a strong
posterior ridge or radiating furrow. Outside of shell not sculptured
or only with low tubercles. Beak-sculpture delicate, often obsolete,
double-looped. Epidermis yellowish greenish, rayed, rays oftén
broken. Shell of the female very distinct from that of the male, with
a strong inflation or projection in the post-basal region, which changes
the outline of the shell considerably, very often giving the latter odd
shapes. In the region of this inflation, the shell often becomes horny,
or its margin is toothed.

Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac.
In the female, the inner edge of the mantle in front of the branchial
is not parallel to the outer edge, but is more or less remote from it,
often quite distant, and it has finer or coarser papille. Toward the
middle of the lower margin, the two edges again approach each other,
and are normal farther forward. The mantle between the two edges
is peculiarly spongy. Thus an inner compartment is formed in front
of the branchial opening. In the male, the two edges of the mantle
do not have this structure, or it is only merely indicated.

Marsupium swollen, kidney-shaped, formed by many ovisacs,
occupying the posterior section of the outer gill. Edge of marsupium
blunt, beaded, but not pigmented. Placente not solid. Glochidia
differing from those of Eurynia and Lampsilis, being of medium size,
almost semicircular, and about as long as high.

Type T. triquetra Rafinesque.

The peculiar compartment formed inside in front of the branchial
certainly is connected with the care of the glochidia, and possibly is
to be regarded as something like a water-reservoir. This is the
most highly specialized type of the Lampsiline, but it is a side branch,
probably not descended from Eurynia- or Lampsilis-like forms, but
from a more primitive type. The development of the inner com-
partment has influenced the shape of the female shell greatly and has,
so to speak, deformed it, and in this genus we have represented the
greatest dimorphism between the shells of the male and the female,
which occurs.

Walker (1910c) recently has given a synopsis of the species of the
genus, and divides, them, according to the shell, into three groups:

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 355

(1) those with the entire post-basal area occupied by the marsupial
expansion; (2) those with the marsupial expansion restricted to the
posterior ridge; (3) those with the marsupial expansion in front of the
posterior ridge. These divisions undoubtedly are natural, and
Walker thinks that the first represents the most primitive condition,™®
from which the other two are to be derived.

Having regard to the shell only, this view is quite plausible, but in
studying the structure of the soft parts, it becomes evident, that it is
scarcely tenable. Although I have seen comparatively few species,
it is certain that the simplest structure is found in 7. triquetra,
which represents the second group of Walker. In this species the
typical features of the genus are barely indicated. From this form
we can imagine that the other two have been derived, and have
descended in apparently two parallel lines; in the one (represented by
T. haysiana in our material), the marsupial swelling advances forward
from the posterior ridge, in the other (represented by rangiana,
florentina and capseformis) it becomes greatly enlarged, and often
corneous. In the latter forms, the inner compartment of the soft
parts is most capacious, and developed to its greatest extent, and con-
sequently these must be the most advanced types within the genus.
(Possibly, however, some of the third type may be as highly specialized,
but in another direction.)

Truncilla triquetra Rafinesque.

Twelve males, two sterile, and seven gravid females are at hand,
from the Ohio drainage in western Pennsylvania.

The gravid females were found in September and October, but
further details as to the breeding season are not known.

The soft parts have been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 420).
(See also Ortmann 19110, p. 321.)

Anal and supra-anal separated by a mantle-connection of medium
length, but shorter than the anal. Anal with fine crenulations, bran-
chial with papilla, which stand somewhat remote from the outer
edge. The latter is, corresponding to the teeth on the margin of the
shell, toothed or scalloped. In the female, the inner edge of the

55 He compares the general shape of the shell with the female of Lampsilis, and
thinks that it is closely allied to it.’ I rather believe, that the roots of Truncilla

are to be sought in forms which stood between Amygdalonajas and Eurynia.
Some characters of the shell resemble strongly those of Amygdalonajas.

356 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

mantle in front of the branchial is also somewhat distant from the
toothed outer edge, and bears four to ten, rather distant, subconical,
small papilla, which are smaller than the papilla of the branchial,
and decrease in size forward. Along this part of the edge runs a
black streak, and the papilla also are black or brown. The space
between the two edges is blackish-brown, lighter toward the outer
edge. Before the middle of the lower margin is reached, the two edges
approach each other, and thence forward are normal, the inner one
smooth. Inthe male, the two edges are subparallel and close together,
as is normal, and there are only a few small papilla in front of the
branchial.

Posterior margins of palpi connected at base only. Gills and dia-
phragm of normal structure. Inner lamina of inner gills entirely
connected with abdominal sac.

Marsupium formed by over half of the posterior part of the outer
gill, with hardly any non-marsupial part behind, greatly swollen,
kidney-shaped, higher in front
than behind, and slightly de-
formed to suit the shape of the
shell, presenting a broad face
outwardly and downwardly, and
having a blunt edge toward the
median line of the animal, where
the two marsupia come into

contact. Margin of marsupium
Fic. 27. Truncilla triquetra Rafinese

que. Gravid female, from Allegheny

River, Aladdin, Armstrong Co., Pa. Sa F
(Carn. Mus., No. 61, 3,358.) Coll. Sept. Chidium of medium size, almost

18, 1908. semicircular; length and height
0.2I1mm. (See Ortmann, 19110,

pl. 89, fig. 24; Lea’s figure, Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 19, is not correct.)
Color of soft parts whitish. Margin of the mantle with black spots

without pigment. Ovisacs nu-
merous, thirty to forty. Glo-

in the posterior parts, black inside of the branchial opening, and with
black streak in front of the latter, farther in front brown.

The characteristic structure of the inner edge of the mantle is very
poorly developed in this species, and if it were not for the other
species, its significance would hardly be realized. Nevertheless,
according to shell characters, this is a true Truncilla (being besides
the type).

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 357

Truncilla haysiana (Lea).

Four males, one sterile, and one gravid female have been received
from B. Walker, they are from the Cumberland River in Ken-
tucky.

Agrees in every particular with T. triquetra, with exception of the
inner edge of the mantle in front of the branchial in the female. Here
the papilla of the branchial are not markedly distant from the outer
edge, but in front of them the inner and outer edges of the mantle di-
verge considerably, both describing a short curve in opposite directions,
coming together again before they reach the middle of the ventral
margin. They enclose a lanceolate or broadly ovate space of spongy
structure and black-brown in color. The inner edge has four to six
distinct papilla in its anterior part, which are brown. Back of them,
toward the branchial, lies upon the edge a very remarkable, pure white
caruncle, which, in the alcoholic material at hand, is rounded, without
distinct shape or structure except a few crenulations. Inside of the
inner edge runs a black streak. The color of the mantle around the
branchial papilla and forward along the edge is dark black and brown,
and thus the caruncle is sharply marked off by its color. Anteriorly
the margin of the mantle is brown, and in the region of the anal and
supra-anal it is spotted with brown. In the male the two edges of
the mantle are very little distant from each other, the inner has small
papillae, one of which is pure white, but is much smaller than the
corresponding caruncle of the female.

Marsupium more regularly kidney-shaped, than in T. triquetra.
Glochidia similar, but larger; length 0.24; height 0.23 mm. (see Plate
ee SST).

Truncilla penita (Conrad).

This species, which, according to Walker (1910c, p. 77), belongs to
the triquetra-group, has been described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 440).
It has below the branchial “‘a small white fleshy mass . . . of a sub-
sigmoid form, rounded at the bottom, and pointed at the top, and fur-
nished with some crenulations in the middle.’’ There is no doubt
that this mass is similar and homologous to the white caruncle de-
scribed above in JT. haysiana. I have not seen anything like it in
T. triquetra. But the presence of this organ, the function of which is
unknown to me, serves to connect more closely the two groups to which
T. triquetra and haysiana belong.

358 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Truncilla rangiana (Lea).

Six males, four sterile and four gravid females, from the upper
Allegheny River drainage in Pennsylvania, are at hand.

The gravid females, with eggs and glochidia, were found in
September.

This form is generally regarded asa variety of T. perplexa, but Walker
(1910c) separates it as a species. All specimens examined by me are
true rangiana, but they do not agree with the characters given in
Walker’s key (J. c., p. 80), since the color and texture of the marsupial
expansion is, in old females, quite different from the rest of the shell,
being horny and lacking in lime. In young females, this is not the
case.

As to the soft parts, see Ortmann (19110, p. 322), and also those of
perplexa, described by Lea (Obs., X, 1863, p. 420).

Fic. 28. Truncilla rangiana (Lea). Gravid female, from French Creek, Cochran-
ton, Crawford Co., Pa. (Carn. Mus., No. 61, 3,363.) Coll. Sept. 2, 1908.

Anal, supra-anal, palpi, structure of gills, and marsupium generally
asin T. triquetra. The marsupium is greatly swollen, rather low and
long, notso much deformed. Glochidia (figured as of perplexa by Lea,
Obs., VI, 1858, pl. 5, fig. 21) are also similar; length 0.26; height
0.23 mm., but my measurements are not very accurate, since all the
glochidia I have are very young and delicate.

In the female, the two edges of the mantle diverge greatly in front
of the branchial, the outer one curving outward, and forming a great,
almost semicircular lobe, with a smooth edge; while the inner one runs
almost straight downward and forward; the two edges coming together

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 859

again at about the middle of the lower margin. The inner edge has
crowded, very fine papilla, which decrease anteriorly, and the anterior
part of the edge is smooth. The space between the two edges is
of a peculiar spongy structure, full of what appear as finely rounded
or elongated pores.

In the male the two edges of the mantle are subparallel and close
together, as usual, and the inner one has very minute papille.

The color of the soft parts is generally whitish or yellowish white.
Outer edge of mantle grayish posteriorly, in the region of the anal and
supra-anal blackish, not spotted. Papille of branchial brown, but
this color does not run forward along the inner edge, and the inner
edge itself and the spongy space between the two edges is snow-white.

Truncilla florentina (Lea).

One gravid female has been received from B. Walker. It is from
Shoals Creek, Lauderdale Co., Alabama, collected Nov. 2, 1909, by
Hest. omith:

Soft parts practically identical with those of T. rangiana, but the
color of the margin of the mantle is different. Here both edges of the
mantle are black-brown all around, and the space between the two edges
is deep black. There is also in this region a deep black streak on the
inside of the inner edge. The outer edge is slightly scalloped, cor-
responding to the dentate margin of the shell. In the specimen at
hand, the spongy space is covered with numerous low granules, which
I do not see in 7. vangiana.

Glochidia like those of the other species; length 0.23; height 0.22
mm. (see Plate XX, fig. 12).

In this species also the post-basal expansion is somewhat different
in texture from the rest of the shell, contrary to Walker’s statement.
It resembles very closely the structure seen in T. capseformis.

Truncilla capseformis (Lea).

One male and one sterile female, received from B. Walker, from the
South Fork of Cumberland River, Burnside, Pulaski Co., Kentucky,
are at hand.

Soft parts essentially those of T. rangiana and florentina, and in
color agreeing with those of 7. florentina, although the streak of
pigment on the inside of the inner edge of the mantle is absent. There
are also low granules upon the spongy space, but they are finer

360 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

than in TJ. florentina. The inner edge scarcely shows papille,
but this may be due to lack of development or to the state of preser-
vation of the specimens. The outer edge is slightly wavy, but has
no teeth.

Charged marsupium not observed, but the marsupium is indicated
in the sterile female by a series of white beads along the posterior half
of the edge of the outer gill.

In the male the two edges of the mantle are subparallel and only
slightly distant from each other, and posteriorly the color of the
margin of the mantle consists of black spots, which are hardly notice-
able in the female.

There remains the Family Mutelide@, with its two subfamilies (see
above, p. 225) to be treated. My studies on these have been previously
published (Ortmann, 1911a), and are yet rather incomplete. Since
I have not investigated additional material, I cannot add anything
to these preliminary results, and do not need to repeat them here.
But my next undertaking will be to study the South American material
of this family belonging to the Carnegie Museum, and these investi-
gations will be published in due time.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1898. BAKER, F.C. The Mollusca of the Chicago Area (Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci.,
3; part, 1; pp. 47-110).

I880. BourGuIGNAT, J. R. Materiaux pour servir a l’Histoire des Mollusques
Acephales du System Européen.

1895. CALL, R. E. A study of the Unionide of Arkansas, with incidental refer-
ence to their distribution in the Mississippi Valley (Tr. Acad. Sci.
St. Louis, 7, pp..I-64).

1910. CARL, S. Die Flussperlmuschel und ihre Perlen. Karlruhe, 100 pp.

1876. CLEssin, S. Deutsche Excursions-Mollusken-Fauna.

I9g1t. COKER, R. E. and SuRBER, T. A note on the Metamorphosis of the mussel
Lampsilis levissimus (Biol. Bull., 20, pp. 179-182).

1907. CONNER, C. H. The gravid periods of Unios (Nautilus, 21, pp. 87-88).

I909. CONNER, C. H. Supplementary notes on the Breeding Seasons of the
Unionide (Nautilus, 22, pp. I1I-1I12).

1853. Conran, T. A. A Synopsis of the Family of Najades of North America,
etc. (Pr. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia, 6, pp. 243-269).

1909. Dati, W.H. Descriptions and Figures of some Land and Freshwater Shells
from Mexico, believed to be new (Pr. U. S. Mus., 35, pp. 177-182).

1875. FLEMMING, W. Studien in der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Najaden (S. B.
math.-naturw. Cl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 71, Heft 3, pp. 81 ff.).

1901. FRIERSON, L. S. A new Unio from Texas (Nautilus, 15, pp. 75-76).

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 3861

1907. FRIERSON, L. S. A new Mexican mussel, Lampsilis fimbriata (Nautilus,
21, pp. 86-87).
1909. FRIERSON, L. S. Remarks on the subfamilies Hyriine and Unioninz
(Nautilus, 22, pp. 106-107).
1o1oa. Haas, F. On Unio, Margaritana, Pseudanodonta, and their Occurrence
in the Thames Valley (Pr. Malacol. Soc., 9, pp. 106-112).
1o10b. Haas, F. Pseudunio, neues Genus fiir Unio sinuatus Lam. (Nachr. BI.
deutsch. Malakozool. Ges., Heft 4, pp. 181-183).
to1oc. HAAs, F. Die Najadenfauna des Oberrheins vom Diluvium bis zur Jetzt-
zeit (Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., 32, pp. 147-176).
to10od. Haas, F. Neue und wenig bekannte Lokalformen unserer Najaden
(Beitr. Kenntnis mitteleurop. Naj.—Beil. z. Nachr. Bl. deutsch. Malako-
zool. Ges., No. 4, pp. 56-64).
1gtoe. HAAs, F. Unionidae, in Kuester, H. C. und Kobelt, W. Systematisches
Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz, 9, Heft 41 and 42.
1907. Harms, W. Zur Biologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Flussperlmuschel
(Zool. Anz., 31, pp. 814-824).
1908. Harms, W. Die postembryonale Entwicklung von Unio pictorum und
U. tumidus (Zool. Anz., 32, pp. 693 ff.).
1909. Harms, W. Postembryonale Entwicklungsgeschichte der Unionide (Zool.
Jahrb. Abt. f. Anat., 28, pp. 325 ff.).
1907. HINKLEY, A. A. Shells collected in northeastern Mexico (Nautilus, 21,
pp. 68-72, 76-80).
1911. IseLy, F. B. Preliminary note on the Ecology of the early juvenile life
of the Unionide (Biol. Bull., 20, pp. 77-80).
1909. ISRAEL, W. Ueber die Najadeen des Mittelelbegebietes (51 and 52 Jahresb.
Ges. Fr. Naturw. Gera., pp. I-38).
1908. Kosett, W. Zur Kenntnis unserer Unionen (Festschr. Wetterau. Ges.
Naturk. Hanau., pp. 84-108).
1832-1874. Lea, I. Observations on the genus Unio, vols. 1-13.
1910. LEFEVRE, G. and Curtis, W. C. Reproduction and parasitism in the
Unionide (Journ. Exp. Zodél., 9, pp. 79-115).
I91t. LEFEVRE, G. and Curtis, W.C. Metamorphosis without parasitism in the
Unionide (Science, 33, June 2, pp. 863-865).
1895. Litiie, F. R. The Embryology of the Unionide (Journ. Morphol., 10).
I910a. ORTMANN, A. E. A New System of the Unionide (Nautilus, 23, pp.
II4-120).
1910b. ORTMANN, A. E. The Systematic Position of the Unionid-genus Parreysia
(Nautilus, 23, pp. 139-142).
I910¢c. ORTMANN, A. E. The Soft Parts of Spatha kamerunensis Walker (Nau-
tilus, 24, pp. 39-42).
t910d. ORTMANN, A. E. The Discharge of the Glochidia in the Unionide (Nauti-
lus, 24, pp. 94-95).
I9IId. ORTMANN, A. E. The Anatomical Structure of Certain Exotic Najades
Compared with that of the North American Forms (Nautilus, 24, pp. 103-
108, II4—120, 127-131).

362 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

I91Ib. ORTMANN, A. E. Monograph of the Najades of Pennsylvania. I. Ana-
tomical Introduction. The System of the North American Najades
(Mem. Carnegie Mus., 4, pp. 279-347, 4 plates).

I9IIc. ORTMANN, A. E. The Classification of European Najades (Nautilus, 25,
Pp. 5-7, 20-23).

1908. Pirspry, H. A. and FRIERSON, L. S. Description of a Mexican Lampsilis
(Nautilus, 22, pp. 81-82).

1909. Pirsspry, H. A. Unionidae from the Panuco River system, Mexico (Pr. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 532-539).

1889. ScCHIERHOLZ, C. Ueber Entwicklung der Unioniden (Denkschr. kais. Akad.
Wiss. Wien. Math.- naturw. Cl. 55, pp. 183 ff.).

1892. Simpson, C. T. Notes on the Unionide of Florida and the Southeastern
States (Pr. U. S. Mus., 15, pp. 405-436).

1898. Simpson, C. T., in Baker, see Baker, F. C.

r900a. Simpson, C. T. New and Unfigured Unionide (Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 52, pp. 74-86).

r900b. Simpson, C. T. Synopsis of the Najades, or Pearly Freshwater-mussels
(Pr. U. S. Mus. 22, pp. 501-1044). j

1898. STERKI, V. Some Observations on the Genital Organs of Unionide, with
Reference to Classification (Nautilus, 12, pp. 18-32).

1903. STERKI, V. Notes on the Unionide and their Classification (Americ.
Natural., 37, pp. I03-I13).

1907. STERKI, V. (Note on Tritogonia tuberculata.) (Nautilus, 21, p. 48.)
1909. THIELE, J. Mollusca, in Brauer, Die Suesswasserfauna Deutschlands,
Heft 19, pp. 1-46.

I9t0. VANATTA, E. G. Unionide from Southeastern Arkansas and Northeastern
Louisiana (Nautilus, 23, pp. 102-104).

1855. WAHL, E..vonN. Die Suesswasser-Bivalven Livlands (Arch. Naturk. Liv.,
Ehst- und Kurlands., ser. 2, vol..1, pp. 75 ff.).

I9o1oa. WALKER, B. The Distribution of Margaritana margaritifera in North
America (Pr. Malacol. Soc., 9).

I910b. WALKER, B. On the validity of Unio undatus Barnes (Nautilus, 24, pp.
6-10, 16-24).

toroc. WALKER, B. Notes on Truncilla, with a Key to the Species (Nautilus, 24,
pp. 75-81).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.
Anatomy of Najades: sections of gills.

Photographed with Bausch & Lomb Objective, 32 mm.

Fic. 1. Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea). Sterile female.—Ohio River, St. Marys,
Pleasants Co., W. Va., coll. Sept. 20, 1910.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,541. Horizontal
cross section through left inner (7) and outer (0) gill, showing marsupial structure
in both gills.

Fic. 2. Pleurobema riddelli (Lea). Sterile female.—Pearl River, Jackson,
Hinds Co., Miss., A. A. Hinkley coll., Nov. 5, 1910.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,963.
Horizontal cross section through left inner (7) and outer (0) gill, showing marsupial
structure only in outer gill.

ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 363

Fic. 3. Unio pictorum (Linnzus). Male—Moschinska River, Prov. Posen,
Germany, W. Israél don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,938. Horizontal cross section
through left inner (7) and outer (0) gill, showing gill structure of the male.

Fic. 4. Unio pictorum (Linnzeus). Sterile female——Lake Storkow, Prov.
Brandenburg, Germany, W. Israél don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,939. Horizontal
cross section through left inner (7) and outer (0) gill, showing marsupial structure
in outer gill only.

Fic. 5. Unio crassus consentaneus (Rossmessler). Sterile female.—Danube
River, Buda-Pest, Hungary, W. Israél don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,996. Hori-
zontal cross section through left inner (7) and outer (0) gill, showing marsupial
structure in the outer gill only. (This section is more toward the base of the gills
than in Fig. 4.)

Fic. 6. Arcidens confragosus (Say). Sterile female-—Bayou Pierre, De Soto
Par., La., L. S. Frierson coll.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,701. Horizontal cross section
through left outer gill, showing marsupial structure of the sterile female, with
indications of the places of the lateral water-tubes.

Fic. 7. Anodonta cygnea (Linneus). Sterile female-——Obra South Canal,
Sepno, Prov. Posen, Germany, W. Israél don.—Carn. Mus., No. 51, 4,956. Hori-
zontal cross section through left inner (7) and outer (0) gill, showing marsupial
structure of the sterile female in the outer gill.

Fic. 8. Anodonta cygnea (Linneus). Gravid female.-—Mogelnitza River, Prov.
Posen, Germany, W. Israél don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,953. Horizontal cross
section through left outer gill (marsupium), being partially filled with ova, and
showing the beginning of the formation of the lateral water-tubes by folds arising
from the septa.

Fic. 9. Anodonia complanata Rossmessler. Gravid female.-—Woernitz River,
Dinkelsbuehl, Bavaria, Germany, W. Israél don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,958.
Horizontal cross section through left inner (7) and outer (0) gill, showing character
of the marsupium in the outer gill, charged with glochidia. The lateral water-
tubes are somewhat irregular in this specimen, the marsupium being only partly
filled.

Fic. 10. Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque. Gravid female, partly discharged.—
Bayou Pierre, De Soto Par., La., L. S. Frierson coll. Aug. 6, 1910.—Carn. Mus.,
No. 61, 4,755. Vertical cross section through a discharged ovisac of the right
marsupium, showing opening at its distal end.

Fic. 11. Dvromus dromas (Lea). Gravid female.—Cumberland River, Rowena,
Russell Co., Ky., B. Walker don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,969. Horizontal cross
section through marsupial part of left outer gill, showing arrangement of the
placente and the glochidia.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
Glochidia of Najades.

Photographed with Bausch & Lomb Objective, 2 inch.

Fic. 1. E£lliptio complanatus (Dillwyn).—Meniolagomeka Creek, Smith Gap,
Monroe Co., Pa., coll. June 14, t910.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4/631.

Fic. 2. Anodonta cygnea (Linneus).—Moschinska River, Prov. Posen, Ger-
many, W. Israél don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,954.

364 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Fic. 3. Anodonta complanata Rossmessler.—Danube River, Buda-Pest,
Hungary, W. Israél don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,999.

Fic. 4. Alasmidonta minor (Lea).—Cumberland River, Pineville, Bell Co.,
Ky., B. Walker don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,977.

Fic. 5. Ptychobranchus subtentus (Say).—Cumberland River, Burnside,
Pulaski Co., Ky., B. Walker don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,971.

Fic. 6. Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea).—Cumberland River, Albany Landing,
Cumberland Co., Ky., B. Walker don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,973.

Fic. 7. Dromus dromas (Lea).—Cumberland River, Eadsville, Wayne Co.,
Ky., B. Walker don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,968.

Fic. 8. Friersonia iridella (Pilsbry and Frierson).—Valles River, Valles, San
Luis Potosi, Mexico, A. A. Hinkley, coll. Dec., I906—-Jan., 1907.—Carn. Mus.,
No. 61, 4,495.

Fic. 9. Obovaria retusa (Lamarck).—Ohio River, Portland, Meigs Co., O.,
coll. Sept. 22, 1910.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,773.

Fic. 10. Obovaria unicolor (Lea).—Pearl River, Jackson, Hinds Co., Miss.,
A. A. Hinkley coll. Nov. 5, 1910.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,929.

Fic. 11. Obovaria (Pseudo6én) ellipsis (Lea).—Ohio River, Portsmouth, Scioto
Co., O., coll. Sept. 24, I910.—Carn. Mus., no. 61, 4,777.

Fic. 12. Nephronajas perdix (Lea).—South Fork Cumberland River, Burnside,
Pulaski Co., Ky., B. Walker don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,985.

The scale at the bottom of the plate represents one millimeter divided into
tenths.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.
Glochidia of Najades.

Photographed with Bausch & Lomb Objective, 24 inch.

Fic. 1. Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque.—Bayou Pierre, De Soto Par., La., L.
S. Frierson coll. Aug. 6, 1910.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,755.

Fic. 2. Proptera levissima (Lea).—Kansas River, Lawrence, Douglas Co.,
Kan., R. L. Moodie don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,481.

Fic. 3. Medionidus conradicus (Lea).—South Fork Cumberland River, Burn-
side, Pulaski Co., Ky., B. Walker don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,989.

Fic. 4. Eurynia (Micromya) trabalis (Conrad).—Cumberland River, Rowena,
Wayne Co., Ky., B. Walker don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,990.

Fic. 5. Eurynia (Micromya) lienosa (Conrad).—Pearl River, Jackson, Hinds
Co., Miss., A. A. Hinkley coll. Nov. 5, 1910.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,930.

Fic. 6. Eurynia (Micromya) vanuxemensis (Lea).—Shoals Creek, Lauderdale
Co., Ala., H. H. Smith coll. Nov. 3, 1909.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,492.

Fic. 7. Eurynia (Micromya) picta (Lea).—South Fork Cumberland River,
Burnside, Pulaski Co., Ky., B. Walker don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,905.

Fic. 8. Eurynia nasuta (Say).—Lake Erie, Presque Isle Bay, Erie Co., Pa.,
coll. June 3, 1908.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 3,264.

Fic. 9. Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea).—Colorado River, Bay City, Matagorda
Co., Tex., D. A. Atkinson coll. May 20, 1907.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 2,157.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Piate XVIII.

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ORTMANN: FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NAJADES. 365

Fic. 10. Lampsilis hydiana (Lea).—Bayou Pierre, De Soto Par., La., L. S.
Frierson coll. Aug. 6, 1910.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,869.

Fic. 11. Truncilla haysiana (Lea).—Cumberland River, Burnside, Pulaski Co.,
Ky., B. Walker don.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 5,001.

Fic. 12. Truncilla florentina (Lea).—Shoals Creek, Lauderdale Co., Ala., H.
H. Smith coll. Nov. 2, 1909.—Carn. Mus., No. 61, 4,491.

The scale at the bottom of the plate represents one millimeter divided into tenths.

XI. A GROUP OF STENOMYLINS RECENTLY PREPARED
AND EXHIBITED IN THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

By O. A. PETERSON.
(Plates XXI and XXII.)

Paleontology is gradually reaching a stage where fossil remains
are not necessarily dry and unprofitable to the layman. There is
apparently no reason why the specialist should not impart to the
public his views of prehistoric life through carefully prepared specimens.
By such activities paleontology, which is generally regarded as rather
dull and unintelligible, would take its true position as a valuable
factor in the education of the people.

From the remains of Stenomylus, which the Carnegie Museum has
recently obtained in the Miocene deposits of western Nebraska, it was
decided to construct a group of skeletons mounted to represent as
nearly as possible a life-like pose. For this purpose three skeletons
were selected, those of a male, a female, and a young animal. The
skeletons have been successfully and very creditably mounted by
Mr. S. Agostini of the section of paleontology. In order to add to
the group, Mr. Theodore A. Mills was detailed to make models from
the skeletons to represent the animals in the flesh. These models
are about one fourth of the natural size and are exhibited in the same
case (see pls. XXI and XXII). The male is represented with the
head erect, the female with the head down, and the young is placed
in front of the latter two. This is true both of the skeletons and the
models.

It has already been ascertained through the studies of Professor
Loomis and Mr. Peterson! that these graceful little camels most
probably livedin an upland country. Their skeletons, when compared
with such recent forms as the llama, indicate analogies, which warrant
us in regarding them as having been somewhat similar to these animals
in their habits. The dentition shows plainly that they cropped grass.
However, in certain directions these Miocene camels were much further

1 ANN. CAR. Mus., Vol. IV, 1906, p. 41, 286; Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. XXIX, 1910,

p. 297; ANN. Car. Mus., Vol. VIII, 1911, p. 267.
: 366

PETERSON: A GROUP OF STENOMYSINS. 367

specialized than recent forms. Their long-crowned molars seem to
indicate that the creatures had continued to feed for many generations
on hard grasses on open prairies throughout long geologic times, and
that thus was brought about a development decidedly more advanced
than is found in any of the recent forms. Many other features ot
the skull are also entirely different. The shorter humerus and longer
radius and ulna are marked advances made by the fossil forms, while
the phalanges are shorter, and there is much less indication of the
tylopod pads than in the llama. The limbs were even slenderer than
in the llama and the heavy muscles of the limbs were placed close to
the body. There were undoubtedly short, blunt hoofs, and possibly
incipient cushions, though in a much less developed state than in
the recent tylopods, as stated above.

In previous publications it has been stated that the skeletons of
these small animals were found by the dozens imbedded in a Miocene
sediment of packed sand in Sioux County, Nebraska (see ANN. CAR.
Mus., Vol. VII, 1911, pl. XLI). That they were gregarious in habit,
there can be very little doubt. It requires only a slight stretch of
imagination to picture a herd of Stenomylins, pursued by some car-
nivore (Dapheenodon), taking to a stream of water and attempting
crossing to the opposite shore, but finding the current too swift,
being taken ruthlessly along, never again to reach the land alive. The
deposition of these skeletons of all ages and sexes, sometimes found in
most perfect preservation, appears to agree best with the idea that
they were laid down in a bend, or against a sandbar of a stream and
were covered up very rapidly. They might possibly have been cov-
ered up by rapidly moving sand on land.

The cause of the extinction of this fleet-footed grazing quadruped
is little short of an enigma. When we compare its osteology with
the living forms we are obliged to admit that the skeletons of Ste-
nomylus show us a form in many respects better equipped for life
in an open country than the forms which occupy the plains at the
present time. Paleontological evidence tends to lead us to regard
the evolution of grazing types as far more favorable to continued ex-
istence than browsing types. The latter were more or less hindered
through the gradual changes of the flora from the softer and more
succulent vegetation in the earlier Tertiary to the harder grasses in
the late Miocene and Pliocene times. What then was the cause of
the extinction of Stenomylus, an animal already so specialized as

368 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

apparently to be completely equipped for an open country habitat?
Although a number of causes combined may be suggested, we may
never know the true one. In his admirable work, ‘‘The Age of
Mammals,”’ Professor Osborn has called attention to observations by
Darwin, Gregory, Chestnut, and Willcox of the devastating effects
on animal life which have been brought about by great droughts at
certain seasons in different parts of the world. A long succession of
dry seasons in a given locality is certain to have a telling effect on the
fauna. An invasion of a new and destructive type of carnivore may
also be a potent factor in the extinction of certain herbivorous types.
We have not as yet clear evidence of the immediate ancestors of the
llama of South America. Although the precursors of the latter un-
doubtedly occupied the same general region in which Stenomylus
lived, we are not, as yet, ready to advance any explanation, or even
give a working theory as to why Stenomylus did not survive on the
vast plains of North America or migrate with other branches of the
Camelide.

In an extensive collection of these fossil remains it is found, as in
the study of recent zodlogy, that the contour of the skull varies
greatly in the young and the fully adult. The direct side view of the
cranium of the young Stenomylus presents a characteristically juvenile
appearance (see Fig. 1). The occiput is less angular than in the adult,
the brain-case as a whole is more ovate, there is a complete lack of the
sagittal crest, and a more rapid convexity fore-and-aft from the occiput
to the region between the orbits. The latter are very nearly as large
as in the adult specimens, while the nasal depressions are distinctly
less deep. The facial region is apparently shorter, so that the orbit
has a more anterior position in the immature skull. The horizontal
ramus of the lower jaw tapers more rapidly anteriorly and the vertical
portion is proportionally greater than in the adult. The dentition
is represented by the milk molars except p!; the latter is seen in the
side of the maxillary upon excavating the bone. The canine is in
place. The premaxillaries are lost and the extreme anterior portion
of the mandible is also broken off.

The skeleton represents an animal about half-grown (see Plates
XXIand XXII). The epiphyses of the centra of the vertebral column
were found dislocated and the ends of the limb bones were detached
by suture, though in their relative positions. The pelvis was also
found in sections, that is, with the ilium, ischium and pubis entirely

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PETERSON: A GROUP OF STENOMYSINS. 369

separated at the acetabulum, but lying in their respective positions
in thesediment. The caudal region, the patella, and a number of foot
bones were lost and are represented by casts; otherwise the skeleton
belongs to one individual.

The skeleton of the male has already been described in a previous
publication? and calls for no further mention here except to say that

(

AWW @ SS

{(
=)

Fic. 1. Skull of young specimen of Stenomylus hitchcocki Loomis.

it is composed of parts of six different individuals. It was originally
mounted on a separate base, and temporarily placed in the collection
of the paleontological exhibit until it could be used in thepresent group.
The skeleton of the female on the other hand pertains to one individual,
except the right scapula, the sternum (No. 2,787), and a number of
ribs. The distinguishing features of the female skeleton are seen in
the less robust development of the different parts, and the larger
pelvic cavity. Altogether the group expresses life and action, such
as we may well imagine to have been common to these small and very
graceful animals.

MEASUREMENTS.
Male, Female. Young.
Cm. Cm. Cm.
Length of skeleton from ischial tuberosity to and including
the scapula at the glenoid cavity................... 57 53 39
Height of skeleton at 6th dorsal vertebra............... 69 63 50

2 Peterson, O. A., ANN. CAR. Mus., Vol. VII, 1911, pp. 268-271.

XII. TERTIARY: FISH-REMAINS FROM SPANISH GUINEA
IN WEST AFRICA.

By C. R. EASTMAN.

Plates XXITI-XXIV.

In May, 1911, a shipment of natural history specimens was received
by the Carnegie Museum which had been collected by Rev. A. I.
Good, a missionary stationed at Benito, in Spanish Guinea, and by
him forwarded to Director W. J. Holland in the fall of 1910.

The collections made by Mr. Good for the Carnegie Museum are
chiefly entomological, but, included among the lot of insects and other
objects illustrating the natural history of the region, were found a
number of slabs of dark-colored fissile shale, containing an abundance
of carbonaceous matter, with here and there a few small-sized con-
cretions, valves of Entomostraca, and portions of Teleost fish-skele-
tons, these last being comparatively numerous.

The amount of carbonaceous matter present in the rock is so great
that the shales might properly be called bituminous, and appearances
indicate very strongly that they are of lacustrine, or perhaps estuarine
origin, certainly not marine, and were deposited in a rather shallow
basin. No means are at hand for determining the geological age of
the strata except the evidence furnished by the remains of the fishes
embedded within the shale, and they betoken an early Tertiary
horizon, probably at least as early as the dawn of the Eocene. The
geology of the region about Benito has not been studied or described,
so far as the writer is aware, but it is a well-known fact that isolated
patches of Tertiary rock occur frequently along the eastern and
western coasts of Africa, and their distribution is indicated in a general
way by Walcot Gibson in a sketch-map of the geology of the continent
to be found in the first volume of the new Encyclopedia Britannica.

1 The marine strata of the early Tertiary of South Togo, in West Africa, have
furnished a number of vertebrate remains which are described by Dr. Ernst Stromer,
of Munich (Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges., Vol. LXII, 1910, pp. 478-508). More
recently the same writer has contributed a note entitled ‘‘Funde fossiler Fische in
dem tropischen Westafrica’’ (Centralbl. f. Min., etc., Jahrg. 1912, no. 3, pp. 87,
88), which mentions the discovery of fragmentary Teleost and Silurid fish-remains
from near the mouth of the River Benito in Spanish Guinea, without, however,
offering detailed descriptions of them.

370

EASTMAN: TERTIARY FISH-REMAINS. 371

Although dissociated parts of fish skeletons are present in con-
siderable abundance in the fragmentary blocks of shale which make
up the collection, and the appearance of these detached parts suggests
that the remains have been subjected to a moderate amount of current
action prior to fossilization, yet the number of species represented
does not exceed three or four, and even the best preserved individuals
are far from being complete. Nevertheless, the’ Clupeoid nature of
most of the remains is easily recognizable, and in the case of the
largest and best preserved species it is possible to work out nearly the
entire structural organization by combining the data derived from a
study of several individuals whose parts fortunately supplement one
another.

Scanty as these newly discovered remains are, their bearing upon
broad philosophical problems, such as the origin of modern fresh-
water faunas on either side of the Atlantic, conditions affecting dis-
tribution in times past, and the theory of a former land connection
between tropical America and Africa, is of prime importance. This
must necessarily be so by virtue of their being the first indication yet
reported of a post-Triassic fish-fauna in tropical or South Africa. We
cannot forbear to note that only a few years ago, in'1905, our want of
knowledge on such matters drew from Dr. Boulenger the following
remarks: ‘‘ It remainsa matter for serious regret that we should still be
without any information as to the precursors of the African fishes.
In spite of diligent search over a considerable portion of the great
continent, no remains of any post-Triassic fishes have yet been
discovered in Tropical and South Africa, and our acquaintance with
Tertiary Teleosts generally is still almost as scanty and fragmentary as
it was twenty years ago, although much has been done by Dr. Smith
Woodward in elucidating the affinities of such remains as have been
exhumed. Under the circumstances we have to fall back on our
imagination to explain the fauna, and much hazardous speculation
has been indulged in.’””

The species of fossil Teleosts in Mr. Good’s collection which lends
itself most readily to examination is evidently new to science, and
belongs to the genus Diplomystus. It is described in the following
pages under the appellation of D. goodi, the writer having pleasure in
naming it at the suggestion of Dr. W. J. Holland in honor of the

2 Boulenger, G. A., The Distribution of African Fresh-water Fishes. Presidential
Address, Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., South African Meeting, 1905.

Sie ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

discoverer. A smaller form represented by several badly crushed
and distorted individuals resembles more or less closely some of the
remains which Dr. D. S. Jordan has recently described from the
bituminous (Tertiary?) shales at Riacho Doce, State of Alagdas,
Brazil, under the generic title of Ellipes. The latter is doubtfully
distinct from Diplomystus, but may perhaps be retained provisionally
as a subgenus of the latter. A single specimen in the collection is
doubtfully identifiable as belonging to Enchodus.

Regarding the Brazilian fish-remains described by Dr. Jordan, their
discoverer, Professor J. C. Branner, offers the following comments in
his paper on the Geology of Alagdas, which accompanies that of Dr.
Jordan in volume VII of the ANNAtLs of this Museum.

‘“ Dr. Jordan feels some doubt in regard to the exact age of the
beds, and he ventures only to say that ‘ the shales of the Riacho Doce
were deposited in an estuary and that their age is Cretaceous or
Lower Eocene, possibly Upper Cretaceous.’

‘“These fishes form the most important collection of fossils thus
far made in the state of Alagdas, and they also make an interesting
and valuable contribution to our knowledge of the coast sediments
of eastern Brazil ”’ (loc. cit., p. 18).

Now it is an interesting and significant fact that species of the same
genus, or at least of very closely related genera, should occur respec-
tively in fresh-water deposits of the eastern coast of South America
and western coast of Africa, the presumption being that the strata
are approximately contemporaneous,—that is to say, early Tertiary.
This coincidence points to a similarity of the fresh-water fish-faunas
of the two continents extending as far back as the dawn of Tertiary
time, and also suggests a correspondence of geological history between
the land-masses on either side of the Atlantic.

An hypothesis which has recently found strong adherents among
ichthyologists is that put forward by von Ihering and others, which
postulates a late Cretaceous or early Tertiary land-bridge between
tropical Africa and South America, possibly in contact with Guiana
in the latter continent. This conjectural land-mass, ‘‘ Helenis,”’ may
be supposed to have been populated by the ancestors of modern
fresh-water fishes of tropical America, among others by the Lepidosi-
renide, Characinide, Cichlide, and Siluride. A submergence of the
area called Helenis took place during Tertiary times, which brought
about important changes in the ichthyic fauna, such for instance as

EASTMAN: TERTIARY FISH-REMAINS. ole

are described by Dr. Eigenmann as follows: ‘‘ This land-mass sank
beneath the surface of the ocean, forcing the fauna in two directions,
towards Africa and towards South America, exterminating all types
not moved to the east or the west. From these two rudiments
have developed the present diverse faune of Africa and South Amer-
ica, each reinforced by intrusives from the ocean and neighboring
land areas by autochthonous development within its own border.
The one fauna cannot be said to have been derived directly from
the other. Theconnection between Africa and South America existed
before the origin of the present genera and even before the origin of
some of the present subfamilies and families, some time before
the earlier Tertiary. There has never been any exchange between
Africa and South America since that time.’’*

Elsewhere in the same article the author whom we have just quoted
remarks: ‘‘ There has beena remarkable parallelism in the evolution of
genera of cichlids, characins, and catfishes on the two continents. . .
The Cichlide are abundant in tropical America and Africa, a few
species of Cichlid being also found in India. There is no means
by which these two forms could have crossed the existing gap between
Africa and South America. There has been no exchange of species
in recent times, for there is no species or genus common to the two
continents. The South American and African elements of these two
families must have been derived from some intermediate land-mass
or must have gone from one continent to the other over a land-bridge.”’

It may not be amiss to consider here somewhat briefly the present
and former distribution of the genus Diplomystus, which is a typical
example of the double-armored herrings. Diplomystus dentatus, the
type species, was described by E. D. Cope in 1877 from the Middle
Eocene (Green River) fresh-water deposits, and at the same time
two previously described Clupeoids which accompany it in the same
horizon and locality were transferred to the new genus. These were
the so-called Clupea humilis and C. altus of Leidy. Cope recognized
that the species comprised by Diplomystus might be divided into two
sections, distinguished by the form of their dorsal ridge-scales. ‘‘ In
section I,’’ he observes, ‘‘ these shields are transverse and their
posterior borders are pectinate, a median tooth being especially
prominent. In section II, the scuta are not wider than long, and

3’ EKigenmann, C. H., The Fresh-water Fishes of South and Middle America
Pop. Sci. Monthly, Vol. LXVIII, No. 6, 1906, p. 528.

374 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

have but one, a median tooth, which is the extremity of a long median
longitudinal carina. The species of section I are D. dentatus, D.
analis and D. pectorosus; those of section II are D. humilis and D.
alius-<4

It remained for President Jordan, thirty years later, to give validity
“section Il 2) of
the genus Diplomystus to the rank of an independent genus (or sub-
genus, as suggested in the ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEvwM, Vol.
VII, 1910). This was named Knightia,’ the species chosen for its

to the distinction just noticed by elevating Cope’s

type being the previously described Clupea humilis of Leidy, afterward
renamed C. pusilla by Cope. Dr. Jordan substituted the new specific
title eocena for that bestowed upon the species by the original author,
the combinations of Clupea humilis and Clupea pusilla being pre-
occupied among recent fishes. In this connection it should be re-
marked that the name Diplomyste Bleeker (= Diplomystax Giinther,
and Diplomystes Duméril) refers to an existing genus of South Amer-
ican Silurids, and is not to be confused with the term proposed by
Cope. Copeichthys of Dollo (Results Voyage Belgica, 1904, p. 159)
isa synonym of Diplomystus, the former name having been substituted
under an erroneous idea that Cope’s term was preoccupied.

Other occurrences of Diplomystus in the fossil state are in the Upper
Cretaceous of the Lebanon, Istria, Dalmatia, and Brazil; in the Lower
Oligocene (Osborne beds) of the Isle of Wight; and in the supposed
late Cretaceous or early Tertiary fresh-water shales at Riacho Doce,
Brazil (two species described by Jordan as Ellipes branneri and E.
riacensis) .®

Besides the above mentioned fossil forms, a recent Diplomystid
which has been described under the name of Clupea ( Hyperlophus)

4 Cope, E. D., A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Ichthyological Fauna
of the Green River Shales, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Territ., Vol. III, 1877, p. 808.

5 Univ. Cal. Publ., V, No. 7, p. 136, 1907.

6 Regarding Ellipes Dr. Jordan remarks in the paper above cited: ‘‘In any event
I think that we are justified in recognizing Ellipes, Potamalosa, Hyperlophus and
Knightia as distinct subgenera, even if we should wish to place all double-armored
herrings in the single genus, Diplomystus’’ (l. c., p. 25).

In Dr. Jordan’s scheme Cope’s species D. longicostatus, from the Upper Cre-
taceous of Bahia, Brazil, finds a place under the new generic or subgeneric caption
of Ellipes. It is doubtful, however, if the proposed separation can be maintained
in actual practice, as the majority of specimens fail to disclose the characters relied
upon for distinctive criteria.

EASTMAN: TERTIARY FISH-REMAINS. 375

spratellides’ occurs in the river system of New South Wales, and is
said also to inhabit certain rivers along the western coast of South
America, especially in Chili. The distinctive character of the so-
called ‘‘ Hyperlophus,’’ as contrasted with Clupea, consists in the
presence of a series of enlarged dorsal scutes extending between the
occiput and origin of the dorsal fin. In other words, it is a double-
armored herring, and differs from the single-armored in precisely the
same manner as does Diplomystus, and {rom the last-named genus it
has not been possible to prove any separation at all. Smith Wood-
ward$ is, therefore, apparently justified in claiming Hyperlophus to
be a synonym of Diplomystus, although Dr. Jordan,® without arguing
the question, has expressed a contrary opinion, saying: ‘“‘ Dr. Wood-
ward regards Hyperlophus as a synonym of Diplomystus, which is
quite unlikely. One may be too hasty in regarding living forms as
identical with extinct genera, as well as too hasty in separating them.”

So much, then, for the general facts of distribution. It is now in
order to present a description of the new species of Diplomystus from
a supposed early Tertiary horizon at Benito, on the western coast of
tropical Africa.

_Diplomystus goodi, sp. nov.

A deep-bodied species of moderate size, attaining a total length of
about 15 cm., and resembling D. longicostatus (from South America)
in that the caudal region is comparatively short and tapering. Dorsal
region much elevated, the margin rising to the origin of the dorsal fin,
behind which it abruptly descends; frontal profile steep. Maximum
depth of the trunk equaling twice the length of the head with opercular
apparatus. Abdominal vertebre about sixteen in number, caudals
not more than twelve or thirteen.

Pectoral fins small, and the much smaller pelvic pair opposed to the
middle of the dorsal; the latter fin with about fifteen rays, and situated
asin D. longicostatus; anal fin with about ten rays, arising considerably
behind the posterior end of the dorsal. Ventral ridge-scales com-
paratively small in advance of the pelvic fins, but much larger beyond

7 Ogilby, J. Douglas, In Records of the Australian Museum, Vol. II, 1892, p. 24.

8 Woodward, A. S., Doubly-armoured Herrings. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6),
Vol. X, p. 412.

9 Jordan, D. S., Description of a Collection of Fossil Fishes from the Bituminous
Shales at Riacho Doce, State of Alagéas, Brazil. ANNALS Car. Mus., Vol. VII,
INGi, LOLO; Dp: 25.

376 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

the pelvic fins, all smooth, and with only one spiniform projection,
without serrations. Neural spines in advance of the dorsal fin with
broad antero-lateral expansions, as in the type species. Scales of the
flank thin, in most cases poorly preserved.

This species is represented in the collection by a number of more or
less incomplete individuals, the better preserved of which are shown
slightly reduced in size in Plates XXIII and XXIV, fig. 2. A com-
posite drawing or restoration has not been attempted, but it is evident
that an understanding of all the characters can only be gained by a
synthesis of details exhibited by a number of fragmentary specimens.
One must also be careful not to be misled by deceptive appearances,
due to accident, or conditions of preservation. For instance, owing
to weathering, or the effects of chemical action, the number of ribs
and fin-rays sometimes appears to be larger than is natural, they
having been split up. This condition is faithfully represented in
respect to the dorsal fin-rays and anterior neural spines of the speci-
men shown in Plate XXIII, fig. 1. A similar splitting of the ribs,
hemal spines, and fin-supports is often observable in fishes from the
Green River shales and elsewhere.

Diplomystus sp. ind.

A second Clupeoid species, probably of Diplomystus, but much
smaller than that already described and of inferior preservation, is
indicated by a number of crushed and otherwise distorted individuals,
the total length of which does not exceed five or six centimeters. Very
likely they are the fry of some larger form at present unknown, but
differing from D. goodi in the lesser depth of the abdominal region.
Their present condition does not, however, permit anything like an
adequate description.

The manner in which the outline of the body is deformed in these

ae

fishes, a process which has sometimes been called ‘‘ telescoping,”
suggests a slow current in the waters while sedimentation was in
progress. Similar appearances are common in various Mesozoic and
other horizons, especially in the Triassic sandstones of eastern North
America, where the rock-making materials are supposed to have been
laid down in shallow estuaries or brackish-water embayments partially
cut off from the sea. It has not been thought worth while to illustrate

these much dilapidated fish-remains.

EASTMAN: TERTIARY FISH-REMAINS. SY AY

Enchodus (?) sp.

A small-sized species which may be provisionally referred to this
genus, but the precise relations of which cannot be determined with
certainty, is indicated by the greater part of the caudal region and
tail of a single individual, as shown in Plate XXIV, fig. 1. The form
of body, as far as can be inferred from the portion preserved, is very
similar to that of E. longidens (Pictet), from the Upper Cretaceous of
Mount Lebanon, and it agrees also in size with the latter. The
caudal fin in the African form is longer and more deeply furcate than
in the Syrian species, and the dorsal fin is more remotely situated.

In the solitary specimen under examination more than a score of
vertebre are seen to be preserved in natural sequence, but it is im-
possible to tell whether these constitute the entire number of caudals,
for the reason that the anal fin is not shown in its entirety. Of the
dorsal only about ten of the widely spaced fin-supports, and the
distal extremities of a few finely articulated fin-rays are to be seen.
A few intermuscular bones are preserved above and below the axis,
and the structure of the vertebral centra together with their spinous
processes, and the relations of these latter to the median fin supports
(interneurals and interhemals) are in harmony with our determination
of this species as belonging to the genus Enchodus, or to some closely
related form. The remote position of the dorsal, its comparatively
feeble fin-supports, and short caudal peduncle prevent an assignment
of this species to the genus Diplomystus. The fact that Enchodus
is an Upper Cretaceous genus must be granted some weight in ascribing
the age of the fish-bearing beds at Benito to the early Tertiary.

We may conclude this paper with a few general remarks concerning
Diplomystus, and other related doubly-armored herrings. True
Clupeoids first appear at the beginning of the Cretaceous, and are
probably descended from typical Jurassic Leptolepids, as indicated
by their closely similar skeletal structure. The acquisition of enlarged
ridge-scutes along the ventral margin, a character peculiar to Clupea
and its allies, dates from the Lower Cretaceous, and toward the close
of that period forms had become introduced and attained a wide
distribution which possessed dorsal ridge-scutes as well as the ventral
series. These are marine species, from Asia Minor, southern Europe,
and Brazil, belonging to the genus Diplomystus. In North America a
number of fresh-water species are found as early as the Middle Eocene.

378 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

In South America and Africa related forms are known from supposed
early Tertiary fresh-water strata, and at the present day the genus
Diplomystus itself survives in the rivers of Chili and New South Wales.

The type-species D. dentatus Cope, and the scarcely separable
D. analis and D. peciorosus, have the dorsal ridge-scutes broader than
long, and finely denticulated at their posterior border. In species
having a slenderer and more elongate form of body, like the so-called
D. humilis and D. aitus of Leidy, the dorsal scutes are narrow and
simple, with one pointed projection. This distinction is considered
by Jordan to be of generic, or at least subgeneric importance, and the
two last-named species are transferred from Diplomystus proper to
the closely related genus or subgenus Anightia of Jordan. The type
species of ‘‘ Knightia’’ is K. eocena Jordan, = Diplomystus pusillus
Cope, = Clupea humilis Leidy.

A second closely related genus or subgenus, named Ellipes, has
recently been established by Jordan upon the evidence of Brazilian
Clupeoids from late Cretaceous and supposed early Tertiary horizons.
The type species is named FE. branneri, a small fish presenting much
the same configuration as the type of Diplomystus; and accompanying
it in the same horizon is the so-called E. riacensis, which is slenderer
and more elongate, and hence approaches D. eocena (= ‘ Knightia ’’)
in general aspect. In the opinion of Dr. Jordan, D. longicostatus Cope,
from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil, should also be classed under
Ellipes, but from this view the present writer dissents. When one
has to deal with material that in the main is of fragmentary nature,
and when much inconstancy is to be observed among the characters
recognized as having specific value, it seems advisable to hold to a
broad conception of genera and families, and to avoid drawing dis-
tinctions of such narrow margin as to obscure natural relationships

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Pl. XXIII, Fig.
Pl. XXIII, Fig.
Pl. XXIV, Fig.
Pl. XXIV, Fig.

Diplomystus goodi, sp. nov. X 1/1.
Diplomystus goodi, sp. nov. X 5/4.
Enchodus, sp. ind. XX 4/5.

Diplomystus goodi, sp.nov. X 1I/t.

NOH bb OH

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol VIII. Plate XXIII.

= p=
- ‘ ; q
= = \
. . vay

< ‘

. \\: » .

> \
‘ Q _ 4"

NAN

Diplomystus goodi Eastman, sp. nov.

Fig. 1 (type) X 4. C. M. Cat. Foss. Vert., No. 5250.

Fig. 2 (cotype) X #. C. M. Cat. Foss. Vert., No. 5253:

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate XXIV.

Fig. 1. Enchodus sp. ind. X $. C. M. Cat. Foss. Vert., No. 52
Fig. 2. Diplomystus goodi, sp. nov. X +. C. M. Cat. Foss. Ver

4.

SINOn 525 1-

ao um

PON NAS

OF THE

Sew NEG: MUSE.) MM

VOLUME VIII. NOS. 3-4.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

On August 20 the Director of the Museum sailed from New York
for Buenos Aires, whither he went in order to install in the National
Museum in La Plata a replica of the Diplodocus presented by Mr.
Carnegie to President Roque Saenz Pefia as a gift to the Argentine
nation. In consequence of lengthy absence from his office, entailed
by his mission abroad, the publication of the last part of the eighth
volume of the Annals has been necessarily somewhat delayed. The
Editor, however, makes no apology, believing that under the cir-
cumstances none is necessary.

THE journey to Argentina, which began on August the 2oth,
consumed nearly three months. The Editor was accompanied by
Mr. Arthur S. Coggeshall. We arrived in Buenos Aires on September
the 19th; we sailed on our return journey on the morning of October
the 26th, and reached New York again on the morning of November
the 19th. Our reception in Argentina was most cordial and we
experienced the most delightful hospitality during our stay. The
Director of the Museum was kindly received by President Pefia, being
presented by Mr. John W. Garrett, who with distinguished ability
at the present time represents our country in Argentina. The editor
of the ANNALS has long been acquainted with Mr. Garrett, and recalls
with pleasure the hearty welcome which he received when he pre-

sented himself at the American legation and the facetious remark
379

380 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

made by his friend as he entered: ‘I like this old Diplodocus, it
brought us together in Berlin, and again in Rome, and now it brings
us together in faraway Argentina.”’ Dr. J. V. Gonzalez, the President
of the University of La Plata, Dr. S. Lafone-Quevedo, the Director of
the National Museum of La Plata, and their amiable assistants, vied
with each other in manifestations of their generous appreciation of
Mr. Carnegie’s gift. It was the high privilege of the writer to meet
many of the most distinguished and able men of Argentina and he is
filled with a lively sense of the fact that before this rapidly growing
republic there lies a brilliant future, in which not merely material but
intellectual success of a high order is destined to be achieved. The
nation which is developing in temperate South America combines
within itself some of the very best elements of humanity. Under
favoring skies, with a soil of marvellous fertility, and vast natural
resources, as yet barely touched, the day cannot be far distant when
this people, justly proud of their past, shall rise to take their place
among the great nations of the earth. Already they occupy a com-
manding position, and Buenos Aires, with its population of a million
and a quarter of souls, is, next to Paris, the largest city inhabited by
men of the Latin races upon the globe.

THE work which has been carried on in our great quarry in Uinta
County, Utah, during the past summer has resulted in a number of
extraordinary discoveries. Mr. Earl Douglass, in charge of the
work, continued his excavations westward across the top of the
eminence known as Dinosaur Peak, exposing in the course of his
labors the skeleton of a sauropod dinosaur which he reports to have
been lying in practically undisturbed position, with all the vertebre in
place and in serial order from the head to the extremity of the tail.
The animal apparently is new to science, but a final decision cannot
be reached until the remains have been brought to the Museum,
extricated from the matrix, and subjected to careful examination.
Peculiarly gratifying is the discovery of three dinosaurian skulls in a
good state of preservation. The results of the labors of Mr. Douglass
and his associates during the past two years are represented by one
hundred tons of rock containing the remains of Jurassic dinosaurs,
which are in process at this writing of being shipped to the Museum,
and which, by the time this number of the ANNALS appears, we trust

EDITORIAL. 381

may be lodged in safety under the roof of the Institute in Pittsburgh.
The work of extracting the bones, studying them, and assembling
them for exhibition will necessarily consume much time and labor.

It is with great pleasure that we have welcomed at the Museum
Mr. Childs Frick, who has safely returned from his long and arduous
journey through the wilds of Abyssinia. Mr. Frick has added a large
number of specimens to the collections of the Museum. Of particular
interest is a fine series of skins of Trageluphus buxtoni Lydekker, an
equally good series of the Abyssinian Ibex, and a large number of
finely preserved skins of Colobus guereza, which when mounted will
form a beautiful group. In addition to these specimens there are a
multitude of others representing the mammalian fauna of the regions
through which he traveled.

The group of zebras collected by Mr. Frick on the occasion of his
first journey and mounted by Mr. J. A. Santens has been placed upon
exhibition, and the African Buffaloes collected at the same time have
been set up in most lifelike positions and before this page is printed
will likewise be displayed in the gallery of mammals. The latter
group has been mounted by Mr. R. H. Santens. Other groups
belonging to the Frick collection of East African mammals will follow
as quickly as they can be mounted.

Our grateful thanks are due to the founder of the Institute for
renewing during this year his generous gifts for the promotion of
paleontological researches. Without the grants, which he in his kind-
ness makes, our work in this important field of human endeavor would
come toanend. He has been the life and the soul of all our activities,
and we trust that he may long be spared to the world of which he has
been so eminent a benefactor.

Mr. W. E. C. Topp returned to the Museum in November, after
his long journey to the western coast of Labrador. He brought back
with him over thirteen hundred specimens representing the avifauna
of the region, and succeeded in ascertaining a great many facts of
interest in relation to the geographical distribution and the breeding
habits of the birds of eastern North America. He likewise secured
for the Museum a considerable collection of mammals. In making his

382 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

expedition he was aided by a grant from the National Geographical
Society and by contributions given by a number of friends of science,
whose generosity is deeply appreciated.

THE expedition to the northern shores of Lake Superior undertaken
by the botanist of the Museum, Mr. O. E. Jennings, during the past
summer and fall, yielded a very large return in the form of carefully
selected specimens. Dr. Jennings has in course of preparation a report
which it is believed will embody much information touching the
ecology of species and their geographical distribution.

Mr. O. A. PETERSON was engaged during the summer and early
fall in making collections of Eocene mammals in the Uinta beds of
Utah. He reports himself as having been very successful in securing
skeletons, in some cases quite complete, representing genera hitherto
only known by fragments, and some which have not hitherto been
known or described. He left his collections in the care of Mr. Douglass
to be forwarded to the Museum at the same time that the remains
obtained in the dinosaur quarry are shipped in to the Museum.

It was a great pleasure a few weeks ago to meet Mr. Albert I. Good,
who upon his return from West Africa brought with him a large
collection of insects and a collection of small mammals from Benito,
West Africa. We have also received a considerable number of
coleoptera collected by Dr. H. L. Weber in Kamerun. The entomo-
logical collections are constantly growing.

WE are deeply indebted to Mr. H. J. Heinz, who has consented to
deposit with the Museum as a loan for the coming year his entire
collection of ivory carvings, which is one of the largest and most
beautiful collections of its kind in existence on this side of the Atlantic.

Dr. ARNOLD E. ORTMANN during the past season made two ex-
cursions to the headwaters of the streams flowing east and west
from the central mountain ranges of Virginia and West Virginia.
He was particularly fortunate in obtaining near the type locality
specimens of two species of Unionide originally found by Professor
E. D. Cope and described by Lea, which up to this time have been

EDITORIAL. 383

only known by the specimens which are contained in the collection of

Lea.

From Mr. G. A. Link we have received from time to time interesting
collections of birds and insects made by him in the Isle of Pines.
We are happy to report that Mr. Link is apparently recovering his
health. By the advice of physicians he was sent by the Museum to
the Isle of Pines in the hope that a stay there would lead to his re-
covery from an ailment brought on partly by confinement and arsenical
poisoning in the laboratory. He reports himself as greatly improved,
and he is occupying his time in adding to our collections many things
which no doubt will prove to be of great interest when the specimens
receive careful study.

Dr. C. H. EIGENMANN spent the summer at the Museum, arranging
and classifying the collections under his care and in preparing papers
upon some of the new material which has recently been acquired. He
reports that as the result of his expedition to Colombia last spring he
obtained thirty species of fishes hitherto undescribed. Preliminary
descriptions of these will be published by the Indiana State Uni-
versity, and a full account of the fishes obtained by him on the oc-
casion of this journey and a second expedition to Colombia, which is
now in the field, will be published together with full illustrations by
this Museum.

WE are indebted to Mrs. George Lauder for the gift of a splendid
geode containing amethysts, which was brought from Uruguay to
Scotland, and which the kind donor there purchased for the Museum.
It is one of the largest, if not the largest, and finest specimen of its
kind ever displayed, and we deeply appreciate the generous gift.

SII THE PLATED NEMATOGNATHS2

By Marion DurRBIN ELLIs.

In the following pages are given a list of all known species of the
Callichthyidz, the ‘‘Sopra Serras,’’ “‘Cascaduras,”’ or ‘‘ Hassars’’ as
they are called by the natives of South America, and lists of the
specimens at present in the collections of the Carnegie Museum and of
the Indiana University.

The specimens in the Carnegie Museum were acquired through
purchase from Mr. J. D. Anisits, who collected in Paraguay; from the
expeditions of the Indiana University and Carnegie Museum to
Guiana; and from the extended expedition of the Carnegie Museum
through various parts of Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay.
The collections acquired from Dr. Anisits were enumerated in the
ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum, Vol. II, pp. 110-157, An
account of the Guiana Expedition is given in Vol. V of the MEmorrs-
The expedition to Central South American is outlined in Volume VII
of the ANNALS, pp. 285-314.

I have given a reference to the first description of each species,
and, if this is incomplete, a reference to a better one.”

Family (CALLICHTHYT DAs.

Callichthyoidei BLEEKER, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, 82.
Siluride proterapodes GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 1864, 4. Hypostomatine
in part.

1 Contributions from the Zodlogical Laboratory of Indiana University, under
the direction of C. H. Eigenmann, No. 123.

2 After this paper had been finished, and before it could be published, Mr. C. T.
Regan issued a revision of the genus Corydoras (inclusive of Osteogaster) with a list
of the specimens in the British Museum (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) X., 209-220,
Aug., 1912), and Mr. Alipio de Miranda Ribeiro published Volume IV of his
“Fauna Brasiliense, Peixes,’’ and an account among other things of the Callich-
thyide in the ‘“‘Historia Natural’’ of the ‘‘Commissaéo de Linhas Telegraphicas
Estrategicas de Matto-Grosso ao Amazonas,” Sept., 1912. The publication of
these papers necessitated a partial revision of Mrs. Ellis’ manuscript, which was
done by Dr. Eigenmann. It is worthy of note that Regan’s list contains fourteen
species represented by seventy-four specimens. The collections examined by Mrs.
Ellis contain sixteen species represented by over six hundred specimens. An ad-
ditional species, Hoplosternum magdalene Eigenmann, is described in the appendix
to this paper.—Editor.

384

Evuis: THe PLATED NEMATOGNATHS. 385

Callichthyide GiLL, Arrangement of Family of Fishes, 1872, 19.—EIGENMANN and

EIGENMANN, South American Nematognathi, Occasional Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci.,

I, 1890, 449; A Catalogue of the Freshwater Fishes of South America, Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, 43 and 44. EIGENMANN, Rept. Princeton Univ.

Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, 401-403.

The Callichthyide range from the Magdalena and Orinoco to the
Rio de la Plata. The family is composed of ten genera containing
forty-seven species, twenty-eight of which are placed in the genus
Corydoras. Giinther placed Callichthys, the single genus recognized
by him, in the group Hypostomatina of his Siluride proterapodes.
He gave brief descriptions of eleven species, which he suggests might
well be arranged in three subgenera, Callichthys, Scleromystax, and
Corydoras. Eigenmann and Eigenmann (lI. c., 1890) recognize seven
genera and twenty-five species. Their revision is the most complete
account of the family published. It contains the complete synonymy
up to 1890, with partial or complete descriptions of all species, as well
as keys to the genera and species. The catalog published by the
Eigenmanns in 1891 lists the same seven genera and twenty-five
species. The list published in 1910 by Eigenmann includes the ten
genera recognized in this paper and thirty-four of the species. The
species added since 1910 are Corydoras multimaculatus, C. ehrhardti of
Steindachner; Corydoras kronei Mirando Ribeiro; Corydoras garbet,
C. microps venezuelanus, C. meridionalis, C. natterert, C. triseriatus, and
C. flaveolus of von Ihering; C. micracanthus, microcephalus, polystictus,
melanistius, undulatus, melanotenia, and macrosteus of Regan; Hop-
losternum schreineri, Decapogon verissimi and urostriatum, and
Corydoras virescens of Ribeiro. The following are described as new
in this paper: Cascadura maculocephala, Chenothorax eigenmannt
and Hoplosternum magdalene Eig. (cf. Appendix). Corydoras eigen-
manni von Ihering is considered synonymous with Corydoras kronet
Mirando Ribeiro; Corydoras meridionalis von Ihering with Corydoras
ehrhardti Steindachner; and Corydoras microps venezuelanus von
Ihering with Corydoras eneus (Gill). Several of those described by

Regan are probably also synonyms.
Genus SCLEROMYSTAX Giinther.
1. Scleromystax barbatus (Quoy and GAIMARD),.

(Plate XXV, figs. 1-2.)

Callichthys barbatus Quoy and GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie et Phys., Zool., 1824, 234.
—CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 322 (Rio Janeiro).

386 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

3477 C. M. Two, 60 mm. (male) and 62 mm. (female), Iguape,
Sao Paulo, Dec. 13, 1908. Coll. Haseman.

Genus CALLICHTHYS Linneus.
2. Callichthys callichthys (Linnzus).

Silurus callichthys LINN&uS, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 1758, 307 (America).
Callichthys callichthys EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers, Cal. Acad.
Sci., I, 1890, 452.

3458 C. M. Eight, 24 to 43 mm., Alagoinhas, Rio Catu, March 4,
1908. Coll. Haseman.

3459 C. M. Three, 98 to 102 mm. Penedo, Rio San Francisco,
April 2, 1908. Coll. Haseman.

3460 C. M. Six, 40 to 105 mm. Entre Rios, June 1, 1908. Coll.
Haseman.

3461 C. M. Six, 47 to 80 mm. Barra da Pirahy, July 5 and 12,
1908. Coll. Haseman.

3462 C.M. One, 89 mm. Cubatio, August 1, 1908. Coll. Hase-
man.

3463 C. M. Four, 78-134 mm. Xiririca, Rio Ribeiro da Tena in
mud, Dec. 1, 1908. Coll. Haseman.

3464 C. M. One, 78 mm. Urucum Mts., Corumba, May 2, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.

3465 C.M. One, 40 mm. Corumba, April 27, 1909. Coll. Hase-
man.

3466 C. M. One 136mm. Iguape, Dec. 16, 1908. Coll. Haseman.

4883 I. U. M. One,96mm. Rio Grande do Sul. Coll. von Ihering.
LU:
les

9884 M. One, 48 mm. Campo Grande, June, 1901. Coll.
Anisits.

LO120 21 U: a One, 158 mm. S. America. Coll. J. D. Anisits

10150 I, U. M. Two, 80 and 104 mm. Bahia Negra. Coll. J. D.
Anisits.

11302 I. U. M. Two, 94 and 100 mm. Trinidad, W. I.

1570 C. M., 11985 I. U. M. Small creek near Holmia, B. G., 1908.
Coll. Eigenmann.

1571 C. M. One, Chipoo Creek, British Guiana. Coll. Wm. Grant.

1572 C. M. One, Nickaparoo Creek. Coll. Wm. Grant.

1573 C. M., 119861. U. M. Upper Essequibo River, British Guiana,
1908. Coll. Eigenmann.

Euuis : THE PLATED NEMATOGNATHS. 387

1574 C. M., 11987 I U. M. Kumaka, Demerara, British Guiana,
1908. Coll. Eigenmann.

3. Callichthys arcifer Hensel.
Callichthys arcifer HENSEL, Wiegm. Archiv., 1868, I, 373 (Rio de Janeiro).

No specimens.

CASCADURA,? gen. nov.

Breast as in Callichthys, mouth subterminal as in Callichthys, the
occipital process not meeting the dorsal plate, the nuchal plates not
meeting along the middle line between the dorsal and occipital process.
Fontanels very large, the bridge between them over the eye. Anterior
fontanel about as large as the eye, the posterior a little longer than
the eye, cutting into the occipital bone. In general appearance this
genus resembles Hoplosternum, from which it differs in its concealed
coracoid processes.

4. Cascadura maculocephala, sp. nov. (Plate XXV, fig. 3.)

3539 C. M. Type, 66 mm. Uruguayana, Feb. 7, 1909. - Coll.
Haseman.
Head to end of opercle 3.3; depth 3.2; width 4; D. I, 7; A. I, 6;

25 A c : .
P. I + 8; lateral plates oe eye 7 in the head, 3.8 in the interorbital

space.

Deepest and widest at the base of the first dorsal rays. Snout
depressed, body compressed. Dorsal profile quite steep to the
dorsal, gently sloping downwards and backwards to the caudal.
Ventral profile nearly straight to the anal, sloping abruptly back
and upwards to the caudal; nuchal and lateral plates leaving a
naked area above and below, 1.5 the width of the eye. Breast, belly
and head covered with skin, only the upper half of the opercle
naked.

Width of head 1.2 in its length, depressed in front; eyes lateral.
Fontanel twice the length of the eye, a bridge at the middle over the
eye, posterior fontanel cutting into the occipital. Isthmus jugular,
2.6 in the head. Snout blunt and square, its length 2.1 in the head.
Upper lip vertical, overhanging the weak lower jaw. Teeth very

3 Popular designation in parts of South America.

388 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

small, in a single row along the edge of the lower jaw, wanting above.
Two long rictal barbels, the outer reaching the length of the eye
beyond the base of the pectorals; the inner reaching twice the length
of the eye beyond the base of the ventrals.

Naked area of the back and entire ventral side visible from the
sides. Lateral plates not reaching the dorsal or anal by about half
the diameter of the eye. An irregular row of twelve small azygous
plates reaching from the adipose to the dorsal. Free edge of scutes
armed with two irregular rows of stout spines; smaller backward
directed spines scattered over the surface of the scutes near their
middle.

Origin of the dorsal a little in front of the vertical from the base of
the ventrals. Dorsal spine very weak, base of the dorsal 1.8 in the
height of the longest ray, which is 3.2 in the length. Spine of the
adipose reaching the base of caudal. Caudal the diameter of the eye
longer than the head. Origin of the anal on the vertical from the
fifth azygous plate in front of the adipose. Anal spine very weak;
the longest ray reaching 1.5 diameters of the eye beyond the caudal.
Pectorals 1.5 in the head, reaching a little beyond the base of the
ventrals. Ventrals not reaching the anal by one diameter of the eye.
Rays of the dorsal, anal, and caudal with short stiff bristles. .

Color light gray above to dull yellowish below. Top of head gray
with numerous dark brown spots. An interrupted row of dark spots
down the lateral line. Ventral side white. Barbels and fins, espe-
cially the ventrals and pectorals, dusky to almost blackish.

Genus HOPLOSTERNUM Gill.
5. Hoplosternum littorale Handcock.

Hoplosternum littoralis HANDcOocK, Zoélogical Jour., IV, 1828, 244 (Demerara).—
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., 1890, 456.
3467 C. M. One, 159 mm. San Luiz de Caceres, May 22, 1909.

Coll. Haseman.
3468 C. M. One, 183 mm. Manaos. Nov. 25, 1909.. Coll. Hase
man.
3469 C. M. Four, 115 to 199 mm. Santarem, Dec. 6 and 7, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.
One, 147 mm. Race course trenches, Georgetown, British
Guiana, 1910. Coll. Ellis.

ELLIs: THE PLATED NEMATOGNATHS. 389

9886 I. U. M. One, mm. Estancia la Armonia, January, 1900.
Coll. J. D. Anisits.

9888, 9889 I. U. M. Two, 209 and 175 mm. Campos Grande.
February, 1901. Coll. J. D. Anisits.

9890 I. U. M. One, about 147 mm. Matto Grosso or Asuncion,
Coll. Dr. Carl Ternetz.

10152 I. U. M. One, 88mm. Bahia Negra. Coll. J. D. Anisits.

11304 I. U. M. One, 195 mm. Trinidad, W. I.

1585 C. M., 11993 I. U. M. Botanic Garden, Georgetown, British
Guiana, 1908. Coll. Eigenmann.

1576 C. M., 11988 I. U. M. Georgetown Market, British Guiana,
1908. Coll. Eigenmann.

1575 C. M. One, 192 mm. Mahaica, 1908. Coll. Eigenmann.

6. Hoplosternum thoracatum (Cuvier and Valenciennes).

Callichthys thoracatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1840, 309,
pl. 443 (Mana, Martinique).
Hoplosternum thoracatum Gill, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, VI, 1858, 36;—
EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 458.
3470 C. M. One, 38 mm. San Luiz de Caceres, May 24, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.
3471 C. M. Seven, 31 to45 mm. Maciel, Rio Guaporé, July 9 and
28, 1909.
3472 C. M. One, 75 mm. (without caudal). San Joaquin, Bolivia,
in a mud-hole, Sept. 7, 1909. Coll. Haseman.
3473 C.M. Two, 171and174mm. Manios, Nov. 26 and 27, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.
3474 C. M. Seven, 45 to172 mm. Santarem, Dec. 7 and 20, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.
3475 C. M. One, 180 mm. Braganca, Dec. 29, 1909. Coll.
Haseman.
3476 C. M. Four, 79 to 90 mm. San Francisco, June 10, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.
Four, 60 to 70 mm. Gluck Island, British Guiana, 1910,
Coll. Ellis.
4229 I.U. M. 173 mm. Tabatinga.
2084 I. U. M. One, 108 mm. Cudajas.
1577 C. M., 11989 I. U. M. Chipoo Creek, British Guiana, 1908
Coll. Wm. Grant.

390 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

1578 C. M. One, below Packeoo Fall, 1908. Coll. Wm. Grant.

1579 and 1580 C. M., 11990 I. U. M. Gluck Island, British Guiana,
1908. Coll. Eigenmann.

1581 C. M., 11991 I. U. M. Kumaka, Demerara, British Guiana,
1908. Coll. Eigenmann.

1582 C. M., 11992 I. U. M. Mud Creek in Aruka River, British
Guiana, 1908. Coll. S. E. Shideler.

1583 C. M. Two, probably Chipoo Creek, 1908. Coll. Wm. Grant.

1584 C. M. One, Botanic Garden, Georgetown, British Guiana,
1908. Coll. S. E. Shideler.

7. Hoplosternum melampterum (Cope).
Callichthys melampterus COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 275, Pl. XIV,
fig. 4 (Ambyiacu River).
Hoplosternum melampterum EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers, Cal.
Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 455, in key only.
Callichthys pectoralis BOULENGER, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1895, 525.
ror51-I. U. M. Two, 54 and 77 mm. Corumba. Coll. Anisits.
1o199 I. U. M. Two, 27 and 34 mm. (without caudal), Rio Paraguay.
Coll. Anisits.
9855 I. U. M. One, 72 mm. (without caudal), Rio Branco, Matto
Grosso, 1895. Coll. Anisits,

8. Hoplosternum schreineri Ribeiro.

Hoplosternum schreineri? RIBEIRO, Fauna Brasiliense, Peixes, IV, 1912, 150 (Para).

Genus DECAPOGON Eigenmann and Eigenmann.

a. Caudal uniform.
b. Barbels extending beyond tips of pectorals...adspersum (Steindachner) 9.
bb. Barbels not reaching margin of opercle....... verissimi Ribeiro. 10.
da.,.Caudals- with, sive “parallel bands... as skeeie orcs. urostriatum Ribeiro. 11.

9. Decapogon adspersum (Steindachner).
(Plate XT, fies! 2,.2a, 20.)

Callichthys adspersus STEINDACHNER, “‘Ichthyologische Beitrage,’’ V, 1876, 87, Pl.
XI, figs. 2-2b°(Santarem to Tabatinga). |

Decapogon adspersum EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers, Cal. Acad.
Sci., I, 1890, 461.

3454 C. M. One, 122 mm., Santarem, Dec. 7, 1909. Coll. Haseman.

4225 I. U. M. One, 85 mm. (to base of caudal only), Brazil.

E.Luis: THE PLATED NEMATOGNATHS. 391

10. Decapogon verissimi Ribeiro.

Decapogon verissimi R1BEIRO, Fauna Brasiliense, Peixes, IV(A), 1912, 154 (Para).

11. Decapogon urostriatum Ribeiro. (Plate X XVI, fig. 1.)
Decapogon urostriatum RiBEIRO, Comm. Linhas Tel. Est. de Matto-Grosso ao

Amazonas, Annexo, No. 5, Hist. Nat. Zool., 1912, 16 (Manfos).

[This species was described as new by Mrs. Ellis in her manuscript,
and as the above cited description is not readily accessible, the follow-
ing description may stand.—C. H. Eigenmann.]

3540 C. M. One, 140 mm. Manios, Nov. 27, 1909. Coll. Hase-

man.
3541 C. M. Two, 136 to 145 mm. Manaos, Nov. 27, 1909. Coll.
Haseman. '

Head to the end of the opercle 3.5; depth 3.5; width 4.5; D. I, 7;

2 , ; ;
A. I, 5; lateral plates — eye 6 in the head, 3.5 to 3.7 in the inter-
25
orbital.

Deepest and widest below the dorsal spine. Dorsal profile steep
in front of the dorsal, thence almost straight to the adipose. Ventral
profile gently bowed. The caudal peduncle sharply constricted, and
quite narrow. Scutes leaving a naked strip in front of the anal.
Coracoid processes meeting below, leaving a narrow wedge-shaped
naked strip between them in front and a similar longer one behind.
The left coracoid overlaps the right in the largest specimen.

Width of head 1.5 in its length, depressed in front; eyes lateral,
suborbital exposed. Fontanel making a shallow niche in the occipital.
Eye 1.25 to 1.5 in the fontanel. Isthmus close to the coracoid 3.5
to 4.5 in the head. Snout narrowly rounded, 2 to 2.2 in the head, 2.8
in its distance from its tip to the dorsal. Mouth narrow, slightly
inferior. Teeth wanting above; in a narrow band below. Two long
rictal barbles, the outer just reaching the opercle, the inner almost
reaching the posterior margin of the scapula. Two pairs of short
barbles and a rudiment of a third pair on the lower lip; the outer,
longest, half as long as the diameter of the eye.

Scutes entirely covering the sides; four to seven azygous plates in
front of the adipose dorsal. Free edges of the scutes slightly ctenoid,
their surface hispid.

Dorsal spine strong and flattened, 4.5 to 5 in the length. Third
dorsal ray longest, equal to the dorsal spine. Tip of anal reaching—

392 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

or not quite reaching—the caudal. Anal spine short, or not quite
equal to the eye; first anal ray with short stiff bristles. Pectoral
spine heavy, with retrorse teeth on its inner margin and short stiff
antrorse hairs without; about 4 to 4.5 in the length; reaching or not
quite reaching the ventrals. Ventrals short, about five in the length.
Caudal very deeply emarginate, the diameter of the eye less than the
head.

Light brown, yellowish below, two to four dark brown spots behind
the eye. A whitish spot at the ventral end of each of the upper series,
and at the dorsal end of each of the lower series of lateral plates,
forming a whitish stripe graduated from the head caudal. Dorsal,
pectorals and ventrals dusky. Caudal spot blackish, continued to
the tips of the middle caudal rays. Caudal when expanded with five
parallel, horizontal black stripes, the middle on the middle caudal
rays, the next ones, from the accessory rays across the rays to the tips
of the third and fourth above and below the middle. The outer two
bands across the lobes near their tips. Anal whitish with two diagonal
blackish bars including the spine, the first rays, and the tips of the
last rays. Adipose blackish along its free margin.

Genus DIANEMA Cope.

12. Dianema longibarbis Cope.

Dianem alongibarbis Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 276, pl. 7, fig. I-15
(Ambyiacu River).

No specimens.
Genus CHANOTHORAX Cope.

3. Chenothorax taiosh (Castelnau).

Callichthys taiosh CASTELNAU, Anim. de l’Am. du Sud, Poissons, 1855, pl. 19, fig. I.

Brochis taiosh EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d Ser., I,
1888, 165 (name only).—EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers,
Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 463, in key.

Chenothorax taiosh EIGENMANN, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, r9r1o,
403 (name only).

No specimens.

14. Cheenothorax bicarinatus Cope.

Chenothorax bicarinatus CopPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 1878, 679 (Peruvian Amazon).

No specimens.

Etuis: THE PLATED NEMATOGNATHS. 393

15. Chenothorax semiscutatus (Cope).

Corydoras semiscutatus COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 280, pl. 6, fig. 1
(Ambyiacu River).

Chenothorax semiscutatus EIGENMANN, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III,
IQIO, 402.

No specimens.

16. Chenothorax eigenmanni! sp. nov. (Plate X XVI, fig. 2.)

3542 C. M. Type, 51 mm. Caceres, May 26, 1909. Coll. Hase-

man.
3543 C. M. Cotype, 55 mm. Caceres, May 26, 1909. Coll.
Haseman.
Hesde2Ontoia. depth.2-7 > width 5;.D. I, 122 Alek 6 oc 77 P1773
24 : : , :
lateral plates =. eye 3.5 to 3.7 in the head, 1.7 in the interorbital.

Compressed throughout, dorsal profile only slightly arched from
the snout to the base of the dorsal plate. Scutes leaving a naked
area along the ventral side, and along the dorsal side in front of the
adipose. Coracoid processes reaching backwards almost to the
ventral and not expanded on the breast, leaving a naked area equal
to the eye in width in front of the ventrals.

Entire snout and suborbitals unmailed. Eyes lateral, interorbitals
slightly convex; fontanel long, 1.5 times the eye, not quite reaching
the nares in front, just reaching the base of the occipital process
behind. Occipital process weak, reaching little more than half the
distance from its base to the dorsal. Eye 2.5 in the pointed snout.
Mouth small. A pair of equal barbles at the rictus, reaching back
to the vertical from the middle of the eye or a little beyond, fused
at the base for a distance of half the length of the eye. A pair of
short barbels, two-thirds the length of the eye, at the symphysis.

Scutes almost entirely covering the sides. One very small azygous
plate just in front of the adipose. The distal half of the exposed
parts of the scutes roughened with short backwardly directed spines.

Dorsal spine equidistant from the snout and the upper caudal
lobe; slender, curved backwards; smooth in front, toothed behind;
I.3 to 1.4 in the head; about equal to the first rays. Base of the dorsal
a little less than the head; last dorsal rays reaching the adipose.

‘Named for Dr. C. H. Eigenmann, under whose care and direction this paper
and my paper on the genera Hemigrammus and Hyphessobrycon have been written.

394 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Adipose spine very straight, slightly longer than the eye; slightly less
than the base of the fin. Anal spine weak, rough in front. First
three anal rays longest, reaching well beyond the base of the caudal.
Pectoral spine straight, equal to the dorsal spine, smooth on the outer
side, toothed within. Pectorals long, reaching to the middle of the
short ventrals. Ventrals reaching the second scute in front of the
anal in the cotype, much shorter in the type. Caudal forked, upper
lobe longest, 2.3 in the length.

Dark above, yellowish on the belly and lower one-third of the sides,
whitish under the head and along the lateral line. Pectoral spine
dusky, pectoral and caudal light. Dorsals, anal, and ventrals with a
distinct reddish tinge not quite as dark as the upper parts of the body.

Genus Brocuis Cope.
17. Brochis dipterus Cope.

Brochis dipterus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 278 (Ambyiacu River).

No specimens.

18. Brochis coeruleus Cope.
Brochis ceruleus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 277, pl. 7, fig. 2, and
pl. 4, fig. 3 (Ambyiacu River). :

No specimens.

Genus AspipoRAs von I[hering.
19. Aspidoras rochai von Ihering. (Plate XXVI, fig. 3.)
Aspidoras rochai VON IHERING, Notas Prelim., I, 1907, 30.

3455 C. M. Three, 23-34 mm. (without caudal), Rio Agua Branca,
Nov. 6, 1907. Coll. Haseman.

3456 C. M. One, 42 mm., Rio Zinga, Nov. 7,1907. Coll. Haseman.

3457 C. M. Five, 31-48 mm. Rio Paiaia, Nov. 8, 1907. Coll.
Haseman.

Genus Coryporas Lacépéde.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CORYDORAS.
a. Caudal plain.

b. Coracoid processes moderately expanded on the breast in both sexes,
leaving only a narrow naked area between them; occipital process
triangular, pointed at the tip; a dark band extending from the upper
caudal lobe forward, one or more longitudinal series of dark spots
along the sides near the lateral line.....elegans Steindachner. 20.

Evuis: THE PLATED NEMATOCNATHS. 395

bb. Coracoid process scarcely encroaching on the breast or belly, the naked
area more than a third as wide as the distance between the base of

the pectoral spines (except in large specimens of armatus).

c. Sides of the body with a median longitudinal stripe.

d. Eye 1.5 in the snout, 4 in the head, 2 in the interorbital.
First two dorsal rays as long as the dorsal spine. Occipital
process truncate, about twice as wide at the base as at the
tip. Lateral stripe extending from the middle caudal ray
forward, distinct and constant. ‘‘Head 3.5, depth 2.6 to

2.8; D. I, 7-8; A. I, 7; V. 6; P. I, 6-7. Lateral plates St

jlattereri Steindachner. 21.

dd. Eye 2 in the snout, 3.5 in the head, 1.3 intheinterorbital. First
dorsal ray only as long as the dorsal spine. The width of

the occipital process at its base about equal to its length,
about three times its width at its tip. Lateral band dusky,

not intense. Head 3.5; depth 3; D. I, 7.5; A. I, 6.5; lateral

z
plates = che) ene ehdeahat s cesley a ycteleys. Fake juquiae von Ihering. 22.

ddd. Eye 2-2.25 in the snout, 4—5 in the head, 2—2.5 in the inter-
orbital. First three to five dorsal rays as long as the dorsal
spine. Tip of the occipital process narrow, about 4 in
the length, or the width of its base. Lateral stripe wide.
variable in intensity, sometimes weak near the caudal,
Head 2.6—3.8; depth 2.5 to 3; D. I, 7-8; A. 7-8; P. I, 8-9;
V. 6; lateral plates es

20

microps Eigenmann & Kennedy. 23.
dddd. Eye 2.75 in the snout, 5.5 in the length, about 2 in the inter-
orbital. Snout 2 in head; suborbital a little narrower
than diameter of eye; barbel nearly or quite reaching gill-
opening. Dorsal I, 7; spine about three-fifths length of
head, three or four rays longer than spine; edge of fin
slightly convex; base nearly equal to distance from adipose
fin, which is preceded by three or four median scutes. Anal
I, 6. Pectoral spine extending to base of pelvic. Scutes
24/22; humeral shields widely separated below, and each
separated by one scute from base of pelvic fin. Brownish
above, yellowish below; a broad blackish lateral band; fins

immaculate. Habitat Colombia (Regan).
melanotenia Regan. 24.
ddddd. Eye3 inthe snout, 6 in head, 3 in the interorbital; suborbital 1.5
the diameter of the eye; barbels reaching gill-opening; occi-
pital plate longer than broad. D. I, 7, spine .5 of length of
head or less, five or six rays longer than the spine; base less
than distance from adipose, which is preceded by three or four
median scutes; A. I, 6; pectoral spine to base of pelvis.

396 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

2
Scutes

24: : :
a humeral shields not in contact, separated by

one scute from base of pelvic fin. Brownish above, yellowish
below; a broad dark lateral band tapering backwards.
Binsedusiky, CRegan)i.). «24.1. seme macrosteus Regan. 25.
cc. Sides of the body without a longitudinal stripe.

e. Body without small spots, with or without a large dark blotch

under the dorsal.
f. Dorsal spine weak, slightly decurved, very little longer than
the snout; 2 or more in the head. Depth 2.8 to 4; head
3.6, eye 2 in the snout, 2—2.5 in the interorbital, 4.5 to 4.75
in the head. Base of the dorsal shorter than the distance
between the dorsal and adipose. Four or five azygous
plates. Dark above, light below; usually the first seven or
eight scutes are dark, forming a large blotch under the dorsal;
opercle, humeral, and nuchal plates iridescent blue. D. I,

7; A. I, 6; lateral plates a Noe recat ievoheS cers eneus (Gill). 26.

ff. Dorsal spine straight and well developed; longer than the
snout plus the diameter of the eye; 1.2 inthe head. Depth

3 to 2.5; eye 1.5 to 2 in the interorbital.
virescens Ribeiro. 27.
ee. Arow of small blackish, often bluish, iridescent spots down either
side of the lateral line, upper scutes with small scattered more
or less rectangular spots. Dorsal spine very strong, equal to
the depth, 2.3 to 2.8 in the length. Pectoral spine not so long.
Eye large, 1.5 in the snout, 1.75 in the interorbital and 3-3.25
in the head. Base of the dorsal equal to the distance between
the dorsal and adipose. Caudal peduncle rather sharply
constricted. D.I,7;A.I,6;P.I1, 7-8; V. 6; four to five azygous
DIAECS ie Fe siene, ates Waley oye! e leilishoys setae eustesion armatus (Giinther). 28.
eee. Longitudinal series of small dark spots on sides of body and on
rays of dorsal fin; other fins immaculate. Head 3.25-3.5;
depth 2.33-2.5; snout strongly decurved, a little longer than
diameter of eye; eye 3 in head, 1.5 ininterorbital; suborbital nar-
row; barbel nearly reaching gill-opening. D. I, 7; spine nearly
as long as head, soft rays decreasing from first, which is as
long or a little longer than spine; two azygous plates in front of
adipose; A. I, 6; pectoral spine as long as head, extending to

middle of ventrals. Plates =e (Regan).
polystictus Regan. 20.

aa. Caudal with vertical cross-bars.

g. Sides without dark markings, or with a dark stripe or a few large spots
along the middle of the upper series of scutes. One to three or
four large spots lying across the lateral line in two species and a
single spot below the lateral line in another. Anal unmarked.
Head plain.

Evuis: THE PLAatrep NEMATOGNATHS. 397

h. Head and body without dark markings.
i. No azygous plates, adipose spine without fin; a faint pale band on
each side; clavicle and operculum with blue reflections; a large
black spot on the distal part of the dorsal rays. Head Salsetes

in the depth; D. I, 7; A. I, 6; V. 6; P. 1.5; lateral plates a eye

3 in the head, 1.33 in the interorbitals (Cope). acutus Cope. 30.
ii. Three or four azygous plates in front of the adipose. Top of the
head brown, a yellowish band across the eyes, body otherwise
without color. Dorsal with five longitudinal rows of dark
spots. Head 4; depth 3; D. I, 7; A. 7; V. 6; P. I, 9. Lateral

2 i
plates bot aurofrenatus Eigenmann & Kennedy. 31.

hh. Body with a dark stripe or a few large dark blotches.
j. Dorsal spine less than 2 in the head, a little longer than the pectoral
spine.

k. “‘Fontanel long, reaching forward to the anterior border of
the eye, backwards to the base of the occipital process.
Four or five azygous plates. Strongly compressed, head
and depth nearly equal, 3 to 2.5 in the length. Snout
1.3 to 1.5, eye 4.5 to 5, and interorbital 3 to 3.75 in the
head. A blackish gray stripe along the upper half of the
body, beginning just under the dorsal and ending on the
base of the caudal. Upper scutes each with a dark vertical
bar. Near the upper end of the first five to ten lower
plates is a blackish spot or short oblique stripe. Dorsal
plain? =D. 1,8 V.. 1.162 G: 16; A. I, 7; P. I, 10; lateral
plates a (Steindachner)..... treitlit Steindachner. 32.
kk. Fontanel small, not reaching the occipital process. Two or
three, rarely four, azygous plates. Body slender, depth 3
to 3.1; head 3 to 3.25 and 3.5; eye 3.5 to 4 in the head,
1.6 to 1.7 in the interorbital, and I.5in the snout. Inter-
orbital 2.2 to 2.3 in the snout. A very large blackish
brown spot on the anterior part of the body, frequently
reaching back to the second or third dorsal ray, usually
broader below, ending on the lower side of the lateral line.
A second smaller longer dark spot lies along the lateral
line in the vicinity of the adipose; often a small caudal
spot, which sometimes fuses with the other spots. D. I,

8; A. 7; V. 7; lateral plates 22 OF 23 (Steindachner).

2I or 20

ehrhardti Steindachner. ay
jj. Dorsal spine about 2 in the head, the diameter of the eye less than
the pectoral spine and about equal to the fourth or fifth dorsal
ray. Fontanel slender and rather long. Depth 3.2 to 3; head
3-3. Snout long and pointed, 1.6 in the head, quite steep in front.

398

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Eye 3 in the snout, 4.6 in the head and 1.5 in the narrow inter-
orbital. Three indistinct spots along the back, at the base of
the dorsal spine and first dorsal rays and base of the last dorsal
rays and at the base of the adipose spine. Spots often con-
fluent; many small scattered chromatophores over the head and
sides. Dorsal with three or four cross-bars. D. I, 8; A. I, 6;

<

2
lateral plates = st Iara, eer en remeeeeoee flaveolus von Ihering. 34.

gg. Sides variously striped or spotted; most species with a series or a few
scattered spots below the lateral line. Dorsal always and anal
usually marked. Usually some grouping of the chromatophores on
the face.
1, A large intense black spot at the base of the dorsal spine, or on the first

few dorsal rays, or on both.

m. Dark spot at the base of the dorsal spine, sides of the body with

numerous small black dots.

n. Anal plain; a black spot at the tip of each dorsal ray. The
small dark dots on the sides lacking along the lateral line;
Face with blue reflections. Form stout, profile steep in
front. Head 3 in the length; 1.4 in the depth; eye 3 in
the head, 1.6 in the interorbital. Dorsal spine long,
reaching the adipose when depressed. Four flat azygous

21
plates; Dat, 7+ A. 1,6; V, 6; BP. 1, 7. lateral@plates -

(Gope) hae eee ar are amphibelus Cope. 35.
nn. Anal barred, or spotted, or hyaline, dorsal or part of dorsal
dark, the color sometimes extending upon the sides below.
Occiput and a bar through the eyes continued on the cheeks
blackish. Opercle and humeral process silvery. Depth
2.6 to 3; head 3.25—-3.33; eye large, 1.5 in the snout, 3.3-4
in the head, 1.66 in the interorbital, two to four azygous
plates. Dorsal spine about equal to the head. D. I, 7

or 8; A. 7 or 8; V. 6; P. I, 8-9; lateral plates aa
punctatus (Bloch). 36.

mm. Dark spot in the anterior part of the dorsal fin. Sides with

several longitudinal rows of small spots.
o. An indefinite light stripe along the lateral line, anal with dark
spots or small dark dots.

p. A series of small spots in the light stripe along the
lateral line, upper parts of the head, upper two-
thirds of the body, caudal, dorsal, adipose, and anal
with gray (iridescent in life) point-like dots, snout
short; fontanel short; eye very small, 4 in the head.
Interorbital equal to the snout, 2 in the head.
Dorsal spine shorter than the pectoral spine. Pec-
toral spine equal to the head. Three azygous

ELuIs: THE PLATED NEMATOGNATHS. 399

plates. Depthat genital opening 2.5 to 2.6; head 3
to 3.3; D. I, 8; A. I, 6; P. I, 8-9; lateral plates =
i)

(Steindachner) .......... julii Steindachner. 37.

pp. Body brownish above the pale lateral stripe, yellowish

to white below. Three longitudinal series of small
dark spots along the side. Black dorsal spot over
the entire length of the first three rays, the rest of
the dorsal whitish, with several oblique series of
small dark spots, some at the tips of the rays. Anal
with two or three series of small spots. Fontanel
oval,small. Eye 4in the head, 2in the interorbital;
snout 1.75 in the head. Dorsal spine slender,
shorter than the pectoral spine, which equzls the
distance from the tip of the snout to the posterior
marginoftheeye. Threeazygousplates. Head 3;
depthi2:5 tor 216.55 1, 77a 10-7) Via loa53 be Ln Os

2
lateral plates ae (agassizii Steindachner).

trilineatus Cope. 38.

ppp. Aseries of three to six dark brownish or purplish spots

along the side and a second series on the back; dorsal
dusky anteriorly, sometimes with spots on rays;
lower fins immaculate. Head 4; depth 3-3.5;
eye 2.5-3 in the snout or interorbital, 6—7 in the
head; suborbital narrow; barbels nearly or quite
reaching gill-opening. Dorsal I, 8; spine one-half
the length of head; fin small, rounded, its base less
than its distance from adipose fin, which is preceded
by one or two median scutes. Anal I,6. Pectoral
spine not reaching base of pelvic fin. Scutes 25/22;

humeral shields widely separated below, each

bppp. A

separated by two scutes from base of pelvic fin.
Yellow, with a series of three to six dark brownish
or purplish spots along the side and a second series
on the back; dorsal dusky anterio1ly, sometimes
with spots on rays; caudal barred; lower fins
immaculate. 1-8 (types 35-50 mm. Salta, Ar-
gentina, Coll. Borelli, and Steinbach.

; micracanthus Regan. 309.
series of four to five dark oblong spots, the third
below the adipose, a similarseries on the back; dorsal
dusky anteriorly, usually with spots on the rays,
analsometimes withaspot. Head 3.75; depth3; eye
4.5 in head, near middle of head; interorbital 2.5 in
the head. Suborbital narrow; barbel nearly reach-
ing gill-opening. DorsalI, 6—7; spine .60 to .66 the

400 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

length of head; first and second rays longest, the

edge of fin slightly convex; base about equal to
distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by one

or two median scutes. Anal I, 6. Pectoral spine
extending to base of pelvics. Scutes 22 23/20;
humeral shields not in contact below, each separated

by one and one-half scutes from base of pelvic fin.

A lateral series of four or five dark oblong spots, the

third below the adipose fin; a similar series of spots

on the back; dorsal dusky anteriorly and usually

with spots on the rays; caudal usually barred with

series of spots; lower fins immaculate, or anal some-

times with a spot....... microcephalus Regan. 40.

oo. Not as above. Three rows of elongate grayish violet spots
over the upper two-thirds of the body. A nearly black,
sharply outlined band along the upper half of the dorsal,
not quite reaching the posterior margin of the fin. Snout
not as deep and body more elongate than in C. julit.
Snout and interorbital equal, 2 in the head, eye 5 to 6 in
the head. Head 3.25 to 3.5; depth at the genital opening,

2t
3 to 3.25 (rarely 4); D. I, 8; A. I, 6; lateral plates 2a
22 to 23
(Steindachnen) io ccyrct.tiect raimundi Steindachner. 41.

mmm. A dark spot at the base of the spine and another near the tip of
the first three rays. A second spot on the sides near the back
at the base of the last dorsal rays, and a third just under the
adipose spine. Four or five large dark spots along the lateral
line and two or three much smaller ones below it, one just
beyond the tip of the pectorals and a second above the anal.
Anal unmarked. Dorsal spine short, 1.6 in the head, equal to
the snout plus half the eye, shorter than the pectoral spine.
Snout 2 in the head. Eye 2 in the snout, 3.5 to 4 in the head,

_ and 1.7 to I.g in the interorbital. One or two azygous plates.

Head 3 to 3.3; depth 2.66 to 3; D. I, 8; A. I, 6; lateral plates =

garbet von Ihering. 42.
il. Dorsal variously marked with interrupted cross-bars (young of kronei
with the dark bars more or less confluent in front near the base),

face with distinct markings.

gq. Snout with marblings er worm-shaped marks.

ry. Marbling extending over the head, neck, and humeral pro-
cesses in the female and to the vertical from the last dorsal
rays in the males, more restricted in young and those of
the type of eigenmanni. Male with a broad black band
down the lateral line subtended by a satiny white stripe and
then by a much narrower black stripe; the region above the
lateral band brownish, crossed by one large blackish

E.Luis: THE PLATED NEMATOGNATHS. 401

blotch just below the last dorsal rays, and another just
below the adipose. Markings of the female similar, except
that the broad lateral band is irregularly interrupted and
even reduced to a series of three or four backwardly
pointing V’s in some. The satiny white stripe is lacking.
Dorsal fin in males reaching the adipose, when depressed;
reaching the anterior azygous plate in females. Pectorals
a little longer than the dorsal. Dorsal spine short, 2 in
the head. Side of the snout with stiff bristles in the male.
Snout long, 1.5 to 1.2 in the head. Eye small, 3 to 3.6 in
the snout, 5 to 5.5 in the head, and 1.4 to 2 in the inter-
orbital. Head a little greater than the depth, 3.4 to 3.5;
depth 3.5 to 3.6, D. I, 7-8; A. I, 5.5 to 6; lateral plates
24-26
22-23
rr. Head dark, with a worm-shaped mark on the snout; a large
unbroken spot on the lower part of the side between the
ventrals and anal. Dark stripe along the lateral line often
ending in a caudal spot; dorsal region checkered. Four
series of spots across the dorsal. Much like nattereri in
morphological characters (von Ihering).
nattereri triseriatus v. Ihering. 44.
qq. Snout thickly sprinkled with small dark dots or distinct round
dark spots.

s. Head with very numerous small black chromatophores;
humeral processes dark; sides with a row of small dark
spots on either side of the lateral line, three very large
dark spots along the lateral line, a broken stripe along
the middle of the upper series of plates, sometimes
confluent in places with the large spots of the lateral
line, occiput, dorsal plate, and back just behind the
dorsal and adipose. Dorsal of male with five cross-
bars. Anal and ventral with a large central dark spot.
Pectorals cross-barred. Dorsal of the male reaching
beyond the adipose, not quite reaching the adipose in
the female. Pectorals reaching the tip of the ventrals
in the male, reaching the middle of the ventrals in
the females. Dorsal spine straight and strong, I.1
to 1.2 in the head. Snout 2 inthe head. Eye larger
than in kronei, 1.5 to 2+ in the snout, 3.5 to 4 in the
head, and 1.7 to 1.8 in interorbital. One or two azy-
gous plates. Head 3.3 to 3.5; depth 2.7 to 2.8; D. I, 7;

. Sixazygous plates...kronei Mirando Ribeiro. 43.

A. I, 6; lateral plates - — .paleatus (Jenyns). 45.

ss. Dorsal with two or three interrupted cross-bars. Head
and snout with numerous round brown spots a little
smaller than the pupil. Sides with five or six irregular

402 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

longitudinal series of slightly larger spots both above
and below the lateral line; a group of five or six fainter
spots just above the anal. Adipose and anal with a
series of small dark spots. Dorsal spine short, 1.5 in
the head, shorter than the pectoral spine by three-
fourths the diameter of the eye. Two azygous plates.
Snout narrow, 1.6 to 1.8 in the head. Eye 1.9 in the
snout, 3.5 to 3.8 in the head, 1.7 in the interorbital.
Head 3.2 to 3.3; depth 2.5 to 3; D. I, 8; A. I, 6; lateral

22 . :
plates Bote eae multimaculatus Steindachner. 46.

aaa. An intense black hastate spot at the base of the caudal fin, margined behind
with white, and terminating the black lateral band. <A black or blackish
line on either side from a short distance behind the ventrals to behind the
anal.

t. Pectoral spine a little longer than the dorsal spine, weakly serrate along both
margins. Lateral band and stripe on the ventral plates jet-black and
very prominent. Eye large, 1.5 in the snout, 3.5 in the head, 2 in the
interorbital. Head 3.3; depth 2.75; D. I, 7-8; A. 7-8; lateral line =.

hastatus Eigenmann and Eigenmann. 47.

tt. Pectoral spine longer than the dorsal spine, its surface striate, comparatively
free from serrations. Lateral band a narrow, dusky line, and the stripe

on the ventral plates rather faint, at least toward the anal. Eye large,

1 in the snout, 3 in the head, 1.66 in the interorbital. Head 3.5; depth
2.5;D.1,7;P.1,7;V.7;A.1, 6.....australis Eigenmann and Ward. 48.

20. Corydoras elegans Steindachner,
Corydoras elegans STEINDACHNER, “ Ichthyologische Beitrage,’’ V, 1876, 93 (Cuda-
jas; Teffé).
4227 I. U. Three, about 49 to 55 mm. Cudajas.

21. Corydoras nattereri Steindachner.
(Plates xX b fies! 1, dia. ub.)

Corydoras nattereri STEINDACHNER, “Ichthyologische Beitrage,’’ V, 1876, 95, pl.
XI, fig. 1-1b (Rio Janeiro)—EIGENMANN AND EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers,
Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 470.
3487 C. M. Eleven, 50 to 69 mm. Morretes, Jan. 2 and 3, 1908.
Coll. Haseman.

3488 C. M. Five, 27 to 46 mm. Si&o Joao da Barra, June 22, 1908.
Coll. Haseman.

3489 C. M. Nineteen, 32 to 62 mm. Entre Rios, June 1, 1908.
Coll. Haseman.

ELuIs: THE PLATED NEMATOGNATHS. 403

3490 C. M. Forty-three, 26 to 50 mm. Campos, June 15, 1908
Coll. Haseman.

3491 C. M. Two,37 and42mm. Lagoa Feia Tocas, June 27, 1908.
Coll. Haseman.

3492 C. M. One, 43 mm. San Joaquin, Sept. 6, 1909. Coll. Hase-

man.

3493 C. M. Three, 49 to 51 mm. Campos, June 15, 1908. Coll.
Haseman.

3494 C. M. Nine, 26 to 57 mm. Morretes, Jan. 4, 1909. Coll.
Haseman.

3495 C. M. Ten, 27 to 41 mm. Entre Rios, June 1, 1908. Coll.
Haseman.

22. Corydoras juquiae von Ihering. (Plate X XVII, fig. 1.)
Corydoras juquia@ VON IHERING, Notas Preliminares, I, 1907, 37.
10996 I. U. M. Type, 66 mm., Rio Juquia, Poci Grande, von
Ihering.
3544 C. M. One, 77 mm., Xiririca, Rio Riberia, Dec. 8, 1908.
Coll. Haseman.

23. Corydoras microps Eigenmann and Kennedy.
Corydoras microps EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
July, 1903, 506 (Paraguay).
Corydoras undulatus REGAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) X, 1912, 217 (La Plata).
[Regan makes Corydoras microps Eigenmann and Ward a new species
and makes the Corydoras microps of Eigenmann and Kennedy a
synonym of @neus. It is possible that microps Eigenmann and
Kennedy is a synonym of @neus. It is certain that most of the
specimens recorded by Eigenmann and Ward are identical with those
recorded by Eigenmann and Kennedy. It is possible that the spotted
specimens, one of which is figured by Eigenmann and Ward, offer an
excuse for the species undulatus. C. H. Eigenmann.|
10210 I. U. M. Four, 38 to 64 mm. Mountain brooks, Paraguay.
Goll, j.- Dz Anisits-
10153 I. U. M. Six, 25 to 36mm. (Without caudal), Puerto Max,
Forest lagoons. Coll. J. D. Anisits.
9892 I. U. M. One, type, 33 mm. (Without caudal), Rio Branco,
Matto Grosso, June 1, 1901. Coll. J. D. Anisits.
9895 I. U. M. Two, cotypes, 25 and 26mm. Arroyo Pypucu, June
Fr, 1901. “Coll. J.D. Anisits.

404 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

9893 I. U. M. One, cotype,53 mm. Aregua Laguna, Ypacari, June,
1901. Coll. J. D. Anisits.

10201 I. U. M. Five, 28 to 39 mm. Villa Rica. _ Coll. J. D. Anisits.

954a C. M. One, Aguadas near Arroyo Trementina. Coll. J. D.
Anisits.

3478 C. M. Two, 41 and 44 mm., Sao Francisco, June 10,1909. Coll.
Haseman.

3479 C. M. Sixteen, 42 to 69 mm. Sapucay, April 2 and 5, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.

3480 C.M. Thirteen, 34to70mm. Urucum Mts., Corumbé, May 2,
1909. Coll. Haseman.

3481 C. M. One, 49 mm., Puerto Suarez, E. Bolivia. Coll. Stein-
bach.

3482 C.M. Four,40 to 50mm. Banhurie S. P., creek of Rio Tieté.
Coll. Haseman.

3483 C. M. One,51 mm. Cacequy, Jan. 31, 1909. Coll. Haseman.

3484 C.M. One,40omm. Corumba, April27, 1909. Coll. Haseman.

3485 C. M. Eleven, 41 to 61 mm. Salto das Cruzes, Rio Tieté,
Sept. 22, 1908. Coll. Haseman.

3496 C.M. Two,55and59 mm. _ Riode Boa Ventura, June 16, 1909.

24. Corydoras melanotenia Regan.

Corydoras melanotenia REGAN, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), X, 1912, 217 (Honda).

25. Corydoras macrosteus Regan.

Corydoras macrosteus REGAN, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), X, 1912, 219 (Rio Pirac-
icala, Sado Paulo, Brazil).

26. Corydoras eneus (Gill).

Hoplosoma eneum GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, VI, 1858, 43 (Trinidad,
WV):

(?) Corydoras venezuelanus VON IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VIII, ror0, 383 (Rio
Cabriale, Venezuela).

11301 I. U. Three, 60 to 80mm. Trinidad, W. I.

Gill’s original description of H. @neum and the description of C.
venesuelanus differ in a few particulars. H. @neum is said to be,
“‘oreatest height rather less than a fifth in the total length,’’ while
C. venezuelanus is given, greatest height 2.66 in the length to the base
of the caudal. The interorbital is less than snout in eneus and slightly

Evuis: THE PLATED NEMATOGNATHS. 405

more than the snout in venezwelanus. The three specimens of e@neus
at hand came from Trinidad, but agree even more perfectly with the
description of venezuelanus than with that of @neus. The specimens
from which @neus was described were 63.5 to 101.6 mm.; those from
which venezuelanus was described were 35-45 mm., which may account
for the variation in proportion of height to length found by the two
authors.

27. Corydoras virescens Ribeiro. (Plate X XVII, fig. 2.)

Corydoras virescens RIBEIRO, Comm. Linh. Telegr. Est. de Matto-Grosso ao Ama-
zonas, Ann. No. 5, Hist. Nat. Zoél., 1912, 16 (Caceres).

3545 C. M. 47mm. Caceres, May 26, 1909. Coll. Haseman.
3

3523 C. M. Thirty-eight,23-48mm. Caceres, May 26,1909. Coll.
Haseman.

3524 C. M. Nine, 23 to 45 mm. Jaurt, June 2, 1909. Coll. Hase-
man.

3525 C. M. One,24 mm. Rio Jaurt, June3,1909. Coll. Haseman.

3526 C. M. Four, 34 to 43 mm. (without caudal), San Francisco,

June 10, 1909. Coll. Haseman.

3527 C. M. One,45 mm. Rio Santa Rita, June 12, 1909. Coll.
Haseman.

3528 C. M. Twelve, 16 to 21 mm. (without caudal), Bastos, June 26,
1909. Coll. Haseman.

3529 C. M. Two,29to 33 mm. Maciel, Rio Guaporé, July 9, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.

3530 C. M. One, 30 mm. Maciel, Rio Guaporé, July 23, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.

[This species was described as new by Mrs. Ellis. The name has
been suppressed, but her description is allowed to stand.—C. H.
Eigenmann.|

Head to the end of the opercle 3 to 3.5; depth 2/4 to 3 (in very
aan
20'
eye 1.5 to 2 in the snout, 3 to 3.3 in the head, 1.3 to 2 in the inter-
orbital.

Moderately compressed throughout, becoming much stouter with
age; highest at the dorsal spine. Dorsal profile steep in front of the
nares. Ventral profile nearly straight, or only gently bowed. Caudal
peduncle rather sharply constricted. Coracoid processes not expanded

small); width 2 to 3.8; D. I, 8; A. I, 6; P. I, 7;Jateral plates = to

406 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

below; breast and belly in front of the ventrals naked. Scutes meeting
along the mid-ventral line behind the ventrals; width of the head
I.I to 1.25 in its length, eyes lateral. Frontal fontanel small, making
a small niche in the occipital, reaching the level of the pupil in front.
Snout naked beyond the suborbitals, bluntly conical, more perpen-
dicular in front in young than in old specimens. Rictal barbels equal,
reaching the vertical from the middle of the eye, those of the lower
lip short. Mouth small and inferior.

Scutes entirely covering the sides. Four scutes meeting on the
back just behind the dorsal; three azygous plates in front of the
adipose. Scutes somewhat roughened over the surface and along
the edge.

Origin of the dorsal a little nearer the snout than the caudal. Dorsal
spine straight and well developed, about 1.2 in the head; a little
rough in front, finely toothed behind, the frst two rays very little
longer than the spine. Pectoral spine half the diameter of the eye,
longer than the dorsal spine, equal to the head, otherwise like the
dorsal spine, reaching the second scute in front of the tips of the
ventrals. Adipose spine very slightly curved. Anal spine weak,
rough. Anal just reaching the lower caudal lobe. Ventrals short,
1.5 to 1.75 in the distance from their base to the anal. Caudal the
diameter of the eye longer than the head.

Top of head, back, and upper part of sides dark, yellowish below.
The dark color of the head, especially in smaller specimens, due to
numerous scattered chromatophores, small on the snout, larger near
the dorsal spine; the color of the sides due to a dark brown stripe,
along the distal half of each scute, more distinct near the lateral line,
diffuse near the dorsal line on the upper plates and vanishing near
the ventral line on the lower plates. Opercle with light blue irides-
cence, which sometimes extends on to the humeral plate. Fins all
unmarked, except the ventrals, which are slightly dusky.

28. Corydoras armatus (Giinther). (Plate X XVII, fig. 3.)
Callichthys armatus GUNTHER, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1868, 230, fig. 1 (Xeberos
and Huallaga).
3531 C. M. Two,44and45 mm. San Joaquin, Sept.5, 1909. Coll.
Haseman.
3532 C. M. Four, 54 to61mm. San Joaquin, Sept. 6, 1909. Coll.
Haseman.

Euuis: THe PLatep NEMATOGNATHS. 407

3533 C. M. One, 40mm. Santarem, Dec. 9, 1909. Coll. Haseman.
3534 C. M. Four, 43 to 44 mm. Santarem, Dec. 16, 1909. Coll.
Haseman.

29. Corydoras polystictus Regan.
Corydoras polystictus REGAN, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), X, 1912, 216 (Descalvadas,
Matto Grosso).

30. Corydoras acutus Cope.

Corydoras acutus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 281 (Ambyiacu).
No specimens.

31. Corydoras aurofrenatus Eigenmann and Kennedy.
Corydoras aurofrenaius EIGENMANN and KENNEDy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil,
1903. 507 (Aguada, near Arroyo Trementina).
g891 I. U. M. Type, 55 mm. Aguada, near Arroyo Trementina,
Dec., 1900. Coll. J. D. Anisits.
3497 C. M. Two, 48 and 59 mm. Caceres, May 26, 1909. Coll.
Haseman.
10193 I. U. M. One,30 mm. Villa Rica.
3498 C. M. One,44 mm. Caceres, May 24,1909. Coll. Haseman.
3499 C. M. One,41 mm. Caceres, May 23, 1909. Coll. Haseman.

32. Corydoras treitlii Steindachner.

Corydoras treiilis STEINDACHNER, Akad. Anzeiger, No. X XVII, 1906 (Paranahyba).
No specimens.

33. Corydoras ehrhardti Steindachner.
Corydoras ekrhardis STEINDACHNER, Akad. Anzeiger, No. VIII, 1910, March 10
(Jaragua).
Corydoras meridionalis VON IRERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VIII, Jan. 1, 1910. 380,
(Colonia Hansa in Santa Catharina).
No specimens.

34. Corydoras flaveolus von Ihering. (Plate XXVIII, fig. 1.)
Corydoras flazeolus VON IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VIII, roro, 386 (Rio
Piracicaba above waterfall of same name).
3521 C. M. One,65 mm. Sapucay, April 2, 1909. Coll. Haseman.
3522 C. M. Two, 52 and 68 mm. Sapucay, April 5, 1909. Coll.
Haseman.

408 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

35. Corydoras amphibelus Cope.

Corydoras amphibelus Copg, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 282 (Ambyiacu

River).
No specimens.
36. Corydoras punctatus (Bloch).

Cataphractus punctatus BLocu, Ausl. Fische, pl. 377, fig. 2—BLocu and SCHNEIDER»
Syst. Ichthyol., 1801, 108.

Corydoras punctatus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad.
Sci., I, 1890, 472; Eigenmann, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 1912, 220, pl. XXIV»
fig. 3.

Corydoras melanistius REGAN, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), X, 1912, 216 (Essequibo).
Regan, perhaps properly, regards Corydoras punctatus Eigenmann

as distinct from Corydoras punctatus (Bloch). Bloch’s figure repre-

sents his punctatus with vertical series of spots on the caudal.

1560 C. M., 11977 I. U. M. Mud-flats of Demerara River below

Wismar, British Guiana, 1908. Coll. Eigenmann.

1501 C; M. 17078° 1. WU.eMs oErukin, British “Giuiana,, 1908. ‘Coll?
Eigenmann.

1562 C. M., 11979 J. U. M. Malali, British Guiana, 1908. Coll.
Eigenmann.

1503 70. Me One below Packeoo Falls, British Guiana.

1564 C. M., 11980, I. U. M. One, 29 mm. Tumatumari, British
Guiana, 1908. Coll. Eigenmann.

1566 C. M., 11981 I. U. M. One,50 mm. Kumaka, British Guiana,
1908. Coll. Eigenmann.

1567 C. M. Wismar. Coll. Eigenmann.

1568 C. M., 11982 I. U. M. Konawaruk, British Guiana, 1908.
Coll. Eigenmann.

1569 C. M., 11983 I. U. M. Rockstone, British Guiana, 1908.
Coll. Eigenmann.

1565 C. M., 11984 I. U. M. Creek below Potaro Landing, 1908.
Coll. Eigenmann.

3500 C. M. Two, 51 and 55 mm., Santarem, Dec. 15, 1909, coll.
Haseman; forty-five, 29 to 53 mm., Gluck Island, British
Guiana, coll. Ellis; one, 33 mm., Hubabu Creek, British
Guiana, coll. Ellis.

37. Corydoras julii Steindachner.

Corydoras julii STEINDACHNER, Akad. Anzeiger, X XVII, 1906 (Parahim, outlet of
Lake Paranagua).

No specimens.

Evus : THE PLATED NEMATOGNATHS. 409

38. Corydoras trilineatus Cope. (Plate XXX, figs. 2, 2a.)

Corydoras trilineatus CopE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 281, pl. 6, fig. 2
(Ambyiacu).

Corydoras agassizii STEINDACHNER, “‘Ichthyologische Beitrage,’’ V, 1876, 90 and
186, pl. 12, fig. 2-2a (Tabatinga).

No specimens.

39. Corydoras micracanthus Regan.

Corydoras micracanthus REGAN, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), X, 1912, 211 (Salta,
Argentina).

No specimens.

40. Corydoras microcephalus Regan.
Corydoras microcephalus REGAN, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), X, 1912, 211 (La
Plata).

No specimens.

41. Corydoras raimundi Steindachner.
Corydoras raimundit STEINDACHNER, Akad. Anzeiger, February, 1907, No. VI, 84,

(Victoria, in brooks tributary to Rio Paranahyba).

No specimens.

42. Corydoras garbei von Ihering. (Plate XXVIII, fig. 2.)

Corydoras garbei VON IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VIII, Jan. 1, 1910, 382 (Rio Sado
Francisco).

3518 C. M. Twenty-two, 25 to 44 mm. Joazeiro, Nov. 28, 1907.
Coll. Haseman.

3519 C. M. Twenty-nine, 29 to 39 mm. Lagoa Pereira, Dec. 23,
1907. Coll. Haseman.

3520 C. M. Two, 33 and41mm. Barreiras, Lagoas of Rio Grande,
Jan. 3 and 4, 1908. Coll. Haseman.

43. Corydoras kronei Mirando Ribeiro. (Plate XXVIII, fig. 3;
Plate XXIX, figs. 1-3.)

Corydoras kronei Mir. RIBEIRO, A Lavoura, Anno XI, No. 5, May, 1907, 189.

Corydoras eigenmanni VON IHERING, Notas Preliminares, S. Paulo, 9. Oct., 1907, 34.

10795 I. U. M. Two (type and cotype of C. eigenmanni von Ihering),
52and57mm. Cubatao, Raizda Serra, S$. P. Coll. Haseman.

3501 C. M. Twelve, 29 to42 mm. Alagoinhas, Rio Catu, March 4,
1908. Coll. Haseman.

410 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

3502 C. M. Fifteen, 43 to 85 mm. Raiz da Serra, Rio Mogy, July
27, 1908. Coll. Haseman.

32503 C. M. Six, 25-1072 mm. Cubatos, Aug. 1, 1908.. Coll>Mase-
man.

3504 C. M. One, 26 mm. Barreiras, Lagoas of Rio Grande, Jan. 3
and 4, 1908. Coll. Haseman.

3505 C. M. Thirteen, 25 to 66 mm. Aqua Quente, Nov. 27, 1908.
Coll. Haseman.

3506 C. M. Three, 28 to 76 mm. Iporanga, Dec. 1, 1908. Coll.
Haseman.

3507 C. M. Three,52to85mm. Ribeiro de Iguape, No. 25 of Krone
collection, Dec. 13, 1908. Received from Haseman.

3508 C. M. Six, o’, 70 to 104 mm. Morretes, Parana, Jan. 2, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.

3509 C. M. Ten,2,34 to95 mm. Morretes, Parana; Jan. 2, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.

3510 C. M. Eight, 53 to 100 mm. Morretes, Parana, Jan. 3, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.

3511 C. M. One, 24 mm. Morretes, Parana, Jan. 4, 1909. Coll.
Haseman.

The type and cotypes of C. eigenmanni are young females and

have the markings more or less reduced on the sides. The present
specimens afford very complete series from these paler individuals to
the completely pigmented adult males.

44. Corydoras triseriatus von Ihering.
Corydoras natereri triseriatus VON IHERING, Rev. do Mus. Paulista, VIII, Jan. 1,
IQII, 386 (Rio Doce).
No specimens.

45. Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns). (Plate XXX, figs. 1, Ia, 10.)

Callichthys paleatus JENYNS, Voy. Beagle, IV, 1842, 113.

Corydoras paleatus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci.,
I, 1890, 471.

Corydoras marmoratus STEINDACHNER, Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLI, 1879, 45,
pl. 5, fig. r (La Plata).

4884 I. U. M. Nine, 25 to50 mm. _ Rio Grande do Sul, von Ihering.

3512 C. M.. Fifty-six, 32 to 52 mm. Porto Alegre, Jan. 21, 1909.

Coll. Haseman.

EvLuis: THE PLATED NEMATOGNATHS. 411

3513 C. M. Twenty-one, 18 to 55 mm. (without the caudal), Porto
Alegre, Jan. 19 and 21, 1909. Coll. Haseman.
3514 C. M. Twenty, 27 to57 mm. Cachoeira, Jan. 26,1909. Coll.

Haseman.
3515 C. M. One, 56 mm. Rio Jacahy, Jan. 27, 1909. Coll. Hase-
man.

3516 C. M. Twenty-two, 31 to 71 mm. Cacequy, Jan. 31, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.

3517 C. M. Five, 33 to 58 mm. Uruguayana, February 7, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.

46. Corydoras multimaculatus Steindachner. (Plate X XIX, fig. 4.)
Corydoras multimaculatus STEINDACHNER, Akad. Anzeiger, No. XVII, July, 1907,

291 (Rio Preto, Santa Rita).

3496 C. M. Two, 35 and 41 mm. Santa Rita, Jan. 24,1908. Coll.
Haseman.

47. Corydoras hastatus Eigenmann and Eigenmann.

Corydoras hastatus EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d Ser.,
1888, 166 (Villa Bella). Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, 474 (Villa
Bella).

No specimens.

48. Corydoras australis Eigenmann and Ward.
Corydoras australe EIGENMANN and WARD, Ann. Carnegie Museum, IV, 1907, 123
(Corumba, tributary of Rio Pilcomayo).
948 C.M. One (cotype). Corumba. Coll. J. D. Anisits.
3535 C. M. One,21 mm. Puerto Suarez, Bolivia. Coll. Steinbach.
3536 C. M. Six,21-29 mm. Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, May 6-7, 1909.
Coll. Haseman.
3537 C. M. Nine, 21-28 mm. San Joaquin, Sept. 4, 1909. Coll.

Haseman.
3538 C. M. One, 19 mm. Caceres, May 24, 1909. Coll. Hase-
man.

10129 and 10130 I. U. M. (type and cotype of C. australis Eigenmann
and Ward), 15 and 19 mm. without caudal, Corumba. Coll.
J. D. Anisits.

1o1g2 I. U. M. One, 20mm. Rio Pilcomayo.

412 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Genus OSTEOGASTER Cope.°®
49. Osteogaster eques (Steindachner). (Plate XXX, figs. 3, 3a.)

Corydoras eques STEINDACHNER, “‘ Ichthyologische Beitrage,’’ V, 1876, 92, pl. 12, fig.
3-3a (Teffé; Cudajas)-EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal.
Acad. Nat. Sci., I, 1890, 466.

Osteogaster eques COPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XX XIII, 1894, 102.

4226 I. U. M. One, female, 32 mm. Cudajas,a very poor specimen.

50. Osteogaster splendens Castelnau.
Callichthys splendens CASTELNAU, Anim. de l’Am. du Sud, Poissons, 1855, 39, pl. 18,
fig. 3 (Rio Tocantins).
No specimens; known only from description and figure of Castelnau.

APPENDIX.

[After the foregoing paper had been set up and was ready to be
printed, the Editor received tlre following description of a new species
from Professor Eigenmann. It is appended to Mrs. Ellis’ monograph
for the purpose of bringing our knowledge of the group herein treated
down to the moment of going to press, March 1, 1913.— Editor.]

51. Hoplosternum magdalene Eigenmann MS. .
Callichthys (Hoplosternum) thoracatus (non Cuvier & Valenciennes) STEINDACHNER,

Zur Fish-Fauna des Cauca und der Fliisse bei Guayaquil, 1880, 14. (Cauca

near Caceres).

The specimens mentioned by Steindachner are much lighter in
color and have the caudal spotted with dark, the base with a light bar,
followed in one specimen with an ill-defined darker band. He had
three specimens 7 cm. long. This species is quite distinct from
thoracatum and is most nearly like H. pectoralis Boulenger from the
Paraguay basin.

Type, 107 mm. Soplaviento, U. S. of Colombia, C. M. No. 5081.
Paratypes, 59 specimens. Soplaviento, C. M. No. 5082a-j; I. U. M.
No. 12836.
Paratypes, one specimen, Calamar Cienega. C. M. No. 5083.
Head to end of opercle 3-3.5 in the length; depth 3.5; D. I, 8;

6
Ast. 6; Plates > — eye 6 in head to end of opercle, 4 in interorbital

5’ Mr. Reganconsiders Osteogaster eques Steindachner to be a Corydoras allied to
nattereri and macrosteus. Osteogaster splendens Castelnau he considers to be a
member of the genus Brochis.

“ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate XXV.

1. Scleromystax barbatus (Quoy & Gaimard). ¢, 60 mm., C. M. No. 3477.
. Scleromystax barbatus (Quoy & Gaimard). 9, 62 mm., C. M. No. 3477.
. Cascadura maculocephala Ellis. (Type) 66 mm., C. M. No. 3539.

te

we

i 2

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol VIII. Plate XXVI,

i ae

. Decapogon urostriatum Ribeiro. 140 mm., C. M. No. 3540.
. Chenothorax eigenmanni Ellis. (Type) 51 mm., C. M. No. 3542.
. Aspidoras rochai von Ihering. 47 mm., C. M. No. 3457.

~ we

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate XXVII.

1. Corydoras juquiae von Ihering. 77 mm., C. M. No. 3544.

to

. Corydoras virescens Ribeiro. 47 mm., C. M. No. 35452.
. Corydoras armatus (Ginther). 57 mm., C. M. No. 3532.

we

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate XXVIII.

1. Corydoras flaveolus von Ihering. 60 mm., C. M. No. 3522.

2. Co ydoras garbei von \hering. 32 mm., C. M. No. 3519.
3. Corydoras kronet Ribeiro. ¢,92 mm., C. M. No. 3508.

ry

™

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate XXIX,

1. Corydoras kronei Ribeiro. 9,95 mm., C. M. No. 3509.
. Corydoras kronei Ribeiro. g,92 mm., C. M. No. 3508.
. Corydoras kronei Ribeiro. 9,95 mm., C. M. No. 3509.

4. Corydoras multimaculatus Steindachner. 40 mm., C. M. No. 3496.

tw

ww

— ye © SS Foe

as
r
on
=
.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate XXX

1, 1a, tb. Corydoras paleaius (Jenyns). After Steindachner.
2, 2a. Corydoras agassizit Steindachner. After Steindachner.
3, 3a. Osteogaster (Corydoras) eques Steindachner. After Steindachner.

a

es

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VIII. Plate XXXI.

I, 1a, Ib. Corydoras natterert Steindachner.
a, 2b. Decapogon adspersum (Steindachner). After Steindachner.

(Ichthy. Beitrage, Vol. V.. Taf. XL.)

to

(\e.

-

lo

1%

E.Luis: THE PLATED NEMATOGNATHS. 413

(5 in pectoralis); origin of dorsal nearly equidistant from tip of snout
and spine of adipose fin (much nearer snout in pectoralis of equal
size), six or seven azygous plates in front of the adipose spine; caudal
emarginate; pectorals reaching to third or fourth plate beyond origin
of ventrals (to ventrals in pectoralis); distance between pectorals
considerably less than the length of the coracoids (equal to, or less
than, length of coracoids in pectoralis); coracoids in contact along the
median line, with a narrow V-shaped naked area between them
posteriorly, very heavy and overlapping in front in the male. Barbel
to middle of pectoral or a little further (to tip of ventrals in pectoralis).
Fontanel oval in young, circular in adult; occipital not reaching
fontanel by two-thirds to one and one-half diameters of the fontanel.
Slaty blue-black, but little lighter below.

XIV. A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS CAMBARUS FROM
DHE ISLE ‘OF PINES:

By A. E. ORTMANN, PH.D.
Cambarus (Procambarus) atkinsoni sp. nov.

Diagnosis.—Rostrum concave above, with a marginal spine on
each side. Sides of carapace with a lateral spine on each side behind
the cervical groove. Areola wide, shorter than half of the anterior
section of the carapace. First pereopods with long, subcylindrical,
slightly compressed chele, covered with subequal, subsquamate
granules. Fingers about as long as palm. Third pereopods hooked
in the male. First pleopods of the male of the first form with the
inner part pointed and setiform, but not horny, much longer than the
broad and blunt inner part, with a small horny spine at the anterior
margin. A strong shoulder on the anterior margin. Inner face
flattened, slightly dilated. Annulus ventralis of the female trans-
versely oval, slightly elevated.

Description of male of the first form.—Rostrum concave above,
without median keel, margins elevated, slightly convergent, with a
distinct marginal spine on each side. Acumen short, triangular.
Postorbital ridges subparallel, terminating in a spine anteriorly.
Carapace slightly compressed, punctate, but not granulated. Sub-
orbital angle triangular, bluntly pointed. Branchiostegal spine
present. A distinct, sharp, but not very large spine on each side
behind the cervical groove. Areola broad and short, with four to
five irregular rows of punctations, distinctly shorter than half of the
anterior section of the carapace (including rostrum). Abdomen
about as wide as the carapace, and slightly longer. Basal segment of
telson with four or five spines on each side. Anterior end of epistoma
broadly triangular. Antenne with the flagella longer than the
carapace, but shorter than the whole body. Antennal scale broadest
in the middle. First pereopods elongated, subcylindrical. Hand
elongated, slightly compressed, with subparallel margins. Surface
of hand sharply granulated all around, granules subsquamate, closely

set, and subequal. Fingers about as long as the palm, both of them
414

ORTMANN: A NEw CAMBARUS. 415

on outer and inner faces with a smooth, longitudinal ridge. Hand
with short, inconspicuous and deciduous hairs, which are densest on
the fingers, but nowhere beard-like. A few longer sete on the cutting
edges of the fingers. Carpopodite short, subcylindrical, with a very
indistinct sulcus on the upper side, granulated like the hand, granules
largest on inner side, where some of them are subspiniform. Mero-
podite subtriangular in cross-section, granules on inner and outer
surface obsolete, one or two granules near distal end of upper margin
subspiniform, and the lower surface with two rows of small spinules,
Ischiopodite of third pereopods with a strong hook. First pleopods of
the Procambarus-type, rather short and straight. Anterjor margin
with a distinct and prominent shoulder near the tips. Outer and
inner part in contact up to close to the tips. Tip of outer part rounded
and blunt, with a minute soft spine posteriorly at the extremity.
Tip of inner part straight, tapering to a setiform point, which is not
horny, and is considerably longer than the tip of the outer part. This
setiform part bears at its base, on the anterior side, and in front of
the shoulder, a short, slightly procurved, horny spine, which has two
tips, the larger blunt, the smaller pointed. On the inner side, the
inner part of the copulatory organ is flattened, with hairs radiating
from an indistinct oblique rib, and is slightly dilated, but only very
little wider than the basal part of the organ.

Male of the second form.—Chele smaller, hooks of third pereopods
small, and the copulatory organ having in place of the horny spine a
small, soft, blunt tubercle, and the tip of the inner part less distinctly
setiform.

Female ——Chelz not so long, hand shorter, rather long-ovate and
not subcylindrical, with finer granulations. Annulus ventralis trans-
versely subovate, slightly elevated, with the usual curved fissure,
which divides the annulus longitudinally into two unsymmetrical
parts, the larger part more elevated than the smaller.

Measurements.—Largest male, first form: Total length, 52; cara-
pace, 25; anterior section of carapace, 19; posterior section of carapace,
6; abdomen, 27; length of hand, 22; width of hand, 6.5 mm. Largest
female: Total length, 44; carapace, 21; anterior section of carapace,
16; posterior section of carapace, 5; abdomen, 23; length of hand, 14;
width of hand, 5 mm.

Locality.—Tributaries of Rio de los Indios, Los Indios, Isle of Pines.
Carnegie Mus. Cat. Nos. 74.924 (Types), and 74.925 (Cotypes).

416 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Altogether there are thirteen males of the first form, eight males of the
second form, and nine females.

The specimens were collected on May 25, 1910, by Dr. D. A.
Atkinson of Pittsburgh, and the specific name is given in honor of the
discoverer.

Remarks.—This species is morphologically and geographically
interesting. It stands closest to C. cubensis Erichson, but differs
principally in the much less dilated inner face of the copulatory organ.
In the latter respect it comes nearer to the continental forms,
C. williamsoni Ortmann and C. pilosimanus Ortmann from Guate-
mala, and C. mexicanus Erichson from Mexico. But it has not the
copulatory organs of these species, the chief difference being discov-
ered in the long setiform tip of the inner part, which is also found in
C. cubensis.

C. williamsoni, pilosimanus, and mexicanus resemble each other in
the copulatory organs, but C. mexicanus is more remote from the
others (and also from C. atkinsoni and cubensis) because of the absence
of spines on the margins of the rostrum and the sides of the carapace.
C. williamsoni and pilosimanus have two spines on each side of the
carapace, and their areola is much narrower than in C. atkinsont,
and also narrower than in C. cubensis. In C. atkinsoni the areola
is distinctly wider and shorter than in C. cubensis, and in this char-
acter, and in the more concave surface of the rostrum, and the slightly
longer acumen of the latter, aside from the differences in the shape of
the copulatory organs, C. atkinsoni differs from C. cubensis. C.
cubensis also has the spines on the sides of the carapace often rudi-
mentary or absent.

C. atkinsoni forms in the copulatory organs a connection between
the Cuban forms and those of the mainland, which is interesting, be-
cause the geographical range is also intermediate. But the copu-
latory organs of C. atkinsoni distinctly indicate the cubensis-type in
its beginning. In the shape of the rostrum, its marginal spines, and
in the lateral spines of the carapace, C. atkinsoni is rather indifferent;
in the shape of the areola it is distinctly more primitive than any of
the species allied with it. The Guatemalan forms are in this respect
even more advanced than C. cubensis, while both C. atkinsont and
cubensis are more highly specialized in the copulatory organs than the
Guatemalan forms.

1 See Faxon, in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LIV, 1912, pp. 458-459.

ORTMANN: A NEw CAMBARUS. 417

The fine point on the tip of the outer part of the copulatory organ
in C. atkinsoni is a special feature of this species, which has not been
observed in any of the other species of the subgenus Procambarus, but
in specimens of C. cubensis before me I see in its place a slight and
insignificant swelling.

C. digueti Bouvier, from western Mexico, which is also a Pro-
cambarus, is morphologically too remote from all these species, so
that we do not need to compare it in detail.

Including this new species, the subgenus Procambarus consists now
of the following six species: C. digueti Bouvier (western Mexico),
C. wiliamsont Ortmann (Guatemala), C. pilosimanus Ortmann
(Guatemala and British Honduras), C. mexicanus Erichson (eastern
Mexico), C. atkinsoni Ortmann (Isle of Pines), C. cubensis Erichson
(Cuba). Of these, however, C. williamsoni and pilosimanus are very
closely allied, and may possibly be on y forms of the same species.

XV. SEDUM CARNEGIE! A NEW SPECIES “OF THE
FAMILY CRASSULACEA FROM THE HERBARIUM
OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

By RAYMOND HAMET.

On the frontier of Thibet Captain H. J. Walton discovered an
extremely interesting new species of the family Crassulacee, the place
of which in the botanical world is as yet unknown, the type of the
species being found in the Herbarium of the Carnegie Museum. I
am happy to dedicate this plant to Mr. Carnegie as proof of my
sincere admiration.

Sedum Carnegiei Raymond Hamet, sp. nov.

Planta perennis ?, tuberculo parvo globoso e radicibus paucis
crassiusculis instructo, apice foliorum rosulam et caulem floriferum
gerente. Rosule folia admota, alterna, glabra, sessilia, infra in-
sertionem in calcar non producta, plusve minusve late obovata,
marginibus integerrimis, obtusissima, paulo longiora quam latiora.
Caules floriferi unici pro quoque tuberculo, simplices, erecti, gracilius-
culi, glabri. Caulium floriferorum folia alterna, satis remota, glabra,
infra insertionem in pseudo-calcar producta; pseudo-calcar brevius-
culum, latum, obtusum, integerrimum; lamina ovato-oblonga, vel
oblonga, marginibus integerrimis, obtusa, longior quam latior. In-
florescentia caulem terminans, in spica simplice. Pedicelli glabri,
sub-nulli, quam calyx breviores. Flores pauci (4-5-8). Bractez
foliis similes. Calyx glaber, segmentis 5, quam tubus longioribus,
infra insertionem in calcar non productis, ovatis vel ovato-oblongis,
marginibus integerrimis, obtusis, longioribus quam latioribus. Corolla
glabra, quam calyx vix longior, segmentis 5, quam tubus longioribus,
oblongis, basi paulo dilatatis, apice obtusis, marginibus integerrimis,
longioribus quam latioribus, nervo principale unico ad_ filamenti
oppositipetali basin duos nervos laterales oppositos edens. Stamina
10, glabra; filamenta oppositipetala infra corolla medium inserta,
gracilia, sublinearia; anthere oppositipetale corolla medium super-

antes. Carpella 5, glabra, inter eos longissime connata, apice in
418

HAaMET: SEDUM CARNEGIEI. 419

stylos quam carpella breviores attenuata. Squame 5, subobovate,
supra medium in pseudo-unguicula lata coartate, apice obtusissime,
marginibus integerrimis, paulo latiores quam longiores. Placente
lineares carpellorum marginibus internis oblique disposite. Folliculi
5, divergentes.

Tuberculum 9 mm. longum, 8.5 mm. latum.—Caules floriferi 38-43
mm. longi.—Rosule folia 2.60-3.30 mm. longa, 2-2.60 mm. lata.—
Caulium floriferorum foliorum pseudo-calcar 0.40-0.50 mm. longum;
lamina 2.80-5.20 mm. longa, 1.50-2.40 mm. lata.—Inflorescentia
10-27 mm. longa, 4-8 mm. lata.—Pedicelli 0.50-0.80 mm. longi.—
Calycis pars concreta 0.40-0.60 mm. longa; pars libera 1.70-2.75 mm.
longa, 0.80-I mm. lata.—Corolle pars concreta 0.30-—0.40 mm. longa;
pars libera 1.80-2.80 mm. longa, 1.05-1.25 mm. lata.~—Staminum
oppositipetalorum filamentorum pars concreta 0.50-0.70 mm. longa;
pars libera 1-1.75 mm. longa, 0.20-0.25 mm. lata.—Staminum
alternipetalorum filamentorum pars concreta 0.30-0.60 mm. longa;
pars libera 1.20-2 mm. longa, 0.25 mm. lata.—Carpellorum pars
concreta I.25-1.75 mm. longa; pars libera 1-1.30 mm. longa.—Styli
0.30-0.40 mm. longi.—Squamez 0.40—0.50 mm. longz, 0.50-0.80 mm.
late.

Plant perennial ?, with small globose tubers from a few rather
broad roots, bearing at the apex a rosette of leaves and a floriferous
stem. Leaves of the rosette close, alternate, glabrous, sessile, not
produced into a spur below the insertion, more or less broadly obovate,
with an entire margin, very obtuse, slightly longer than wide. Florif-
erous stems single for each tubercle, simple, erect, somewhat slender,
glabrous. Leaves of the floriferous stems alternate, remote, glabrous,
produced into a false spur below the insertion; the false spur rather
short, broad, obtuse, entire; leaf-blade ovate-oblong, or oblong, with
an entire margin, obtuse, longer than wide. Inflorescence termi-
nating the stem, in a simple spike. Pedicels glabrous, nearly lacking,
shorter than the calyx. Flowers few (4-5-8). Bracts similar to the
leaves. Calyx glabrous, segments 5, longer than the tube, not pro-
duced below the insertion into a spur, ovate or ovate-oblong, with
entire margin, obtuse, longer than broad. Corolla glabrous, hardly
longer than the calyx, segments 5, longer than the tube, oblong,
a little dilated at the base, apex obtuse, with margin entire, longer
than broad, with the single principal nerve sending out two lateral
opposite nerves towards the base of the filament opposite the petals.

420 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Stamens 10, glabrous; the filaments opposite the petals, inserted below
the middle of the corolla, slender, sub-linear; the anthers opposite
the petals, exceeding the middle of the corolla. Carpels 5, glabrous,
much connate, at the apex attenuate into styles shorter than the
carpels. Scales 5, sub-obovate, constricted above the middle so as
to be falsely unguiculate, very obtuse at the apex, entire margined,
somewhat broader than long. The linear placente obliquely dis-
posed at the internal margin of the carpels. Follicles 5, divergent.

Tubers 9 mm. long, 8.5 mm. broad.—Floriferous stems 38-43 mm.
long.—Leaves of the rosettes 2.60-3.30 mm. long, 2—2.60 mm. broad.—
The spur of the leaves of the floriferous stems 0.40—-0.50 mm. long;
the blade 2.80-5.20 mm. long, 1.50-2.40 mm. broad.—Inflorescence
10-27 mm. long, 4-8 mm. broad.—Pedicels 0.50-0.80 mm. long.—
The united part of the calyx 0.40—-0.60 mm. long, the free part 1.70-
2.75 mm. long, 0.80-1.00 mm. broad.—The united part of the corolla
0.30-0.40 mm. long, the free part 1.80-2.80 mm. long, 1.05-1.25 mm.
broad.—The united part of the filaments of the stamens opposite
the petals 0.50-0.70 mm. long; the free part I1-1.75 mm. long, 0.20-
0.25 mm. broad.—The united part of the filaments of the stamens
alternate with the petals 0.30—-0.60 mm. long; the free part I.20-2.00
mm. long, 0.25 mm. broad.—The united part of the carpels 1.25-1.75
mm. long; the free part I-1.30 mm. long.—Styles 0.30—-0.40 mm. long.
—Scales 0.40-0.50 mm. long, 0.50—-0.80 mm. broad.

Thibet frontier, Kyi Chu Valley, 15 miles east of Lhasa, Aug.,
1904. Capt. H. J. Walton. Type in Herbarium of the Carnegie
Museum.

Note.—For the English translation of the Latin description Dr. O. E. Jennings
Editor.

of the Carnegie Museum is responsible.

XVI. ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF FISHES COLLECTED BY
MISS LOLA VANCE IN PERU.

By C. H. EIGENMANN.
1. Cyclopium vancee sp. nov.

Evidently related to C. sabalo Cuvier & Valenciennes. Head 4;
depth 7.5; D. 7; A. 6; interorbital 5 in the head, equal to
distance of anterior nares from snout, less than distance between
eyes and posterior nares; distance between snout and dorsal 2.75-3
in the length; distance of anal from caudal 5—5.5 in the length; dorsal
rounded, the first ray not produced; outer pectoral ray not produced,
not reaching middle of ventrals; origin of ventrals nearly under origin
of dorsal; tips of ventrals not reaching over two-thirds to anus; adi-
pose fin scarcely evident. Outer teeth of the premaxillary narrow,
single pointed; teeth of the lower jaw, like those of the inner series
of the premaxillary, bifid. Barbel not quite reaching gill-opening.
Brownish, slightly marbled.

Type 76 mm., C. M. No. 4856, paratype 66 mm., C. M. No. 4857.
Small stream in highlands, southeast of Tarma. Named for Miss Lola
Vance, who collected these specimens.

Miss Vance also collected Cyclopium taczanowskii Boulenger in the
Rio Perené, C. M. No. 4853a-c, and from streams flowing into the
Pancartambo, C. M. No. 4854a—-h; and Cyclopium sabalo Cuvier &
Valenciennes from a small stream in the highlands southeast of Tarma,
Peru.

2. Rhamdella montana sp. nov.

Paralleling in general appearance Cyclopium sabalo, with which it
was associated. Head 4.75; depth 7.6; D. 7; A. 9; eye 2 in snout;
5.5 in head; 1.75 in interorbital. Adipose dorsal 4.5 in the length;
maxillary barbel reaching past middle of pectoral; width of head 1.3
in its length. Jaws equal; premaxillary band of teeth of equal width
throughout, without a backward projecting angle at the side; pectorals
not quite reaching ventrals; ventrals to below end of dorsal, about
two thirds to anal; distance of dorsal fin from snout 2.5 in the length;

421

422 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

caudal but slightly forked, the lobes equal, about equal to length of
head; anal very short, rounded, the tips not reaching the vertical
from the end of the adipose. First dorsal and pectoral rays not
spinous. Fontanel a narrow slit, to base of occipital process.

Upper parts dusky, a narrow light band across the nape, a light
spot on the back in front, another behind the dorsal, a third in front
of the adipose and a fourth behind it; the dark of the back descending
farthest behind the pectoral, behind the dorsal and under the adipose;
end of caudal peduncle dark; a dusky streak from eye to base of
maxillary.

Type 47 mm., C. M. No. 4858; paratype 46 mm., C. M. No. 4859.
Queta. Small brook in highlands southeast of Tarma.

‘vOSgh “ON ‘suzy “ea “wu g9Z “od AT, ‘UUrUIUdSIYT VIIUvA wnIdoOjIK) *Z
"vgSgP “ON “snyL “zeD “uur Zh ‘odAT, ‘UUPWIUdSIY] DUDJUWOW KYepurYyy “1

VIYYY = 93PId

IIA “ISA WAASNW 3JIDS3NYVD STVYNNY

“

XVII. SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS (ACRIDOIDEA). II.
By LAWRENCE BRUNER.

The present paper is based chiefly on a rather extensive collection
of these insects made by J. Steinbach in eastern Bolivia and south-
western Brazil, a region but little explored heretofore. Other material,
however, is also at hand and included that was taken by J. D. Haseman
and one or two other collectors in the employ of the Carnegie Museum.
A few of the insects, here reported also, are some that were set aside
for further study during the preparation of my two former papers
published in these ANNALS. As stated in the preface to my last
paper (ANNALS, Vol. VIII) reports are also in the course of preparation
by me treating both the Grylloidea and Phasgunurids or long-horned
grasshoppers, taken by the same collectors and in the same territory.
Of these latter there are likewise apparently many new forms.

As in the former reports a number of synoptical tables of genera
and species are included where it is thought they will materially aid
the student in the recognition of these insects.

Family TETRIGID&.
Genus Crimisus Bolivar.

Crimisus BOLIvaR, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXI, p. 246 (1887); HANcocK, Genera
Ins., fasc. 48, p. 40 (1906); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, p. 91 (1910).

1. Crimisus patruus Bolivar?

Crimisus patruus BOLIVAR, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXI, p. 246 (1887); HANcock,
Genera Ins., Fasc. 48, p. 40 (1906).
Habitat—The present collection contains a single female specimen
which is doubtfully referred to this species. It bears the label ‘‘Cha-
pada (village) Matto Grosso, Brazil, March, H. H. Smith.”’

Genus SCLEROTETTIX Bruner.

Sclerotettix BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, pp. 91, 104 (1910).

423

424 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

2. Sclerotettix steinbachi sp. nov.

This insect is intermediate between tibialis and variegatus in size
and general appearance, but when viewed with a magnifying glass it
exhibits a number of points of difference. Wings only slightly sur-
passing the apex of the pronotum, which is conspicuously extended
beyond the tips of the hind femora.

Of medium size, the body a little depressed and with the surface
strongly and closely granulose, on the disk and sides of pronotum also
quite conspicuously rugoso-nodulose. Median carina of the pronotum
visible throughout, but not especially prominent even in front, plainly
undulate behind the shoulders; lateral carine not prominent as in
tibialis; lower lateral margins of the pronotum gently turned out-
wards, rounded. Head rather narrow and embraced by the front
part of the thorax almost to the prominent eyes; vertex a little nar-
rower than one of the eyes viewed from above, viewed laterally not
quite reaching the anterior margin of the eyes, quite strongly and
broadly sulcate, the surface conspicuously granulose, the median
longitudinal carina conspicuous and continuous with the upper end
of the frontal costa; antero-lateral carine also prominent, arcuate and
reaching nearly (2) or quite (o") to the middle of the inner margin of
the eyes; frontal costa arcuately prominent between the antennae,
suddenly lowered above towards the fastigium, sulcate and quite
strongly and evenly divergent below. Pronotum with two very coarse
and deep transverse sulci, between which the median carina is most
prominent; lateral carine in advance of the transverse sulci fairly
prominent, cristate, gently convergent posteriorly, back of the sulci
less prominent; disk gently convex anteriad, plane caudad. Middle
femora clypeate, a trifle more than one and one-half times as long as
the greatest width, the lower carina quite prominent and with its
edge only gently undulate, the upper carina terminating in a broad
tooth. Hind femora robust and moderately elongate, the outer disk
occupying only about half of the lateral field and provided with about
six prominent very oblique and several nodose ruge; the hind tibize
heavy, noticeably dilated apically and furnished with a few strong
irregularly arranged tooth-like spines.

General color dark fuscous above, varied on front, on the disk between
lateral carine in front, on sides of pronotum in advance of tegmina,
on anterior and middle legs, and on the base and external disk of hind
femora and hind tibiz with pale testaceous; lower sulcus and outer

BRUNER : SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTs. 425

portion of hind femora below the outer disk mostly black; tibiz
annulated with fuscous; antenne infuscated, faintly annulate with
pallid; venter varied with pallid.

Length of body, o’, 6.5 mm., 2, 8 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 9 mm.,
Q, 11 mm.; of hind femora, o’, 4.75 mm., 9, 5.65 mm.

Habitat.—Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, one o and one 9 taken during
November, 1908, to January, 1909, at an elevation of 150 meters above
sea-level by J. Steinbach. Types in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.

Genus MeEtTropora Bolivar.

Metrodora Botivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXI, pp. 247, 248 (1887)—in part;
Hancock, Genera Ins., fasc. 48, p. 41 (1906); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
VII, pp. 91, 109 (1910).

3. Metrodora lutosa Bolivar?
Metrodora lutosa BOLIvaAR, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XX XI, p. 248 (1887); HANcocK,
Genera Ins., fasc. 48, p. 41 (1906).
Habitat—A single imperfect female specimen of the genus is
referred to Bolivar’s species Jutosa. It was taken at Rio de Janeiro
and bears the accession number 2966.

Genus ALLOTETTIX Hancock.

Allotettix HANcocK, Ent. News, X, p. 276 (1899); Morse, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Or-
thopt., II, p. 12 (1900); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, pp. 91, 114 (1910).

4. Allotettix chapadensis Bruner.
Allotettix chapadensis BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, p. 117 (1910).
Habitat—Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, at an elevation of 150 meters
above sea-level. A single specimen was collected during the month
of November, 1909, by J. Steinbach.

5. Allotettix bolivianus sp. nov.

Most nearly related to Allotettix cayennensis Bolivar and A. chapa-
densis Bruner, but differing from both of them in several respects,
as will be seen by a reference to the subjoined synoptical table and a
comparison of the descriptions of the three species.

Body very coarsely rugose and strongly granulose; viewed taper
the median carina of pronotum markedly undulate nearly to the tip
of the abdomen, viewed from above the disk between the shoulders

426 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

in nowise transversely wrinkled or marked with well-defined rows of
granuli as in chapadensis. Occiput gently embraced by the pronotum,
strongly rugoso-granulose, the vertex a little depressed and provided
with a coarse median longitudinal carina, which reaches from a point
even with the hind margin of the prominent eyes and projects beyond
their front margin; frontal costa prominent, evenly rounded, the sul-
cation beginning a little below the fastigium, to which this portion is
connected by a downwardly directed straight ridge. Antenne arising
on a line drawn between the lower edge of the eyes. Hind femora
rather coarsely nodulose externally above; the tibia about normal,
six-spined externally. Median femora with the lower carina rather
strongly undulate, about two and three-fourths times as long as wide.

General color fuscous, the tibia, mouth-parts, and under side some-
what modified with testaceous. The disk of pronotum marked on
each side between the tegmina by an oblique, narrow, ferruginous
band.

Length of body, 2, 6.75 mm., of pronotum, I1 mm., of hind femora,
4 mm., total length, 13.5 mm.

Habitat—The type, a female, is labeled ‘‘ Puerto Suarez, Bolivia,
150 M., Nov., 1908—January, 1909.” It was collected by J. Stein-
bach, and is deposited in the Carnegie Museum.

The collection also contains a male specimen similarly labeled, but
approaching more closely to a female bearing the label Allotettix
chapadensis with Chapada as a habitat. Undoubtedly the two forms
are rather closely related.

Genus MITRITETTIX Hancock.

Mitritettix HANcocK, Genera Ins., fasc. 48, p. 57, footnote (1906); BRUNER, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., VII, pp. 91, 118 (1910).
Mitraria BOLIVAR (nec Rafinesque), Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XX XI, p. 253 (1887).

6. Mitritettix productus (Bolivar).

Mitraria producta BoLivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXI, p. 253 (1887).
Mitritetltix productus HANCOCK, Genera Ins., fasc. 48, p. 57, footnote (1906).

Habitat.—A single female specimen of this insect is at hand. It was
taken at Santarem, Brazil, during July, and bears the accession
number 2966.

Genus PARATETTIX Bolivar.

Paratettix BoLivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XX XI, p. 240 (1887); HANcocK, Genera
Ins., fasc. 48, p. 55 (1906).

BRUNER; SOUTH AMERICAN LocusTs. 427

7. Paratettix borellii Giglio-Tos.
Paratettix borellit G1GL10-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XII, No. 302,

p. 28 (1897); HANcocK, Genera Ins., fasc. 48, p. 56 (1906).

Habitat.—There is a male specimen of the genus at hand that is
referred to Giglio-Tos’ species borelli. It comes from Puerto Suarez,
Bolivia, and was taken by J. Steinbach during the month of November
at an elevation of 150 meters above sea level.

Genus ProToTEetTtTix Bolivar.

Prototettix BOLIVAR, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXI, p. 255 (1887); HANcockK, Genera
Ins., fasc. 48, p. 65 (1906).

8. Prototettix fossulatus Bolivar.
Prototettix fossulatus BOLIvaR, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXI, p. 256 (1887).

Habitat—Only a single male example is at hand from Chapada,
Matto Grosso, Brazil.

Genus TETTIGIDEA Scudder.

Tettigidea SCUDDER, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., VIII, p. 476 (1862); BoLttvar, Ann.
Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXI, p. 290 (1887); HaNcock, Tettig. N. A., pp. 138-161,
Pl. X, (1902); IB., Genera Ins., fasc. 48, p. 67 (1906); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., VII, pp. 92, 123 (1910).

g. Tettigidea granulosa sp. nov.

An insect of about the size and general appearance of 7. chapadensis,
but differing from that insect in its slightly more robust form, more
coarsely granulose pronotum, and in having the pallid marking on
the tegmina circular instead of oblique. There are also other differ-
ences as may be noted by the following brief characterization.

Insect viewed laterally very straight above, the dorsum of pronotum
showing scarcely a trace of undulation. Head rather deep up and
down, embraced by the pronotum to the hind margin of the eyes; the
latter prominent, but not large. the top of head between them very
perceptibly undulate and with its surface closely granulated; antenne
rather long and slender; frontal costa viewed in profile evenly rounded
above the ocellus and deeply sulcate to the very top; vertex a very
little advanced beyond the anterior edge of the eyes. Hind femora a
little passing the tip of valves of ovipositor, moderately robust. The
pronotum extending past the femora and the wings longer than the
pronotum.

428 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

General color dark fuliginous, with faint indications of pallid mark-
ings on the hind femora and the apical portion of the pronotum;
the posterior femora with a rather broad subbasal pale annulus, and
the anterior and middle legs faintly annulated. Venter together with
the lower valves of the ovipositor pallid.

Length of body, 9, 11 mm., of pronotum, 12.25 mm., of hind femora,
7.5 mm,

Habitat.—One female specimen labeled “Sta. Cruz de la Sierra,
Bolivia, 450 m., J. Steinbach’’isathand. ‘This type isin the Carnegie
Museum.

10. Tettigidea gracilicornis Bruner.

Tettigidea gracilicornis BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, pp. 125, 128 (1910).

Habitat—The single male specimen at hand was collected by J.
Steinbach during the month of November, 1909, at Puerto Suarez.
It was found at an elevation of 150 meters above sea-level.

11. Tettigidea chapadensis Bruner.
Tettigidea chapadensis BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, pp. 125, 130 (1910).

Habitat.—Likewise only a single male. It comes from Chapada,
Brazil, and bears the accession number 2966.

12. Tettigidea costalis Bruner.
Tettigidea costalis BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, pp. 126, 133 (1910).
Habitat.—This species is also represented by asingle male specimen.
It was collected by J. D. Haseman at Sad Luiz da Caceres, Matto
Grosso, Brazil, during the month of May, 1909.

Genus SCARIA Bolivar.

Scaria BOLivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXI, p. 301 (1887); HANcocK, Genera
Ins., fasc. 48, p. 69 (1906); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, p. 140 (1910).

13. Scaria producta Hancock.
Scaria producta HANCOCK, Genera Ins., fasc. 48, p. 70 (1906).

Habitat.—The single male specimen at hand comes from Santarem,
Brazil. It is a representative of accession number 2966.

Genus PAurotarsus Hancock.

Paurotarsus HANCOCK, Psyche, IX, p. 42 (1900); IB., Genera Ins., fasc. 48, pp. 70-71
(1906); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, p. 142 (1910).

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 429

14. Paurotarsus amazonus Hancock.
Paurotarsus amazonus HANCOCK, Psyche, IX, Pp. 42-43, figs. ta—-1d (1910); IB.,
Genera Ins., fase. 48, p. 71, fig. 26 (1906).
Habitat—The only specimen at hand, a female, was collected by
J. D. Haseman. It bears the label “‘ Rio Machupo, near Rio Guaporé,
Bolivia,’’ and was taken August 29, 1909.

Family EUMASTACID.

Genus SCIRTOMASTAX Saussure.
Scirlomastax SAUSSURE, Rev. Suisse de Zool., XI, p. 97 (1903); BurR, M., Genera

Ins., fasc. 15, p. 16 (1903).

This tropical American genus of locusts was erected by Dr. Henri
de Saussure for the reception of an apterous Eumastacid coming
from Ecuador. Later Dr. Malcolm Burr referred two others there,
viz. Eumastax surinama and E. rosenbergi. Now a single female
representative of what would seem to be a fourth species is at hand
from eastern Brazil. These insects may be separated by the annexed
table.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF SCIRTOMASTAX.

A. Entirely apterous.
b. Brownish or testaceous. Antenne black; sides of head black with post-

ocWlarevellowsal band toy. sk. ccseere ovo es NS aralce ore atte, cordillere Saussure.
bb. Olivaceous. Antenne pallid; sides of head concolorous and without the
yellowsband! backiof eyess. a5.0.2..c.0. dncoccese> brasiliensis sp. nov.

AA. Tegmina present but rudimentary. Wings wanting.
b. Color entirely fuscous. Pronotum behind gently triangulately emarginate,

ERE mMedian carina preseut.:. sic -siels wis sie ele sees cele surinama Burr.
bb. Color fuscous, but with the pronotum ferruginous. The latter behind
roundly emarginate, its median carina absent......... rosenbergi Burr.

15. Scirtomastax brasiliensis sp. nov.

Entirely apterous. Most nearly related to S. cordillere Saussure,
but differing from that insect slightly in dimensions and quite markedly
in color.

Insect fairly slender. Head large; vertex subangulate, a little
advanced beyond the upper extremity of the eyes; frontal costa
suleate throughout, of about equal width at upper and lower ex-
tremities and at the ocellus, but narrowed between, the lateral walls
of equal prominence throughout. Antenne robust, clavate, a little
shorter than the anterior femora, pallid throughout as compared to

430 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

black. Rest of insect as characterized for the genus. Hind tibie
numerously spined, ranging from 21 to 25 on both margins, the inner
row much larger and alternating in size.

General color above brownish olive, below together with the face,
lower margins of the pronotum, and legs, greenish yellow. Hind
femora with apical portion fasciate with fuscous, the longitudinal
carine minutely serrate, infuscated.

Length of body, 2, 20 mm., of hind femora, 12.5 mm.

Habitat—Rio Sapao, Bahia, Brazil, a single female, where it was
taken January 30, 1908, by J. D. Haseman. The type is in the
Carnegie Museum.

Family PROSCOPID~.

The locusts which comprise the present family, with a single
exception, Taxiarchus septentrionalis Bruner from Costa Rica, Central
America, are confined to the South American continent, where the
various representatives are to be found from the Isthmus of Panama
to middle Argentina and Chile, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific
oceans. As a group these insects are very distinct from all other
locusts, but possibly bear the nearest resemblance to some of the
representatives of the Eumastacide, which latter family is also
represented to a limited degree over the same territory. The general
body structure of the Proscopide is more nearly that of some of the
slenderer apterous Phasmoidea than of other locusts. None of them
are fully winged, and representatives of but two genera, so far as at
present known, viz: Anchotatus and Astroma, exhibit traces of these
organs.

The material contained in the collections now being studied and
which forms the basis of the present paper represents several genera
and nearly a score of species. Three of these, and possibly a fourth,
seem to be new to science and are described herewith.

In the separation of these insects no single set of characters thus
far employed by the various authors who have studied them seem to
be entirely dependable. Vertex characters, length of antenne, and
of the basal joint of these organs, comparative form and prominence
of the eyes, form of head, the characters on the pronotum, and position
of the anterior legs, hind tibiz and their spine characters and number,
—all of these seem to vary so much from the rule as laid down for
the several genera and species that they hardly prove satisfactory
diagnostic characters.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTs. 431

Another thing, which adds somewhat to the confusion of the student
of these insects, is the fact that some individuals of the same species
become imagoes with their fourth molt, while others go through an
additional molt, which results in a much larger, but not necessarily
more mature-looking individual. Frequently the spines on the two
margins of the hind tibiz of a single individual may vary a dozen or
even more as to number.

‘In their food-habits these insects seem to be general feeders, al-
though when better known it may be ascertained that some of the
genera and species prefer special plants.

For the convenience of future students of the family the annexed
synoptical key of genera has been translated and modified from
Brunner von Wattenwyl! (Verh. d. k. k. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. in Wien,
1890) who was the first and only entomologist who attempted a
monographic revision of the family. Possibly at some future date the
present writer may attempt another revision of the group, provided a
sufficient amount of material can be secured to form the basis of such
a study.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA OF PROSCOPID®.

A. Tarsi provided with a pulvillus. Claws simple, acuminate. Rudimentary
wings wanting (except in the genus Azchotata).
b. Pronotum cylindrical, not separated from the prosternum.

c. Antenne in both sexes twice as long as the rostrum, the first joint being
about equal to the eyesinlength. (Posterior tibize above, internally
I3-20-spined, externally provided with an apical spine.)

Prosarthria Brunner.
cc. Antenne a little longer than the rostrum, or in the female shorter than
it, the first joint about one-half the length of the eyes.
d. Posterior tibize above without an apical spine on the inner margin.
Anterior legs inserted at or near the middle of the pronotum.
e. Posterior tibie above provided with an apical spine on the
outer margin.

f. Rostrum in both sexes straight. Anterior legs inserted
in the middle, or slightly in advance of the middle, of
the pronotum. Posterior femora moderately robust.

Proscopia Klug.

#f. Rostrum bent downward. Anterior legs inserted a
trifle back of the middle of the pronotum. Posterior
femora at base very robust...... A pioscelis Brunner.

ee. Posterior tibie above without an apical spine on the external
margin.

f. Posterior tibiz entirely unarmed.below. Rostrum in the

432 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

male about one-half the length of the eyes. Eyes

globose. First joint of the antenne less than one-

fourth of the length of the eyes. Last ventral segment

of the male abdomen obtuse. . Corynorhynchus Brunner.

ff. Posterior tibia below armed towards the apex with some

spines. Rostrum in the male longer than the eyes.

Eyes depressed. First joint of the antenne not less

than one-third the length of the eyes. Last ventral

segment of the male abdomen more or less produced.

Tetanorhynchus Brunner.

dd. Posterior tibize above provided on the inner margin with an apical

spine. Front legs inserted on the anterior third of the prono-

tum. Posterior tibize furnished externally with an apical

spine. First joint of the antenne less than one-fourth the

length*ofttheleyess. oc. .s srs essere epee ieee ee Stiphra Brunner.

bb. Pronotum more or less depressed, separated from the sternum by a longi-
tudinal suture.

c. Head in advance of the mouth subconstricted, the front viewed from
the sidesinuate. Pronotum with its anterior margin subdilated.
Posterior tibiz provided on the outer margin with an apical
spine. Last ventral segment of male abdomen not produced.

d. Pronotum almost twice the length of the head. Mesopleura
dentate. Posterior tibie entirely unarmed below.
Taxiarchus Brunner.
dd. Pronotum a little more than one-half longer than the head.
Mesopleura entire.

e. Meso- and meta-notum divided. Posterior tibize above
provided with an apical spine on the inner margin,
below spined towards the apex or unarmed.

f. Rudimentary wings present in the female. Rostrum
porrect, as long as the rest of the head, ora little shorter.
Posterior femora above with the apical margins obtuse.
Anchotatus Brunner.
#. Rudimentary wings wanting. Rostrum decurved, either
longer or shorter than the eyes. Posterior femora with
both margins normally produced into a spine.

Epigrypa Brunner.
ee. Meso- and meta-notum, although the median segment is
not divided, strongly dilated. Posterior tibiz# above on

both margins without apical spines, below unarmed.
Hybusa Erichson.
cc. Head gradually acuminate, the front viewed from the side straight.
Pronotum with the anterior margin not dilated. Posterior tibize
above with both margins lacking apical spines (below spined towards
the apex). Subgenital plate of male abdomen lengthily produced.
(Posterior femora with the terminal margins obtuse. Form very
slender:),2 <sseshote ses eee lore ete Cephalocema Brunner.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 433

AA. Tarsi without pulvillus, the claws compressed, their base and apex of equal
width, the apex of which is provided with a deflexed point. Rudimentary
Wines present in the females ie. co.cc. occ cis view ec cc oe Astroma Charpentier.

Genus CORYNORHYNCHUS Brunner.
Corynorhynchus BRUNNER, Verh. der k. k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. in Wien, XX XIX, p. ror

(1890).

This genus was erected to contain several species of walking-stick-
like locusts that occur in Brazil. They differ from other repre-
sentatives of the family in that the females have the rostrum of the
vertex more or less clavate. At least five species have thus far been
recognized.

16. Corynorhynchus radula (Klug).
Proscopia radula KLtuc, Hore Phys. Berol., p. 20, No. 4, pl. 3,” fig. 4 (1820);

BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 604, No. 3 (1838).

Corynorhynchus radula BRUNNER, Monogr. Proscop., p. 16, fig. 4a-e (1890).
Proscopia ruficornis KLuGc, Hore Phys. Berol., p. 24, pl. IV, fig. rz (1820).

Habitat——There are several specimens in the collection, which are
placed here, both sexes being represented. They were collected at
Rio de Janeiro.

Another male specimen of this genus was taken at Chapada, near
Matto Grosso, Brazil. This latter may belong to a distinct species,
since it is considerably larger, being all of 80 mm. in length.

Two of the females also may belong elsewhere, since the apex of
their rostrum is somewhat differently shaped from that of typical
specimens of radula as figured by Brunner in his monograph of the
family.

Genus TETANORHYNCHUS Brunner.

Tetanorhynchus BRUNNER V. WATTENWYL, Verh. d. k. k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. in Wien,
XXXIX, pp. 92, 104 (1890); GiGLIo-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino,
XII, No. 302, p. 18 (1897); REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1904, p. 677.
The genus Tetanorhynchus was erected by Carl Brunner von

Wattenwyl to contain certain forms of the slender, apterous, stick-

like locusts, which occur chiefly in tropical South America east of the

Andes Mountains and between the Amazons and the northern regions

of the Argentine Republic. As stated in my remarks introductory

to the family Proscopide all of these insects are rather variable in
their characters. The genera as well as the species, as at present
understood, cannot be definitely separated by the characters which

434 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

have been chosen for that purpose. Brunner von Wattenwy] included
six species, Giglio-Tos added two others, while Rehn described two
more. The material now being studied likewise seems to contain
two additional forms which can best be placed in the genus Tetano-
rhynchus.

As stated by Brunner von Wattenwyl the representatives of this
genus bear a strong resemblance to those of Cephalocema Burmeister,
and differ in some of its representatives only in the separation of the
dorsal and ventral portions of the pronotum by a well-defined, con-
tinuous, longitudinal groove on each side. As shown in the descrip-
tion of 7. gracilis, which follows, even this character is not permanent,
for occasional individuals occur, in which there isa complete separation
of these parts. This character seems to be one which, to a certain
extent at least, belongs more frequently to immature than to mature
individuals. There are at hand two nymphs of one of these insects
from Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, which in all other characters are Tetano-
rhynchus, but in which the separation is as complete as in any Cepha-
locema. |

Additional forms undoubtedly occur over the vast region which
seems to be their home. Being entirely apterous and possibly also
more or less closely confined to certain host plants, as well as regions
determined by climatic conditions and surface configuration, careful
collecting and study will no doubt result in a much better knowledge
of the family as a whole, and also to the addition of many new forms.
The annexed synoptical key will aid the student in the separation of
the dozen recognized species of Tetanorhynchus:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF TETANORHYNCHUS.

A. Rostrum of the vertex of female shorter or at least no longer than the remainder
of the head. (The posterior tibize above on the inner margin with not
more than 20 or 21 spines.)

b. Rostrum of the vertex of the female much longer than one-half of the re-
mainder of the head. Posterior tibia below on the outer margin
spined towards the apex.

c. Rostrum of the female with all the carine prominent, viewed from the
front eruciform or cross-shaped. (Posterior tibiz above on the inner
margin 10-11 spined. Subgenital plate but little produced.)

punctatus Klug.
cc. Rostrum of the female with the carine, especially the lower ones, less
prominent, viewed from the front quadrate or lamellate.
(Posterior tibia above on the inner margin variously spined.)
d. Form graceful, especially in the males.

BRUNER: SouTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 435

e. Rostrum viewed from the front lamellate, the upper carine
much more prominent than the lower ones. Margins
of hind tibiz about 20-spined...... sublevis Brunner.

ee. Rostrum viewed from the front quadrate, the carine of
nearly equal prominence.
f. Apex of the rostrum more or less acuminate.
g. Rostrum with its carine crenulate. Hind tibiz of
female internally 15—17-spined, externally 19.
SPINE! Beton ov wrens estos we ers propinquus Brunner,
gg. Rostrum with its carina smooth. Hind tibia of the
male 15—16-spined, of female 20-spined.
bihastatus Rehn.
ff. Apex of rostrum blunt.

g. Rostrum of the male vertex longer (4-6 mm.).
Hind tibie with fewer spines (10-15 in
number).

h. Size larger (o', 68-83 mm., 9, 92-115 mm.).
Hind tibiz with 11-15 spines on both margins,
humilis Giglio-Tos.
hh. Size smaller (o’, 65 mm., 2,90 mm.). Hind
tibiz 10—12-spined on both margins.
gracilis sp. nov.
gg. Rostrum of the male vertex shorter (2.65 mm.),
Hind tibiz with more spines (20-21 in number).
curtirostris sp. nov.
dd. Formof male robust, body glabrous. Anterior and middle femora

CAV Wierd au eher ty seta ries oils Ns eo os eke Poets eaehenetess smithi Rehn.
bb. Rostrum of the female but little longer than one-half of the remainder of
head. Posterior tibize below entirely unarmed...... incertus Brunner.

AA. Rostrum of the vertex of the female longer than the remainder of the head.
(The posterior tibiz above on the inner margin sometimes with more than

20 spines.)
b. Pronotum densely granulate. Posterior tibia above armed internally with
DAMS DINOS arenes er feieteicen gel eicr ace ie Sis oio:8 So obs oo ereeiers ars longirostris Brunner.

bb. Pronotum impress-punctate. Posterior tibiae above armed internally
with from 13 to 22 spines.

c. Smaller (2, 80 mm. long). Rostrum towards the apex attenuate, the

apex obtuse. Posterior tibiz both internally and externally 13-

BNC eesti eerie rye ai'eielose ofersie wiS ceckn owen angustirostris Brunner.

cc. Larger (9, 124-138 mm. long). Rostrum with the apex strongly

clavate. Posterior tibie internally and externally 14—22-spined.

Subgenital plate of male compressed, a little shorter than the rostrum,

UCU TRLETLA CC Neg eretaveres chs Tan ra'eis. site 0 ay siTeie fois ose atetereneners borelli Giglio-Tos.

17. Tetanorhynchus punctatus (Klug).

Proscopia punctata Kiuc, Hore Phys. Berol., p. 19, No. 3, pl. 3, fig. 3 (1820);
BuRMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 604, No. 5 (1838).

436 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Tetanorhynchus punctatus BRUNNER, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XL, pp. 104, 105,
pl. 4, figs. 5d—e (18900).

Proscopia subparallela WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., III, p. 480, No. 24
(1870).

o' Proscopia acuminata KLuG, Hore Phys. Berol., p. 23, No. 10, pl. 4, fig. 10 (1820);
BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 605, No. ro (1838).

Nymph. Proscopia striata KLuG, 1. c., p. 23, No. 9, pl. 4, fig. 9 (1820); Bur-
MEISTER, l.c., p. 605, No. 9 (1838).
Habitat.——A single male taken at Corumba is referred here. It was

collected by H. H. Smith during the month of April.
In size and general appearance this insect resembles the males

labeled as T. suble@vis from the same locality.

18. Tetanorhynchus sublevis Brunner.

Tetanorhynchus sublevis BRUNNER, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XL, p. 105, No. 23
pl. 4, figs. 5a—c (1890); Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 86 (1910).
Habitat—Corumba, Brazil, two males, collected during March

and April by H. H. Smith. These specimens are very similar to those

coming from the same locality and determined as propinquus and
punctatus. The latter, however, has the rostrum decidedly shorter.

19. Tetanorhynchus propinquus Brunner.

Tetanorhynchus propinquus BRUNNER, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XL, pp. 105,
106, No. 3 (1890); KirBy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 86 (1910).

Habitat—Six males taken by H. H. Smith at Corumba, Brazil, are
referred to this species on account of the number of spines on the hind
tibia. They also were taken in March and April.

It is a difficult matter to determine just which of the opposite sexes
belong together in this genus, unless collected 77 coitu.

20. Tetanorhynchus bihastatus Rehn.

Tetanorhynchus bihastatus REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., LVI, p. 677 (1905);
KirBy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 86 (1910).

Habitat.—Five females coming from Corumba, Brazil, are referred
to Rehn’s T. bihastatus. They also were collected by H. H. Smith
during March and April.

21. Tetanorhynchus humilis Giglio-Tos.

Tetanorhynchus humilis GicLi1o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XII,
No. 302, p. 18 (1897); KirBy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 86 (1910).

Habitat—Two males and two females of this genus are,at hand,

BRUNER : SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 437

which seem to fit Giglio-Tos’ description of 7. humilis. The males
come from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, where they were collected
at an elevation of four hundred and fifty meters above sea-level by J.
Steinbach. The females were collected at Puerto Suarez, Bolivia,
during November by the same person.

22. Tetanorhynchus gracilis sp. nov.

In size very similar to T. longicornis, described in the present paper,
but differing from it in the slightly more robust stature and the longer
rostrum of the vertex and much shorter antenne and subgenital
plate. Like that insect the present species also shows marked Cepha-
locema characteristics. In fact one specimen has the sternum
distinctly separated from the pronotum, but otherwise does not differ
from the other individuals now being studied.

Head coarsely punctulate, gently constricted slightly behind the
depressed eyes, the occiput quite noticeably canaliculate at middle
back of the eyes, between them carinated. Rostrum quadrate, evenly
tapering, as high as wide, gently depressed, the angles bluntly cari-
nated; above convex at base, sulcate apically, at sides basally with
a heavy longitudinal carina that gradually tapers towards the apex.
Frontal costa inconspicuous, somewhat similar to that of longicornis.
Sides of head rounded, without angles or carina. Antenne about
one-fourth shorter than the rostrum, the basal joint a trifle over a
third the length of the eyes. Pronotum subcylindrical, rather
strongly punctured, the surface somewhat glabrous, in the middle
scarcely carinated, but with a narrow space free from punctulation.
Abdomen with the basal joint punctulate, smooth beyond and the
apical segments faintly 5-carinate as in 7. longicornis and several of
the species of Cephalocema. Last ventral segment or subgenital
plate compressed, acuminate, and canaliculate above, the lower
middle strongly carinated, but the sides scarcely so. Supra-anal
plate short, roundly triangular. Legs slender. Hind tibie 10-12-
spined. General color olive-green, more or less testaceous below.

Length of body, o’, about 65 mm., of head, 12 mm., of rostrum,
4.5-6 mm., of pronotum, 12 mm., of anterior femora, 8 mm., of hind
femora, 20 mm., of hind tibia, 20 mm., of subgenital plate, 4 mm.

Length of body, 9, (?) 90 mm., of head, 14 mm., of rostrum, 5.5—-6.5
mm., of pronotum, 16.5 mm., of anterior femora, 13 mm., of hind
femora, 29 mm., of hind tibiz, 31 mm.

438 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Habitat—There are several specimens of the male at hand that
come from Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, also a
couple of males that were taken at Corumba, Brazil, H. H. Smith
collector. The type is the property of the Carnegie Museum.

There are several female specimens before me which may belong
with the male described above. They were taken at Corumba, as
were also some of the males. They are placed here with some doubt
because of the greater number of tibial spines (19-21) and the different
style of pronotal punctulation (variolose). Otherwise the rostrum
and antennal characters agree with those of the males. The measure-
ments of one of these females is given above.

23. Tetanorhynchus longicornis sp. nov.

This insect is unusually slender so far at least as the male is con-
cerned. It may be recognized from the other species of the genus
by the extreme length of the antenne, which are fully one-half longer
than the rostrum of the vertex. Subgenital plate long, acuminate,
and with its sides fairly strongly compressed, prominently carinated
below and at middle of sides, the upper edges margined.

Head long and slender, evenly narrowing from base to the eyes,
viewed in profile the front is but little sinuate; the occiput moderately
transversely rugulose, provided with a low blunt median longitudinal
and two supplementary lateral (one on each side) carine. Sides of
head also provided with a strong rounded carina that extends from
the outer margin of the base of the clypeus to the back edge of the
eyes; frontal costa prominent throughout as a rounded ridge or
carina, the upper end of which branches at the ocellus and gradually
fades away between the heavy anterior borders of the eyes. Rostrum
quadrate, transversely wedge-shaped, about one-third longer than the
depressed eyes, gently tapering and with the apex rounded, the lateral
margins both above and below coarsely carinated, the upper disk
convex and somewhat transversely rugose, lower disk flattened or
gently sulcate, smooth; the outer sides sulcate and provided with a
slender median carina that extends two-thirds of its length. Eyes
strongly depressed, a little more than twice as long as broad. An-
tenne elongate, fully twice the length of the rostrum, the basal joint
one-half the length of the eyes. Pronotum. sub-depressed, not
separated from the sternum by lateral grooves, the surface rather
profusely and finely punctulate, near the middle of the dorsum

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 439

somewhat transversely so, the middle provided with a fairly con-
spicuous percurrent carina. Abdomen apically above dimly 5-cari-
nate as in some of the species of Cephalocema. Supra-anal plate
short, bluntly rounded at apex; subgenital plate as described above.
Legs slender. Margins of hind tibiae 20—21-spined.

General color dark olive-brown, with the lateral margins of the
head and prothorax flavous. Legs and underside testaceous.

Length of body, o&, 64 mm., of head above, 10.5 mm., of rostrum,
2.65 mm., of pronotum, 12.5 mm., of anterior femora, 9 mm., of hind
femora, 22 mm., of hind tibiz, 22 mm., of subgenital plate, 6 mm.

Habitat.—A single male, the type, is at hand. It was collected by
J. D. Haseman at Formosa, Bahia, Brazil, February 15th, 1908. The
type is deposited in the Carnegie Museum.

This insect in some of its characters approaches the genus Cepha-
locema, but in others certainly is distinctly a Tetanorhynchus.

24. Tetanorhynchus smithi Rehn.
Tetanorhynchus smithi REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVI, p. 678 (1904);

KirBy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 86 (1910).

Habitat.—The present species is represented by at least eight male
specimens, which come from Corumba, Brazil, where they were collected
by H. H. Smith during March and April. There are also at hand
three females from the same locality and bearing similar dates which
I am inclined to label smithi, although they are comparatively small
and slender (85-88 mm. long) to go with the males. Possibly these
may be ‘‘subimagoes” or individuals which have matured with the
fourth instead of the fifth molt, as mentioned on a former page of this
paper.

25. Tetanorhynchus incertus Brunner.
Tetanorhynchus incertus BRUNNER, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XL, 105, 106, No. 4

(1890); KirBy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 86 (1910).

Habitat.—There is a single female specimen of this insect at hand
which H. H. Smith took during October. It comes from Rio de Janeiro.

As Brunner von Wattenwyl suggests, this insect has some char-
acteristics of Corynorhynchus as well as of the present genus.

Genus CEPHALOCEMA Serville.

Cephalocema SERVILLE, Ins., Orthopt., p. 577 (1839); BURMEISTER, Abhandl. Ges.
Halle, XV, p. 3 (1880); BRUNNER, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XL, pp. 93, 114
(1890); GiGL10-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XII, No. 302, pp.
19-21 (1894).

440 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

The locusts referred to this genus belong to South America and are
found between the equator and about 36° south latitude. They
differ from the species of Tetanorhynchus and Corynorhynchus
chiefly in having the sternum of the protharax separated from the
dorsal portion by well-defined lateral, longitudinal sulci, and in the
front being straight rather than sinuose. About twenty species have
been described thus far.

26. Cephaloccema costulata Burmeister.

Cephalocema costulata BURMEISTER, Abhandl. Naturf. Ges. Halle, XV, p. 9, No. 3
pl. 1, figs. 3-7 (1880); BRUNNER, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XL, pp. 115, 116
(1890); GicLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XII, No. 302, pp. 19,
20 (1897); BRUNER, Second Rept. Locust Comm. B. Aires, p. 20, pl. 6 (1900);
Ip., Proc; U.S. Nat. Mus: XoxX,.p. 610, pl. 36; fig. 1 1(1906).
Habitat—Chapada and Corumba, Brazil where the dozen or more

specimens were taken from April to September inclusive by H. H.

Smith. Most of this material is immature.

This seems to be the most abundant as well as most widely dis-

tributed species of the genus.

27. Cephaloccema sp.?

There is still another species of the genus Cephalocema at hand.
It is represented by,a single female coming from Chapada, Brazil,
where it was taken by H. H. Smith in December. This insect exhibits
several of the characteristics described by Rehn in connection with
his Cephalocema chapadensis (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p.
681). The measurements of the female of chapadensis are 75.5 mm.
long while the present specimen is 92 mm. long. Rehn’s insect had a
head 15.5 mm. long while this one has it 16.5 mm. in length. The
spine formula for the hind tibiz is 10-10 in our specimen, while Rehn’s
is given as I2 externally and 9 or 10 internally. The rostrum of this
specimen has the sides parallel, the apex blunt and viewed from in
front quadrate, the carine rather prominent and cruciate. Its length
a little less than the remainder of the head, or 8 mm. In stature this
specimen is moderately robust, at least more noticeably so than in
C. costulata Burmeister. If not chapadensis it might be known
temporarily as C. cuyabensis Bruner.

28. Cephaloccema calamus Burmeister.

Cephalocema calamus BURMEISTER, Abhandl. Ges. Halle, XV, p. 11, No. 4 (1880);
BRUNNER, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XL, pp. 115, 116, No. 4 (1890).

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 441

Habitat.—There are nine specimens at hand which are referred
here, some of them doubtfully. They come from Chapada and
Corumbé, Brazil, and Puerto Suarez, Bolivia. They were taken
during the period from November to April inclusive.

The rostrum in some of the males is apparently broken off at about
its middle, but otherwise these individuals do not appear to differ
greatly from normal specimens.

29. Cephaloceema borelli (Giglio-Tos).

Prosarthria borellii G1GL1o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No. 184,
p. 4 (1894).

Cephalocema borellii G1icLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XII,
No. 302, p. 19 (1897); KirBy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 89 (1910).
Habitat—Three male and three female specimens which were taken

at Chapada, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, are referred here.

They were collected by H. H. Smith during the months of June and

July.

The female specimens appear to be immature, as they measure but

85 mm. in length instead of 113 mm., as given for this species in the

original description.

Genus STIPHRA Brunner.

Stiphra BRUNNER V. WATTENWYL, Verhandl. d. k. k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XX XIX,
p. 21, fig. 6 (1890).

The insects which comprise the present genus are especially noted
for their compactness. Three species have been described heretofore,
and now a fourth is added. Their distribution seems to be confined
to middle and southern Brazil and eastern Bolivia. The annexed
table will assist in their separation.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF STIPHRA.

A. Middle tibie on their basal fourth provided with a lobe or expansion. § Meta-
notum plane. (Rostrum of the female truncate, a little longer than the
VERS) Me Es ALicee Taz! | ener eter vere eters evatene revokes efchavclaversTeleve lobata Brunner.

AA. Middle tibiz on their basal fourth not lobate. Metanotum tuberculately
elevated on its posterior margin.

b. Rostrum of female vertex at least twice as long as the eyes; in the male
acuminate and longer than the eyes. Metanotum except the marginal
tubercle plane. [Prov. Santa Catharina, Brazil]. .téwberculata Brunner.

bb. Rostrum of the female vertex not known; of the male truncate, or broadly
rounded and shorter than the eyes. Metanotum strongly arched.

c. Larger (o’, 72 mm.). Vertex truncate. ([Bolivia]..gibbosa Guerin.

cc. Smaller (co, 48 mm.). Vertex broadly rounded. [Bom Fim, Bahia.]
brevirostris sp. nov.

442 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

30. Stiphra brevirostris sp. nov.

Most nearly related to S. gibbosa Guerin, from which it differs in its
smaller size and much shorter and rounded, instead of truncate, rostrum
of the vertex.

Stature moderately robust. Head strongly constricted back of
the eyes, nearly or quite as long as the pronotum, somewhat trans-
versely rugose above, smooth elsewhere; the eyes prominent, almost
as wide as long, separated above by a space about equal to one-half
of their longest diameter; the fastigium of the vertex or rostrum quite
strongly depressed, broadly rounded in front, the lateral edges blunt.
Occiput longitudinally grooved at middle almost to the{ back’ margin
of the eyes, and from that point forward extends a blunt carina, which
reaches the tip of the rostrum. Antenne a little more than twice as
long as the rostrum, subclavate, the basal joint less than one-fourth as
long as the eyes. Pronotum glabrous, transversely rugoso-punctate,
the anterior legs arising about one-third its length from the front,
anterior margin a little flaring at sides, roundly and widely emarginate
at middle; meso- and meta-notum broadly dilated, also punctulate,
the latter strongly arched and rugoso-punctulate, provided with a
median and two lateral longitudinal ridges on each side of its disk.
Abdomen minutely punctulate, rather robust and tapering but little
caudad. Last ventral segment short, compressed. Legs short, the
anterior and middle pairs very robust apically. Hind tibize 13-15-
spined externally, 1o-12-spined internally.

General color dark olive-green, the legs paler. Antenne pale at
base, black beyond.

Length of body, o', 38 mm., of head, 7 mm., of rostrum, 0.9 mm.,
of pronotum, 6 mm., of anterior femora, 4.75 mm., of hind femora,
13.5 mm.

Habitat—Bom Fim, Bahia, Brazil, ‘‘Fazenda de Amoratu, ’’No-
vember 20, 1907, J. D. Haseman collector. The only specimen at
hand is the type, a male. It is the property of the Carnegie Museum.

Family TRYXALID.

This is one of the principal families of locusts in most countries.
In South America it comes next to the Cyrtacanthacride (Acridiide)
both in the number of its representatives and their importance
economically. In the material here reported upon we find some new
forms, including two new genera.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 443

Since no complete synoptic key of these South American genera
has heretofore appeared, one, which may be accepted as preliminary,
has been prepared, and is now presented.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN GENERA OF TRYXALID.

A. Foveole of the vertex below or wanting. The face usually very oblique.
b. Antenne with the joints depressed or flattened, usually more or less de-
cidedly ensiform in one or both sexes.
c. Wings of male more or less strongly fenestrate on the humeral field.
d. Sides of the fastigium of the vertex strongly rounded or arcuate,
the apex not acuminate. Tegmina acuminate or decidedly
obliquely truncate. Posterior femora with the apical
angles horizontally produced, acuminate. Head conical,
face rather strongly oblique. Foveole of the’ vertex
indistinct, triagonal.

e. Vertex longer than the eyes. Tegmina of the male broader
than the length of the pronotum. Wings of the male
very broadly fenestrate....Hyalopteryx Charpentier.

ee. Vertex shorter than the eyes. Tegmina of the male nar-
rower than the length of the pronotum. Wings of
male less broadly fenestrate.
jf. Tegmina acuminate, the wings tinted with dilute red.
Lateral carine of the pronotum interrupted.
Eutryxalis Bruner.
ff. Tegmina obliquely truncate at apex; wings hyaline and
more or less infuscated. Pronotum with the
lateral carinz continuous, uninterrupted.
g. Larger, general color green...... Truxalis Linneus.
gg. Smaller, general color testaceous or ferruginous.
Orphula Stal.
dd. Sides of the fastigium of the vertex straight or but gently rounded,
the apex more or less acuminate. Tegmina broadly
rounded or but feebly truncated at the apex.

e. Fastigium of the vertex above depressed or sulcate, without a
median longitudinal carina.

jf. Lateral carinee of the pronotum less prominent than the
median, more or less divergent, especially on the
metazona; the prozona and metazona about equal
in length, the lateral lobes deeper than long.

g. The lateral carina nearly or quite as well developed
on the prozona as on the metazona. Eyes
more or less truncate in front.

h. Apical half or two-thirds of tegmina mem-
branous. Antenne longer.
7. Tegmina moderately broad, the apex
feebly truncated; disk of wings
tinged with yellowish.

444 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

j. Antenne with their basal joints de-
pressed, giving to these organs a
subensiform appearance.

Parorphula Bruner.

jj. Antenne with the joints scarcely or not
at all depressed, filiform.

Sisantum Bruner.

ii. Tegmina narrow, their apex rounded; disk
of wings fuscous, the anterior border
apically black-banded. ;

Orphulina Giglio-Tos.
hh. Apical third only of tegmina membranous;
wings clear or but little infuscated.

Antenne shorter.

7. Posterior tibie with more (13-14) spines
in outer row; tegmina with a decided
humeral vitta; eyes rather large, but
feebly bulging.....Parachlebata Bruner.

ii. Posterior tibize with fewer spines in the
outer row (10-11); tegmina without a
decided humeral vitta; eyes of moderate
size, somewhat bulging.

Orphulella Giglio-Tos.

gg. Lateral carine of pronotum but feebly developed on

the prozona when compared with those on the
metazona; eyes subglobular, large.

Linoceratium Bruner.

ff. Lateral carine of the pronotum not converging near the

middle, almost or quite as prominent as the median,

the sides of the pronotum not compressed at middle.

Tegmina and wings sometimes, but not always, ab-

DREVIATECIN. teccresciscccte. oieto mies e Dichromorpha Morse.

ee. Fastigium of the vertex above rounded, provided with a
longitudinal median carina.

f. General color dark brown or fuscous varied with tes-
taceous. Wings strongly bordered with fuligi-
nous. Lateral carine of pronotum faint and
irregular.

g. Wings with the anterior ulnar vein branched at base.
Antenne of male clavate. Humeral field of wings
not broadly scalariform or fenestrate. Wings
red! Vang blacks.) trerscsysislers isis Toxopterus Bolivar.

gg. Wings with the anterior ulnar vein not branched at
base. Humeral field of wing very broadly scalari-

form or fenestrate. Wings dull orange or sul-

phurows: and blackiysi). si « cise) Peruvia Scudder.

ff. General color green or testaceous. Lateral carine of

BRUNER; SOUTH ‘AMERICAN LOoCUSTs. 445

pronotum prominent, straight. Wings largely hyaline

except for the roseate disk.
Cocylotettix Rehn.
cc. Wings of male not fenestrate in humeral field, the radial veins not
incrassate. Lateral carine parallel or gently divergent to the

rear.
d. Pronotum provided with a pair of supplemental carinz on the disk.
Sinipta Stal
dd. Pronotum without the supplemental carine on the disk.
Leurocerus Bruner.
bb. Antenne filiform. Lateral carine of pronotum parallel.

Amblytropidia Stal.
AA. Foveole of the vertex visible from above; but sometimes very inconspicuous,

Face generally less oblique than in the alternate category.

b. Inner apical spurs of hind tibia subequal in length. Antenne, at least of
male, nearly or quite as long as the hind femora.

c. Body robust, apterous or subapterous, somewhat similar in form to
the representatives of Calefes Brunner. Vertex longitudinally
carinate [Galapagos Islands]............ Closteridea Scudder.

cc. Body provided with wings, of normalform. Vertex not longitudinally
carinate. [Not insular in distribution.]
d. Wings colored. Basal joints of antenne depressed. Tegmina
without a trace of an intercalary vein.
Fenestra Giglio-Tos.
Dichroatettix Bruner.
dd. Wings hyaline or transparent. Basal joints of the antenne not
depressed. Tegmina provided with a more or less well de-
veloped intercalary vein.
e. Foveole of the vertex very inconspicuous. Antenne
elongate.
f. Fastigium of the vertex provided with a prominent
median longitudinal carina. A polobamba gen. nov.
ff. Fastigium of the vertex without a prominent median
longitudinal carina.
g. Pronotum without lateral carina or with carine that
are very widely interrupted in the middle.
Insects moderately graceful in form.
h. Valves of the ovipositor short and very blunt
[Paraguay]........ -Amblyscapheus Bruner.
hh. Valves of the ovipositor normal in form
[eri] frrtccreccerteiskeecniek Compsacris Bolivar.
gg. Pronotum provided with well developed lateral
carine that are usually continuous. Insects
more robust in form. .Staurorhectus Giglio-Tos.
ee. Foveole of the vertex distinct. Antenne shorter.
f. Size of insects larger (o’, 17-18 mm., 9, 21-22 mm.);
form rather robust.

446 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

g. Lateral foveole of the vertex sublanceolate. Pro-

notum deplanate above........... Isonyx Rehn.

gg. Lateral foveole of the vertex quadrate. Prono-

tum rounded above. .-........... Borellia Rehn.

ff. Size of insects smaller (o7, 12 mm., 2, 16 mm.). Form

MOLE ySTACELU yi ee ee eee nay eee Stereotettix Rehn.

bb. Inner apical spurs of hind tibiz very unequal in length. Antenne of
neither sex never nearly as long as the hind femora.

c. Lateral foveole of the vertex well developed, varying from nearly

square to sublinear.

d. Pronotum with the lateral carina very inconspicuous or missing,

the lateral lobes not ridged.

e. Hind tibia with seven spines externally, the inner spur quite
straight, much longer than its mate and very similar in form
to that of Scyllina. Foveole three times as long as wide.

Alota gen. nov.

ee. Hind tibizw eight-spined externally, the inner spur evenly

curved and tapering, about a third longer than its mate.

Koveola! nearly -squiatrer.-.....a0 ss oer: Pellopedon Bruner.

dd. Pronotum with well developed lateral carinz and on the lateral
lobes raised ridges.

e. Tegmina and wings more or less abbreviated. Fastigium of
the vertex provided with a faint median longitudinal
CAT IMA Axates cs ete Pao eae et ode eens intros Meloscirtus Bruner.

ee. Tegmina and wings fully developed. Fastigium of the vertex
not carinated longitudinally........ Stirapleura Scudder.
cc. Lateral foveole of the vertex obscure, linear.

d. Larger. Lateral carine of the pronotum more or less interrupted
between the anterior and posterior sulci; diverging strongly
both anteriorly and: postertorlyay cee ee ess Scyllina Stal.

dd. Smaller. Lateral carine but little or not at all interrupted and
bitte dittlesdiy envent.. 0 seater ee eee Euplectrotettix Bruner.!

Genus TRUXALIS Fabricius.

Truxalis FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., p. 279 (1775); STAL, Recens. Orthopt., pp. 92, 104
(1873), and others.

31. Truxalis brevicornis (Linnzus).
Gryllus brevicornis LINN&ZUS, Cent. Ins., Part, p. 15 (1763).
Truxalis brevicornis FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., p. 279 (1775).
Other synonymy is given in a former paper by me (ANNALS CarR-
NEGIE Mus., VIII, p. 9).
1 The genus Tvistira Brunner possibly belongs to this division and somewhere

near Meloscirtus. This, however, is only a surmise, as no specimen is at hand,
and the description does not mention the spur characters.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 447

Habitat.—Specimens are at hand from Bahia, Brazil, and Puerto
Suarez, Bolivia. Those coming from the former region (three females)
bear the label ‘‘Bom Fim (Rio Sapad) Bahia, Nov. 10, 1908,’’ and
were collected by J. D. Haseman. The other lot (one male and two
females) was taken by J. Steinbach during November, 1908, and
January, 1909.

Genus ORPHULA Stal.

Orphula STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 105 (1873); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
VIII, p. 9 (1911).

32. Orphula pagana (Stal).
Gomphocerus (Hyalopteryx) pagana STAL, Freg. Eug. Resa., Ins. Orthopt., p. 339

(1860).

Truxalis (Orphula) pagana STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 106 (1873).
Orphula pagana GiGLi0-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp., Torino, IX, No.

184, p. 9 (1894).

Habitat.—The material taken by J. Steinbach at Santa Cruz de la
Sierra, Bolivia, contains three males and four females of this insect.
There is also a single female collected by J. D. Haseman at Sapucay,
Paraguay.

One of the females coming from Sta. Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, is
dull black throughout.

Genus ORPHULELLA Giglio-Tos.

Orphulella G1GLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, no. 184, p. 10
(1894); SCUDDER, Can. Ent., XX XI, pp. 177-188 (1899); BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-
Amer., Orthopt., II, pp. 31, 74 (1902, 1904); Is., Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII,
pp. 9-20 (1911).

33. Orphulella (?) crassa Bruner?
Orphulella crassa BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 17 (1911).

There is a male specimen at hand which I am inclined to place here.
It comes from ‘Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes, Brazil,’’ where it was
taken on May 3, 1908, by J. D. Haseman. While not quite typical
in some respects, it agrees very closely with a male coming from
Rio de Janeiro and labeled O. crassa by myself, when the types were
at hand for comparison.

This species, O. crassa, also bears a rather strong resemblance to
the insects described by me as Orphula meridionalis and O. guatemale,
as well as with the Oxycoryphus azteca Saussure. The Oxycoryphus

448 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

mexicanus of Saussure is also related. It is quite possible that
these insects, along with two or three others, should be placed in a
distinct genus, or at least subgenus, under Orphulella.

The Orphula gracilicornis Bruner (Ent. News, XXI, p. 301, July,
1910) which was later referred by J. A. G. Rehn to Sisantum (Ent.
News, XXII, pp. 251-252, June, 1911) might better be placed here
also.

34. Orphulella obscura Bruner.
Orphulella obscura BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 627 (1906); Ann.

Carnegie Mus., VIII, pp. 10, 12 (1911).

Habitat.—Rio Sapao, Bahia, Brazil, a single female specimen, which
was taken on January 30, 1908, by J. D. Haseman.

35. Orphulella pelidna (Burmeister)?

Gomphocerus pelidnus BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 650 (1838).
Stenobothrus pelidnus THOMAS, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., V, p. 95 (1873).
Orphula pelidna MCNEILL, Proc. Dav. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, pp. 235-239 (1897).
Orphulella pelidna SCUDDER, Can. Ent., XXXI, pp. 179, 187 (1899).

Habitat—The single female specimen at hand bears the label
“Blue Hills, Nassau, Bahama Is.—Worthington.”’ A number of
records credit it as being indigenous to various of the West Indian
Islands. ;

36. Orphulella elongata Bruner.

Orphulella elongata BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, pp. 11, 14 (1911).

Habitat—Two females and three males are before me, which were
collected at Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, by J. Steinbach, and a single
female, which comes from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, also taken
by Steinbach.

37. Orphulella punctata (De Geer).

Acridium punctatum DE GEER, Mem. Ins., III, p. 593, pl. 42, fig. 12 (1773).

Truxalis punctata STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 106 (1873).

Orphulella punctata GicLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp., Torino, IX, No.
184, p. 12 (1894); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, pp. 11, 15 (191I).
Habitat—The material at hand all comes from Santa Cruz de la

Sierra and Puerto Suarez, Bolivia. It was collected by J. Steinbach.

38. Orphulella expandens (Walker).

Stenobothrus expandens WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 758 (1870).
Orphulella expandens Kirspy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 122 (1910); BRUNER, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., VIII, pp. 11, 16 (1911).

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTs. 449

Orphulella elegans GiGL10-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No. 184,
p. 12 (1894). ;
Habitat.—This insect also was taken at Santa Cruz de la Sierra,
Bolivia, by J. Steinbach.

39. Orphulella intricata (Stal).

Orphula intricata STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 106 (1873).
Orphulella intricata G1GLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No.
184 (1894).

Habitat—A number of specimens are at hand labeled Provincia
del Sara, Bolivia.

Genus DicHROMORPHA Morse.
Dichromorpha Morse, Psyche, VII, p. 326 (1896); BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-Amer.,
Orthopt., II, pp. 31, 85 (1902, 1904); Is., Second Rept. Locust Comm. B. Aires,
p. 28 (1900).
40. Dichromorpha australis Bruner.

Dichromorpha australis BRUNER, Locusts of Argentina, p. 29 (1900).
Dichromorpha viridis GiGLio-Tos (mec Scudder), Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp.
Torino, XII, No. 302, p. 24 (1897).
Habitat——The collections made by J. Steinbach in Prov. del Sara,
Bolivia, contain two males of this insect.

Genus ToxopTEerus Bolivar.
Toxopterus BOLIVAR, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., XIX, p. 313 (1890).

These locusts with highly colored wings belong to tropical South
America, and have their center of distribution in Peru, Bolivia, and
the adjoining portions of Brazil. Up to the present but a single
species has been known. A second one is now added.

41. Toxopterus miniatus Bolivar.

Toxopterus miniatus BOLIvAR, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., XIX, p. 314 (1890);
BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 23 (1911).

Habitat—Specimens of this insect are at hand from both Sapucay,
Paraguay, and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.

42. Toxopterus orientalis sp. nov.
About the same size as T. miniatus Bolivar, but readily distinguished
from that insect in its noticeably more rubust form, the heavier and
decidedly depressed antennal joints, in the well-defined lateral carine

450 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

of the pronotum and in having the disk of wings ochre-yellow instead
of deep orange-red. The fenestrate area of the wings in the present
species is a little more regularly veined than in minzatus.

Vertex between the eyes rounded, longitudinally carinate, the
fastigium about as long as wide, the antero-lateral carine straight,
meeting in front at an acute angle; lateral foveole triangular, small,
basal, barely visible from above. Frontal costa prominent above,
viewed in profile roundly produced between the antennae, the sides a
little narrowed between the ocellus and antenna, but evenly divergent
below that point, reaching the base of the clypeus, sulcate throughout;
facial or lateral carine broadly arcuate, their lower ends a little farther
apart. than the upper. Occiput and vertex gently ascending. Eyes
fairly prominent, their length equal to the anterior margin of the
cheeks. Pronotum only gently rugulose, with well-defined lateral
carine, which are more widely separated on the hind than on theanterior
lobe; and with the lobes subequal in length. Tegmina and wings
completely developed, about reaching the apex of the hind femora,
the former coriaceous, moderately broad, and with the costal field
well developed, broadly rounded and supplied on the basal one-fourth
with a small lobe, the apex obliquely truncate. Wings witha regularly
fenestrate costal field. Hind femora rather robust, much coarser
than in the same sex of miniatus; tibiee also heavier than in the allied
species.

General color of insect above brunneo-ferruginous; face uniformly
pale greenish yellow; venter, except pale median line, pectus, and
lower margin of middle and hind femora together with the coxe black,
tibize also black. Wings on disk and basally dull chrome-yellow, the
apex and a narrow border towards hind angle infuscated. Antenne,
except the apex which is black, brunneo-testaceous.

Length of body, o, 22.5 mm., of pronotum, 5.25 mm., of tegmina,
18 mm., of hind femora, 16 mm.

Habitat—The only specimen at hand is labeled ‘“‘ Rio de Janeiro”’
where it was taken by H. H. Smith during November. The type is
in the Carnegie Museum.

Genus AMBLYTROPIDIA Stal.

Amblytropidia STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, pp: 93, 107 (1873); BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-
Amer., II, pp. 29, 62 (1902, 1904); IB., Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, pp. 24-30
(Orr).

BRUNER : SOUTH AMERICAN Locusts. 451

43. Amblytropidia corumbe Bruner.
Amblytropidia corumbe BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, pp. 25, 28 (rorr).
Habitat—There is at hand a single female specimen, which was taken
at Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, by J. Steinbach during the month of
November.

44. Amblytropidia chapadensis Rehn.
Amblytropidia chapadensis REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 371 (1906);
BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, pp. 25, 29 (1911).
Habitat—J. Steinbach collected a single female specimen at Santa
Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, which is referred here. It was taken at an
elevation of 450 meters above sea-level.

45. Amblytropidia interior Bruner.
Amblytropidia interior BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, pp. 26, 29 (1911).
Habitat.—The single male at hand was taken at the same place as
the preceding species.

Genus FENESTRA Giglio-Tos.

Fenestra GiGLio-Tos (nec Brunner), Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII, p. 807 (1895); REHN,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, p. 31 (1906).
Dichroatetlix BRUNER, Second Rept. Locust Comm. B. Aires, pp. 22, 32 (1900).

46. Fenestra bohlsi Giglio-Tos.

Fenestra bohlsii G1GL1o-Tos, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII, p. 807 (1895); REHN, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 31.
Dichroatettix viridifrons BRUNER, Second Rept. Locust Comm. B. Aires, pp. 22, 32
(1900).
Habitat.—A single female of this insect is at hand. It was collected
at Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, by J. Steinbach. The elevation
of the locality is 450 meters above sea-level.

Genus APOLOBAMBA? gen. nov.

Related to Amblytropidia Stal and Leurocererus Bruner, but readily
distinguishable from both of these genera in a number of respects, as
may be seen by referring to the accompanying synoptical table of the
Tryxaline genera of South American locusts.

Insects of medium or small size, form slender, tegmina and wings
complete, passing both the abdomen and hind femora at least in the

2 A geographical name.

452 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

males, the former sparsely veined on the apical half, more closely so
on the basal half, without a well developed intercalary vein, the costal
margin full and broadly rounded on the basal three-fourths, con-
tracted beyond, and with the apex rounded asin Stenobothrus. Wings
without the fenestrate area of Toxopterus and allies. Top of the head
furnished with a percurrent longitudinal carina. Antenne filiform,
rather long. Frontal costa sulcate and expanding below. Pronotum
rugoso-punctate, very gently divergent on the hind lobe, the two lobes
about equal in length; without definite lateral carine, but with the
ruge tending to form several longitudinal parallel ridges both on the
disk and on the lateral lobes. Pinnz regular. Hind femora with the
apical portion graceful, passing the apex of the abdomen by the length
of the genicular portion, the lobes rather small but acuminate, the
superior carina terminating in a small triangular tooth. Hind tibie
slender, 7-spined externally, 10-spined internally; internal spurs much
larger than the outer ones, but the former not very different in size.
The type of this genus is the species pulchra and is described herewith.

47. Apolobamba pulchra sp. nov.

This insect may at once be recognized by the conspicuously orange-
red color of the pectus, venter, and lower edge and sulcus of the hind
femora, the pallid tint of the lower portion of the lateral lobes of the
pronotum, and the pale anterior and middle legs.

Head moderately large, a little wider than the front edge of the
pronotum; viewed in profile the front is rather oblique. Eyes small,
not prominent, straight in front, rounded behind, but little longer
than the anterior edge of the cheeks immediately below them. Vertex
rather wide, nearly equal to the short diameter of the eyes, rounded,
and provided with a well marked carina that reaches,from the fastigium
to the pronotum; fastigium provided with antero-lateral walls, which
meet in front at somewhat less than a right-angle; viewed from above
the foveole represented only by a few coarse punctures on a partially
visible ridge of even width over the antennal fovee. Frontal costa
fairly prominent, its sides parallel to the ocellus, divergent below,
sulcate to the middle of the face, coarsely punctulate below, as is
also most of the face between the lateral carinz; these last straight
and gently divergent below, reaching and continuing upon the man-
dibles. Antenne moderately robust, but filiform, about 20-jointed,
nearly one and one-half times the length of the head and pronotum

BRUNER : SOUTH AMERICAN Locusts. 453

taken together. Pronotum subcylindrical, the median carina promi-
nent throughout, severed only by the last sulcus, hind margin angu-
late, lateral lobes granulately rugose, a little higher than long, their
lower edge sinuose and obliquely docked in front. Tegmina as
described under generic diagnosis. Legs normal. Abdomen graceful,
gently tapering, the apex of the last ventral segment entire. gently
acuminate; cerci evenly tapering, a little longer than the supra-anal
plate, which latter is triangular and has the middle strongly longi-
tudinally sulcate and the margins more or less sinuate. Mesosternal
lobes separated by a quadrate space, which is about as long as broad,
and equal to the lobes themselves.

General color of insect above dark brownish, verging into dull black
on the occiput, upper portion of the sides of the pronotum, and the
base of the tegmina. Front and cheeks varied with dull brown;
lower part of the lateral lobes of the pronotum and pleura together
with the cox, femora, and tibiz of anterior and middle legs, pale
testaceous. Inner face largely, upper edge entirely, and the superior
portion of the outer disk of the hind femora narrowly, pallid, the
latter most conspicuously so. Remaining portion of the outer disk,
together with the genicular portion and base of tibie, black. Pectus,
venter, and under side of hind femora bright orange-red. Abdomen
above fuscous, varied at sides with pallid maculations. Antenne
black; palpi pallid with narrow fuscous fascia. Wings hyaline, be-
coming somewhat embrowned or infuscated along the costal margin
and apically. Tibiz brownish, with a wide pale subbasal annulation;
spines pallid, with black apical half; tarsi pallid, annulate with fuscous.

Length of body, o, 16.5 mm., of pronotum, 3.35 mm., of tegmina,
16 mm., of hind femora, 10 mm.

Habitat—The single specimen at hand was collected by J. Stein-
bach at Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, at an elevation above sea-level
of 450 meters. It also bears the accession number 4546.

_ The type is the property of the Carnegie Museum.

Genus STAURORHECTUS Giglio-Tos.

Staurorhectus G1iGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XII, No. 302,
p. 26 (1897); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 31 (1911).

48. Staurorhectus intermedius Bruner.
Staurorhectus intermedius BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 31 (1911).

Habitat.—Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, a single male specimen.

454 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Genus ALoTA?® gen. nov.

The insect upon which the present genus is based comes from
Bolivia. Its general aspect is that of an Orphulella. On closer
inspection, however, it proves to be very different. In fact it is found
to belong close to the Scylline. Its chief characteristics are a medium
sized head with prominent eyes, a slightly depressed, somewhat
acuminate vertex, which is deeply sulcate, and provided in front with
well-defined, visible foveola, which are much longer than wide; the
front, pronotum, and pleura are very coarsely and deeply punctulate;
the pronotum is sub-sellate and without lateral carine; the tegmina
are long and narrow, profusely veined at the base and along the dorsal
field, without an intercalary vein, and rounded at apex; the wings
lack the fenestrate character of Orphulella and allies; the hind femora
are wide and robust on the basal half, but slender beyond, with regular
pinne externally, the genicular lobes rounded at apex; tibiz adorned
with comparatively few, but large, spines; the mesosternal space or
interval is unusually wide.

A more complete diagnosis follows in connection with the specific
description given below.

49. Alota boliviana sp. nov.

Size below the medium, slender, with narrow tegmina and wings,
which pass both the abdomen and femora, the apex of former rounded.
Front, pronotum, and pleura strongly punctulate. General color dull
wood-brown, paler below. Hind tibie pale glaucous.

Head small, scarcely as wide as the front end of the pronotum, the
front strongly oblique. Eyes prominent, rounded behind, more nearly
straight in front, their longest diameter almost a third greater than
the anterior margin of the cheeks, separated above by a space nearly
or quite one and one-half times the width of the frontal costa between
the antenne; fastigium of the vertex a little longer than broad,
triangular, quite deeply sulcate, the antero-lateral carina prominent
and meeting in a slightly acute angle; lateral foveole visible from
above, about twice as long as wide. Frontal costa fairly prominent,
a little narrowed next to the fastigium, wider between the antennae,
narrowed a trifle in the vicinity of the ocellus and divergent below
and continued to the clypeus, somewhat sulcate, punctulate above and
below. Lateral or facial carine prominent, continuous from the ocelli

8’ This is also a geographical name.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 455

to the base of the mandibles, gently arcuate and divergent. Antenne
missing, the basal joint large, nearly as broad as the vertex, possibly
filiform. Pronotum gently selliform, the two lobes about equal in
length, the anterior one rounded above and without traces of lateral
carina, the posterior one depressed and with well-defined shoulders
but not carinate at sides, hind margin rectangulate, median carina
visible throughout, severed by the last transverse sulcus. Tegmina
narrow, somewhat coriaceous, and closely nerved on the dorsal field
of the basal half, beyond less closely veined and somewhat mem-
branous, without intercalary vein. Abdomen carinate above, evenly
tapering, the apex bluntly acuminate, cerci and supra-anal plate
simple. Hind femora fairly large and robust basally, slender beyond,
the genicular lobes rounded at apex; tibia 7-spined externally; inner
spurs very unequal in size, reminding one of the genera Stirapleura
and Scyllina. Interspace between the mesosternal lobes nearly twice
as wide as long and somewhat greater than the width of the lobes
themselves.

General color as mentioned above, the front, legs, including the hind
femora, and lower side, pale brunneo-testaceous, the abdomen a little
paler with a series of obscure triangular dorsal maculations, one on the
base of each of segments 1-7; base of hind tibiz and interior lower
edge of femoral gene a little obscured.

Length of body, o’, 15 mm., of pronotum, 3.1 mm., of tegmina,
14 mm., of hind femora, 10 mm.

Habitat—Rio Machupo, near Rio Guaporé, Bolivia, Aug. 29
(Haseman collector). The only specimen at hand, the type of both
the genus and species, is deposited in the Carnegie Museum.

This insect on account of its coarsely pitted front, pronotum, and
pleura seems to fall near Ligurotettix Bruner.

Genus STIRAPLEURA Scudder.

Stirapleura SCUDDER in Wheeler, Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Merid.,
Append. JJ., p. 290, (1876).

50. Stirapleura bruneri Rehn.

Stirapleura bruneri REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1906, p. 40.
Stirapleura signatipennis BRUNER (nec Blanchard), Second Rept. Locust Comm.
B. Aires, pp. 34, 36, fig. 12 (1900).

Habitat—There are at hand five specimens, one male and four

456 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

females. They come from Santa Isabel, Rio Negro, Uruguay. They
were collected by J. D. Haseman on February 12, 1909.

Genus SCYLLINA Stal.

Scyllina STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, pp. 94, 112 (1873); for further synonymy see
Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 35.

51. Scyllina conspersa (Bruner).

Plectrotettix conspersa BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II, p. 100 (1904); IBe;
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 635, 636 (1906).
Scyllina conspersa REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 47.
Habitat.—Santa Isabel, Rio Negro, Uruguay, February 12, 1909,
J. D. Haseman collector. The single female at hand was in a box
with three specimens of Schistocera paranensis Burmeister. It bears
the label ‘‘by the billions, a great pest in all central southern S.
America this year—eats everything except leaves of coffee plant.”’
The above record in connection with the present species, and that
referring to the following one, would tend to show that most, if not all,
of the South American species belonging to the genus at times increase
so as to become pests. Similar observations have also been made and
recorded concerning some of the Mexican and Central American
representatives of the genus.

52. -Scyllina sp.?

The collection made by J. D. Haseman contains also several half-
grown nymphs of this genus of locusts. They were taken along the
Rio Novo, in the province of Goyaz, Brazil. All of the specimens are
of the same size and appearance, being flavous and very heavily
marked with black. They evidently belong to S. smitht Rehn, or a
closely allied form, the representatives of which vary but little in
size and color. Mr. Haseman states that there were ‘millions in
grass.’ They were taken February 4, 1908.

53. Scyllina brunneri (Giglio-Tos).
Pseudostauronotus brunneri GIGLIO-Tos, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII, p. 809 (1895).
Plecirotettix brunneri BRUNER, Biol. Cent-Amer., Orthopt., II, p. 100 (1904); IB,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 636 (1906).

Scyllina brunnert REuN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 385 (1906).

Habitat—Four males and one female taken by J. Steinbach are
referred to this variable species. They were collected at Santa Cruz
de la Sierra, Bolivia, at an elevation of 450 meters above the sea.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 457

Family GEDIPODIDA! (LOCUSTID®£).

The old family Gdipodide (now Locustidz) is but poorly repre-
sented in South American countries. Most of its representatives are
to be met with either on the more elevated portions of the Andean
chain or the arid and semiarid portions of Chile and Argentina. The
collections now being studied contain but four forms.

Genus DISSOSTEIRA Scudder.

Dissosteira SCUDDER, Wheeler’s Ann. Rept. Geol. and Geogr. Surv., W. tooth Merid.,
Append. JJ., p. 291 (1876).

54. Dissosteira carolina (Linnzus).

Gryllus (Locusta) carolinus LINN&US, Syst. Nat. (Ed. x), I, p. 433, n. 51 (1758).
Acrydium carolinum DEGEER, Mém. Ins., II, p. 491, pl. 41, figs. 2, 3 (1773).
Gryllus carolinus FaBRictus, Syst. Ent., p. 291, n. 22 (1775).

An extended synonymy is given in Kirby’s Synonymic Catalogue
of Orthoptera, III, pp. 231-232 (1910).

Habitat—This insect is mentioned in the present paper on the
strength of a fully grown nymph bearing the label ‘‘Jamaica, W. I.”
It is a portion of the Carnegie Museum accession number 2306.

This specimen must be accidental on that island, since I find no
former reference to this locust having been taken in the West Indies
or South America.

Genus LAcTISTA Saussure.

Lactista SAUSSURE, Mém. Soc. Geneve, XXVIII, no. 9, pp. 54, 102 (1884); IB.,
l. c., XXX, no. 1, p. 20 (1888); BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II, pp.
116, 167 (1905).

55. Lactista australis sp. nov.

A’ moderately robust insect with pale yellowish hyaline disk on
wings. Most closely related to the L. pulchripennis of Saussure, but
decidedly smaller.

Body compressed, but deep and robust about the thorax. Pronotum
rather strongly rugose above and somewhat less so at hind margin of
sides, with a strong cristate median carina, which is profoundly cut by
the hind transverse sulcus plainly in advance of the middle; posterior
lobe strongly divergent caudad, the hind margin of the disk very
gently acute-angled in the male and a trifle obtuse-angled in the
female; lower posterior angle provided with a well-defined downwardly

458 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

projecting tooth. Head a little narrower than the anterior portion of
the pronotum, the occiput gently ascending, provided with two large
and deep subquadrate pits, in advance of these and immediately
between the eyes on the vertex are two smaller pits, and in front of
these the fastigium is also profoundly sulcate, with heavy bounding
walls, which are continuous with the carine of the frontal costa; lateral
foveole triangular, well defined; upper end of the frontal costa also
quite deeply pitted, sulcate throughout, and with the sides gently
approaching below the ocellus for a short distance. Tegmina and
wings normal, considerably surpassing both the apex of the abdomen
and hind femora in the two sexes. Hind femora moderately robust.
Interspace between the mesosternal lobes about twice as wide as long,
and about equal to the lobes themselves.

General color cinereo-testaceous, varied with black and fuscous
maculations. Tegmina prominently fasciate with fuscous and
grayish testaceous; the apical third vitreous obliquely towards the
base. Wings with the basal half, or a trifle more, pale greenish yellow,
followed by a fairly conspicuous fuscous band, which is most prominent
back of the humeral field and well towards the anal angle, on the costal
margin continued towards the apex, but not basally; the apex vitreous,
but with the veins black. Hind femora externally largely cinereous,
but with two well defined oblique fuscous bands, internally mostly
black with two transverse pale bands; the knees black. Hind tibiz
pallid, somewhat tinged with plumbeous; the base and apex as well as
a submedian area infuscated, giving to them a decidedly fasciate
appearance. Antenne pale at base, fuscous beyond.

Length of body, o\,.14 mim.,9:, 23 mmm-:;-ol pronouum: io1,00+75
mm., 29, 5 mm.; of tegmina, o', 19 mm., 9, 22 mm.; of hind femora,
oT OMMIN eo ST, 5 tai.

Habitat—The two specimens at hand, male and female, were
collected at Bonda (village seven miles east of Santa Marta), Colombia,
in June by H. H. Smith. The types belong to the Carnegie Museum.

The female specimen here described is the insect referred to on
page 169 of Vol. II, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Orthoptera, as
L. pulchripennis Saussure.

Genus SPHINGONOTUS Fieber.

Sphingonothus FIEBER, Kelch. Orthopt. Oberschles, p. 2 (1852).
Sphingonotus FIEBER, Lotus, III, p. 124 (1853).

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 459

While the present rather extensive genus is confined chiefly to the
Orient, at least a half-dozen recognized forms belong to the Western
Hemisphere.

56. Sphingonotus haitensis (Saussure).
C2dipoda haitensis SausSURE, Rev. Zool., (2) XIII, p. 323 (1861).
Sphingonotus haitensis SAUSSURE, Mem. Soc. Genéve, XXVIII (9), pp. 196, 202,

No. 7 (1884); Is., l. c., pp. 77, 81, No. ro (1888).

Habitat—There are two male specimens at hand, the one coming
from the Isle of Pines, and the other from Watling’s Island, in the
Bahamas. It has also been reported from other West Indian islands
and Mexico.

Genus Ca@LopTERNA Stal.
Celoptera STAL, CEfv. Vet.-Akad. Férh., XXX, No. 4, p. 53 (1873).

57. Ccelopterna acuminata (De Geer).

Acrydium acuminatum DE GEER, Mém. Ins., III, p. 501, No. 19, pl. 42, fig. 10 (1773).
Celoptera acuminata STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 145, No. 1 (1873).
Celopterna stalii SCUDDER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, p. 277, No. 34 (1875).
Epacromia selecta WALKER, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., V, Suppl., p. 84 (1871).

Habitat——This widely distributed South American locust is repre-
sented by a large number of specimens of both sexes. Some of the
localities are: Morro do Para, Bahia; Alcobaca, Rio Tocantins in
Grao Parad; Santa Rita, Lagoa de Rio Preto, Bahia, in Brazil; and
Santa Fe de la Sierra, Puerto Suarez, and Villa Bella, in Bolivia.

This locust is aquatic in habit, as attested by its dilated hind tibia,
and by the fact that it is only taken near the water. It is drawn to
lights at night, where it is most readily collected.

Family OMMEXYCHID.

The locusts belonging to this family are all confined to the South
American continent, with their center of distribution pretty well to
the southward. Forms occur from the eastern slopes of the Andes
Mountains in Peru and Bolivia to the Atlantic and from the Amazon
River in the north to at least as far southward as the Rio Negro and
Bahia Blanca in Argentina. The genus Ossa Giglio-Tos, replaced by
Parossa Bruner (ANN. CARNEGIE Mus., VIII, p. 38, 1911) is an
aberrant form with smooth pronotum, and in which the wings are
fully developed and transparent. All of the others, so far as known,
have the thorax strongly spined or tuberculate and generally with

460 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

either strongly abbreviated or even rudimentary wings. As men-
tioned by the present writer in the ANNALS, the different species are
frequently confined to special food-plants, upon which they sometimes
congregate in large numbers. Several of them are known to attack
tobacco and closely allied plants.

Genus OMMEXECHA Serville.

Ommexecha SERVILLE, Ann. Soc. Nat., XII, p. 285 (1831); BoLivar, Rev. Chilena
Hist. Nat., III, p. 54 (1899); BRUNER, Second Rept. Locust Comm. B. Aires,
p. 47 (1900).

58. Ommexecha servillei Blanchard.

Ommexecha servillei BLANCHARD, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, V, p. 613, pl. 22, figs 2, 3
(1836).

Habitat—There is a single male before me, which comes from Santa

Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. It was taken by J. Steinbach at an ele-

vation of 450 meters above sea-level.

59. Ommexecha giglio-tosi Bolivar.
Ommexecha giglio-tosi BOLIVAR, Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat., III, p. 54, 55 (1899).
Ommexecha brunneri GiGL1Io-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, No. 302,
p. 27, in part (zec Ommexecha brunneri Bolivar).
Habitat.—A single male specimen of this locust is at hand. It was
taken at the same locality as the preceding by J. Steinbach.

Genus SPATHALIUM Bolivar.

Spathalium Borivar, Ann. Soc. Esp., XIII, p. 21, 30, 403 (1884).

60. Spathalium bolivari Bruner.
Spathalium bolivari BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, pp. 39-41 (1911).
Habitat——A very much mutilated specimen from Santarem, Brazil,
isat hand. It is part of accession number 2966, and was taken during

December.
Family CYRTACANTHACRIDA (ACRIDIIDA®).

This is by far the most extensive family of short-horned grass-
hoppers, or locusts. It is especially well represented in South America,
where more than one hundred and thirty genera have already been
recognized. The present collection contains its share of them, as will
be seen by the following records.

ee ee

BRUNER : SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTs. 461

Genus PRIONOLOPHA StaAl.

Prionolopha STA, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 27 (1873).
For further synonymy see Kirby’s Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III.

61. Prionolopha serrata (Linnzus).
Gryllus (Bulla) serratus LINN2US, Syst. Nat., Ep. X., p. 427 (1758).

For synonymy see ANN. CARNEGIE Mus., VIII, p. 43.
Habitat.—There are five males and four females at hand. They
were taken at Puerto Suarez and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.

Genus Muwnatia Stal.

Munatia STAL, Bihang Svensk. Akad. Handl., III (14), p. 28 (1875).

62. Munatia minor (Giglio-Tos).
Procolpia minor GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp., Torino, IX, No. 184,
p. 17 (1894).
Habitat.—The single male specimen before me as I write comes
from San Antonio de Guaporé, on the Rio Guaporé.

Genus COLPOLOPHA Stal.

Colpolopha STAL, CEfv. Vet.-Akad. Férh., XXX, No. 4, p. 274 (1873).

63. Colpolopha latipennis Stal.

Colpolopha latipennis STAL, Bihang. Till K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., V, No. 9, p. 19
(1878).

Habitat——A single female is at hand. It was taken at Bogota,
U. S. of Colombia.

Genus DIEDRONOTUS Bolivar.

Diedronotus BOLivar, Boll. Soc. Espan., VI, p. 396 (1906).
See remarks on the genus in these ANNALS, VIII, pp. 47-49.

64. Diedronotus angulatus Stal.
Diedronotus angulatus STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 44 (1873).

Habitat—This common insect is represented by six males and five
females. They come from Puerto Suarez, Santa Cruz de la Sierra
and Provincia de Sara, Bolivia. They show several of the color
variations common to the species.

462 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

65. Diedronotus discoideus (Serville).
Tropinotus discoidens SERVILLE, Ann. Sci. Nat., XXI, p. 273, No. 2 (1831).
For other synonymy see Kirby’s Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 360.
Habitat—Two females labeled with Sapucay, Paraguay, as their
habitat are referred here. They were collected by J. D. Haseman.

66. Diedronotus levipes (Stal).
Tropidonotus levipes STAL, Obs. Orthopt., III, p. 20 (1878).
Diedronotus levipes BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 49 (1911).
Habitat—A single male specimen of this insect is among the col-
lections taken at Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. It was collected
by J. Steinbach.

Genus Coryacris Rehn.
Coryacris REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, p. III (1909).

67. Coryacris angustipennis (Bruner).

Eleochlora angustipennis BRUNER, Second Rept. Locust Comm. B. Aires, p. 58
(1900).

Coryacris diversipes REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 111-114, figs. I, 2
(1909).
Habitat—Four males and two females taken by J. Steinbach

belong here. They come from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.

68. Coryacris conspersipennis Bruner.
Coryacris conspersipennis BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 53 (1911).
Habitat.—A female representative of this species is at hand coming

from Puerto Suarez, Bolivia. It was collected during May by
J. D. Haseman.

Genus ELAOCHLORA Stal.
Eleochlora STAL, (fv. Vet. Akad. Férh., XXX, No. 4, p. 52 (1873); PICTET et

SAUSSURE, Mitth. Schweitz. Ent. Ges., VII, p. 343 (1887).

The insects which comprise the genus El@ochlora are all large and
showy. In their distribution they are confined to the South American
continent between the latitudes of 10° north and 35° south, and from
the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. The various species readily
separate into two well defined groups based on structure. Those
belonging to the one group have their center of distribution in eastern
Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina and the adjoining parts of southeastern
Bolivia. The species of the other group occur chiefly in Venezuela,

BRUNER: SoutH AMERICAN Locusts. 463

U.S. of Colombia, western Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. In their
habits these insects are more or less social, and frequently occur in
family groups. Some of the species are known to prefer special food-
plants, which they attack rather than others. Aside from the main
characters used for their separation into the two principal groups, as
indicated in the annexed synoptical table, the females of the various
forms are quite difficult to separate. On the other hand the males of
most species are very distinct and quite easily differentiated. About
a score of forms have thus far been recognized.

W. F. Kirby in his Synonymic Catalogue of the Orthoptera, Vol.
II], p. 365, names the species scabra Thunberg as the type of the genus.
It seems to me, however, that a species in which both sexes are described
should be chosen instead. Why not take either viridicata or trilineata
of Serville for this purpose, both of which were also included by Stal,
the author of the genus.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF ELAOCHLORA.

A. Spines on the inner margin of the hind tibize more or less strongly curved and
but little longer than those on the outer margin. Tegmina and wings
often abbreviated even in the males, always much shorter than the
abdomen, and with the apex of the former more or less rounded in
both sexes. Wings hyaline, or flavous.

b. Tegmina of males plainly shorter, often very much shorter, than the abdo-
men.
c. Tegmina and wings decidedly shorter than the abdomen.
d. General color olivaceous. Hind femora of normal form. Hind
margin of pronotum acute or subacute.

e. Sides of pronotum marked much as in pulchella, viridicata and
allies. Tegmina pale-bordered throughout ([Sta. Cruz
deilaySierras Bolivialterc sce seis eel brachy ptera sp. nov.

ee. Sides of pronotum uniformly green. Tegmina not pale-
margined at the apex [State of Sao Paulo, Brazil].

arcuata Rehn.
dd. General color brunneo-testaceous, varied with piceous and black.
Hind margin of pronotum very obtuse-angled even in the male,

Hind femora short and robust [Chapada, Brazil].
brevipennis Bruner.

cc. Tegmina but little shorter than the abdomen.
d. Smaller (o’, 28-33 mm.). Median carina of the pronotum viewed
in profile straight [Corumba, Brazil]........... pulchella Rehn.
dd. Larger (o’, 37 mm.). Median carina of the pronotum viewed
in profile arcuate [Santa Catherina, Brazil].

Jruhstorfert Bolivar.

464 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

bb. Tegmina and wings of males as long as or longer than the abdomen.
c. Tegmina rapidly and evenly tapering apically. The fastigium of the
vertex smaller.

d. Apex of the tegmina rounded [Brazil].

parvispina Pictet et Saussure.

dd. Apex of the tegmina oblique [Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil].

humilis Rehn.

cc. Tegmina not as rapidly tapering apically. The fastigium of the vertex
larger.

d. Median carina of the pronotum subobsolete, the posterior margin

of its disk obtusangulate (@), rectangulate (07) [Brazil].
trilineata Serville.

dd. Median carina of the pronotum distinct, the posterior margin of

its disk rectangulate (@), frequently acutangled (0%) [Ar-
Semitirial]| Ao Uigeisient Ss leuscideeheovaieees too leucine a sue eweee viridicata Serville.
AA. Spines on inner margin of the hind tibiz nearly straight and much longer than
those on the outer margin. Tegmina subacuminate, in the male sur-
passing, in the female almost or quite as long as the abdomen. Wings
usually orange or reddish. Anterior margin of the pronotum at middle
sinuate or emarginate.
b. Wings for the most part testaceous or pale yellow; anterior margin of the
pronotum sinuate.
G: Avareer GO. 68<mm:) | Brazil aes eeecaee.< selene scabra Thunberg.
cc. Smaller (@, 51 mm.) [Bogota, Colombia]............granulosa Stal.
bb. Wings dark yellow, orange, or red. Anterior margin of pronotum emar-
ginate.
c. Wings ochraceous or crocus-yellow.

d. Size smaller (o’, 31 mm.). Wings ochraceous with infuscated

apexa Brazil Was skys ces wieatataeecesisine ane raeian ae spoliata Walker.

dd. Size larger (o’, 36 mm.). Wings saffron-yellow with a greenish

Apex oracle cee welt neasclere ces hymenea Gerstecker.
cc. Wings orange-red, tile-red, or vermilion.

d. Sides or lateral lobes of pronotum and cheeks conspicuously
bilunate with white. Front on each side of frontal costa
also largely white. Anterior and posterior margins of the
tegmina greenish white. Wings brick-red with infus-
cated apical region [Bogota, Colombia].

picticollis Gersteecker.
dd. Sides or lateral lobes of pronotum and cheeks concolorous.
Costal margin of the tegmina also concolorous, not pallid.
e. Disk and base of the tegmina concolorous, without paler
lunules or macule.
f. Tegmina with only the dorsal or hind margin pale vittate.
g. Wings orange-red, the apex broadly infumate.
[Cumbase,Perul\s..2. 8 oe: hilaris Gerstecker.
gg. Wings vermilion-red, rather broadly banded towards
the apex with fuscous [U. S. of Colombia].
psittacina Gerstecker,

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTs. 465

ff. Tegmina provided also with a subcostal pallid vitta
(Bogota, Colombia] ............ bivittata Gerstecker.

ee. Disk and base of tegmina marked with pale macule or lunules.
f. Males with two circular white lunules in the disk toward

the base [Colombia]....... bilunata Gerstecker.
ff. Base of male tegmina marked with a single pale lunule
or patch.

g. Tegmina provided on the disk near the base with a
single bright yellow, black-bordered spot [Vene-
rAb CaCI aycicig eR teceerC ein Ba emia jucunda Walker.

gg. Tegmina provided at base on the costal margin with
an elongate ivory-white patch [Santa Cruz de la
Sieiras, Doliviallqaseeerrere vets nets basalis sp. nov.

69. Eleochlora brachyptera sp. nov.

Belonging in the section of the genus with E. trilineata, viridicata,
pulchella, and arcuata, but most closely related to the last. It differs
from arcuata, however, in the somewhat shorter tegmina and wings,
and in having the lateral lobes of the pronotum colored more like
those in viridicata.

Pronotum both arcuate and somewhat more strongly tectate than
usual in the species of the genus. Viewed in profile the median
carina is quite well arched and separated into lobes by the profound
transverse sulci. Head with the occiput a little elevated and rounded,
not embraced by the anterior margin of the pronotum to the same
extent as in its allies; fastigium of the vertex triangular, its sides
rather heavy and meeting in front, so as to form almost a rectangle,
the hind end of disk depressed transversely; eyes of moderate size and
prominence, separated at the vertex by a space equal to the greatest
diameter of one of them and the same as the length of the front margin
of the cheeks. Antenne fairly heavy and subensiform, somewhat
longer than the head and pronotum taken together, but not quite the
length of the hind femora. Frontal costa but little produced between
the antennae, its sides heavy and evenly divergent below, sulcate
throughout; when viewed in profile the front is rather oblique, but
almost straight; the facial carine prominent and straight, as are also
the anterior margins of the cheeks, which are nearly parallel to the
latter and extend upwards along the front margin of the eyes as yellow
lines, which assist in inclosing a long, narrow, smooth area between
the facial carine and the sides of the head. Pronotum quite strongly
rugose and tuberculate as in pulchella, its anterior margin entire and

466 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

subangulately but gently advanced upon the occiput, the hind margin
of the disk somewhat obtuse-angled; viewed from above widest at
hind end of anterior third, where there is a prominent outwardly
directed tooth-like tubercle on either side. Tegmina about half as
long as the abdomen, moderately heavily and profusely veined, their
dorsal edges barely overlapping at middle. Abdomen carinate above,
tapering, the last ventral segment elongate, acuminate, carinated at
middle; supra-anal plate elongate-triangular, tectate, its apex blunt,
but with its: middle gently sulcate throughout. Hind femora about
normal, passing the tip of the abdomen by the length of the knees,
the tibie with the inner row of spines curved, a little heavier and
longer than those on the outer margin. Anterior and middle legs
moderately robust.

General color of body above brownish olive varied with black,
ferruginous, dirty white, pink and flavous. Antenne reddish on
outer three-fourths, but paler basally, where they are tinged with
greenish yellow. Front pale olive-green, the carine bright citron-
yellow; cheeks and occiput castaneous, paler, and with a ferruginous
tinge in middle of latter. Pronotum with a longitudinal median
band of reddish brown bordered on each side by black, remainder of
disk olive-green; the lateral lobes below the shoulder black, bordered
widely in front, below, and along the hind margin, with dirty white;
lateral tubercles and adjacent, surface flavous. Tegmina with greenish
and yellow veins, the disk black and widely bordered by pallid, which
varies from cream-white to dull pink. Dorsal carina of abdomen deep
ferruginous, bordered at sides by a pair of elongate pale spots upon
each segment. Hind femora pale brunneo-ferruginous, the lunules
lightly infuscated; hind tibiae dark oil-green, outer spines pallid, with
black tips, inner spines mostly dusky, tarsi and apex of the tibize
above vinaceous. Venter and pectus bright yellow.

Length of body, o&, 37 mm., of pronotum, 11.5 mm., of tegmina,
12 mm., of hind femora, 20 mm., greatest width of pronotum, 6.25 mm.

Habitat—Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, at an elevation of 450
meters above sea-level, a single male which was collected by J.
Steinbach.

The type belongs to the Carnegie Museum.

70. Eleochlora pulchella Rehn.

Eleochlora pulchella REN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 124-126, figs. II, 12
(1909).

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTs. 467

Habitat.—A single male and four females are at hand from Puerto
Suarez, Bolivia, where they were collected by J. Steinbach.

71. Elegochlora picticollis (Gerstecker).

Xiphocera picticollis GERSTCKER, Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXIV, p. 188, No. ro (1873).
Eleochlora picticollis PicrET et SAUSSURE, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., VII, p. 343
(1887).
Habitat—The only specimen at hand, a male, comes from Bogota,
U. S. of Colombia. It bears the accession number 2306.

72. Elzochlora sp.?

The material collected by J. Steinbach in the ‘‘ Provincia del Sara,”
Bolivia, contains two female specimens of this genus. On account of
the absence of males from the same locality it is impossible to deter-
mine the species to which they belong. They were collected at an
elevation of 450 meters above sea level. This much, however, can be
said concerning their identity: they belong to that section of the
genus with the emarginate anterior margin of the pronotum and the
much longer spines on the inner edge of the hind tibiz than on the
outer. Whether or not they represent a described species is difficult
to decide from the material at hand.

73. Elezochlora bivittata (Gerstecker).
Xiphicera bivittata GERSTECKER, Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXIV, p. 187 (1873).
Eleochlora bivittata Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 366 (1910).
Habitat—Bogota, U. S. of Colombia, two males. Also a part of
accession number 2306, Carnegie Museum.

74. Elgochlora basalis sp. nov.

Most closely related to E. jucunda Walker, coming from Venezuela,
but readily separated from that species by the position and color of
the pale spot located at the base of each elytron, as indicated in the
synoptic table of species which accompanies this paper.

Insect of medium size and moderate robustness. Tegmina and
wings slightly passing the apex of the hind femora. Head fairly
large, the occiput but little elevated; eyes prominent, separated at
the vertex by a space scarcely equal to their shortest diameter, the
fastigium horizontal, shallowly sulcate, its sides meeting at front in a
slightly acute angle; frontal costa rather prominent between the

468 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

antenne and above, somewhat less so at the ocellus and below, its
sides evenly divergent below, sulcate throughout, viewed in profile
the front somewhat sinuose; facial carine prominent, straight and
gently divergent, anterior margin of cheeks scarcely carinated, not
quite as long as the greatest diameter of the eyes. Pronotum rugoso-
punctate, the median carina coarse, interrupted, and more or less
tuberculate or nodose, lateral carine also minutely nodulose; anterior
margin nodulose, emarginate at middle, the posterior margin acute-
angled, the disk of hind lobe flattened. Tegmina of moderate width,
gently tapering, subacuminate, the veins inconspicuous, but numerous,
the dorsal edge straight. Hind femora moderately robust, evenly
tapering, and with the carina, but more especially the lower ones,
serrate, the genicular lobes broadly rounded; hind tibia about as long
as the femora, the inner spines fully twice the length of the outer ones,
nine to eleven in number on both margins. Abdomen tapering but
little. Last ventral segment evenly tapering, carinated at middle,
acuminate, directed to the rear. Supra-anal plate elongate tri-
angular, tectate, deeply and profoundly longitudinally sulcate.
Prosternal spine erect, elongate pyramidal, the apex acute. Antenne
moderately heavy, about as long as the hind femora, the joints on
basal third somewhat depressed. Pleura and sides of abdomen
rather strongly punctulate. Entire insect rather prominently hirsute,
but this characteristic is best observed on the legs.

General color above including the legs olive-green. Dorsum from
fastigium of the vertex across the occiput, the disk of the pronotum
and almost to the tips of the tegmina with a rather wide pale band,
which is bordered on the pronotum and tegmina with black, more
widely so on the former, but becoming narrower on the latter to their
middle, where this color runs out. Inside of this the median field
of the tegmina is largely vinaceous, while the remainder is dark
grass-green, except for a conspicuous elongate ivory-white patch, which
is located at the base of the costal border so as to be partly covered
when the insect is at rest and the wings in position. Hind tibie
deep brownish purple. Underside and front pale testaceous. Wings
for the most part tile-red inclining to orange. Antenne testaceous,
tinged with olive-green basally.

Length of body, o’, 37 mm., of pronotum, 10.75 mm., of tegmina,
30 mm., of hind femora, 23 mm., greatest width of pronotum,
5 mm.

BRUNER ; SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 469

Habitat.—There are two male specimens at hand, which were taken
at Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, by J. Steinbach.
The type is deposited in the Carnegie Museum.

Genus CuHromacris Walker.
Chromacris WALKER, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 643 (1870).

75. Chromacris miles (Drury).

Gryllus (Locusta) miles Drury, Illustr. Exot. Ent., II, p. 79, pl. 42, fig. 2 (1773).

Habitat.—There are five specimens of this locust among the material
now under consideration, three males and two females. They were
taken in the U.S. of Colombia; Provincia del Sara and Santa Cruz de
la Sierra, Bolivia; and also at Galhua, Rio Sapao, western Bahia,
Brazil.

The specimen from the last named locality, a female, is unusually
small.

76. Chromacris stolli (Pictet et Saussure).

Rhomalea stolli PicTET et SAUSSURE, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., VII, p. 348 (1887).
Chromacris stolli BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 651, pl. 38, fig. 2 (1906).

Habitat——The collection contains a male from Sapucay, Paraguay.

Genus XESTOTRACHELUS gen. nov.

The present genus, which is a member of the Chromacris group, is
represented by at least two well defined species, the representatives
of which are found in central and southwestern Brazil. They are
X. hasemant, described herewith, and Zoniopoda robusta Bruner (ANN.
CaRNEGIE Mus., VIII, pp. 58, 60-62, Dec., 1911). The former may
be considered as the type of the genus.

Composed of robust and brightly or strikingly colored insects a
trifle above medium in size. With some of the general appearances
of the representatives of both Teniopoda and Chromacris, but with
the thoracic structure and color-pattern of the latter. Head smooth,
large, high or deep, and rounded above, and on sides back of the
eyes. Latter comparatively small and not prominent, considerably
longer than wide, but shorter than the anterior margin of the cheeks
below them, separated at the vertex by a space fully equal to, or even
greater than, the shortest diameter of the eyes; fastigium depressed,
and with blunt convergent antero-lateral carine, which continue as
the bounding walls of the frontal costa, the sulcation forming a rather

470 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM.

prominent longitudinal canal, which is also continuous with that of
the frontal costa. Frontal costa most prominent above, but con-
tinuous to the clypeus, its sides pinched just below the ocellus, but
immediately widening. Front with a few coarse punctures and
transverse ruge or wrinkles. Antenne a trifle robust, filiform,
about 22- to 23-jointed, considerably exceeding the combined length
of the head and pronotum, and under a magnifier exhibiting numerous
coarse sensoria. Pronotum with the anterior lobe smooth and
rounded above and the sides parallel, the hind lobe strongly divergent,
rugoso-punctulate, the disk flattened; transverse sulci deep, coarse
and continuous, separating the lobe into nearly equal rounded ridges,
the front margin straight and quite widely reflexed, sometimes
gently emarginate at middle, hind margin obtusangulate. Tegmina
and wings somewhat abbreviated to fully developed and passing the
tip of the abdomen, the venation coarse, but comparatively sparse.
Legs rather long but not especially robust. The hind femora about
reaching the tip of the abdomen. Interspace between the mesosternal
lobes much broader than long, the inner margin of the lobes widely
rounded. Prosternal spine elongate pyramidal, acuminate. Tip of
male abdomen blunt, the last ventral segment short. Valves of the
ovipositor hooked, of normal form and medium size.

The two known species of the genus may be separated as follows:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF XNESTOTRACHELUS.

A. Only moderately robust. Tegmina complete, the apex broadly rounded, their
veins greenish. Hind lobe of pronotum greenish yellow conspersed with
blacksabindttibicasvanaceouSin .jsreiteicsnh css ets custcie erolcie sac ene hasemani sp. nov.

AA. Very robust. Tegmina a little abbreviated, more or less acuminate, their
veins vinaceous yellow. Hind lobe of pronotum brunneo-testaceous, uni-
colorous; hind tibiz internally and below flavous, above and externally

COAL eee Ae teePote eso dee Eee de IO ea poccccces robusta Bruner.

77. XKestotrachelus hasemani sp. nov.

Moderately robust, but less so than the insect described by the
present writer as Zoniopoda robusta.1| Tegmina complete and with
the veins olive-green.

Head but little wider than the anterior edge of the pronotum, its
sides about parallel, not so robust as in this sex of robusta, the occiput
evenly rounded. Other characters as described for the genus. Head

4 Annals Carnegie Museum, VIII, pp. 60-62 (1911).

¢
BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 471

perpendicularly banded or vittate. Middle of face, vertex, and
occiput with a wide blackish band bordered on either side by a nar-
rower one of yellow and deep orange-red, sides of head and posterior
half of cheeks likewise colored, borders of eyes and outer face of
mandibles dark greenish black. Eyes castaneous. Front lobe of
the pronotum mostly shining pitchy black, the median carina narrowly
flavous; hind lobe greenish olive, quite profusely conspersed and
streaked with fuscous as in several species of Diponthus. Pleura
olivaceous, strongly tinged with piceous. Anterior and middle legs
fuscous with a vinaceous tinge above, flavid below. Hind femora
dark olive-green with greenish yellow penne and carine, the genicular
portion, excepting the lobes, infuscated, the latter vinaceous. Hind
tibia vinaceous except at the base where they are grayish fuscous.
Abdomen and lower side vinaceous. Antenne black. Wings not
spread but plainly red and black, and presumably of a similar pattern
to those of robusta.

Length of body, 2, 35 mm., of pronotum 8 mm., greatest width
of pronotum 8.5 mm., depth of lateral lobes, 7.25 mm., length of
tegmina, 27.5 mm., length of hind femora, 18 mm.

Habitat.—Calhao, Rio Sapao, western Bahia, Brazil, February 7,
1908, a single female collected by J. D. Haseman. The type is
deposited in the Carnegie Museum.

Genus ZONIOPODA Stal.

Zoniopoda STAx, Recens. Orthopt., I, pp. 32, 51 (1873); BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XXX, p. 652 (1906); Is., Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, pp. 57-59 (1911).

78. Zoniopoda iheringi Pictet et Saussure.
Zoniopoda iheringi PICTET et SAUSSURE, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., VII, p. 356

(1887).

Habitat—One male from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, at an
elevation of 450 meters above sea-level, collected by J. Steinbach.
Also a female from Sapucay, Paraguay, during the month of April,
where it was collected ‘‘on sides of mountains in woods” by J. D.
Haseman.

79. Zoniopoda basalis sp. nov.

A moderately large almost uniformly grass-green locust, without
definitely banded legs, and in which the hind wings are largely red or
reddish. The characteristic feature of the species is an eye-like
orange spot at the base of each of the tegmina.

Sd
472 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Head about as wide as the anterior margin of the pronotum; the
front and the lower portion of the cheeks somewhat rugulose, remainder
smooth; occiput slightly elongate; eyes of moderate size, prominent,
slightly longer than wide, separated above by a space about twice as
wide as the frontal costa between the antenni; anterior edge of
cheeks one-third longer than the eyes; fastigium of the vertex gently
depressed, the antero-lateral margins bordered by arcuate carine:
the surface flat, depressed, rugoso-punctate, partially divided by a
short anterior median longitudinal carina. Frontal costa with
parallel sides, the surface rugose, fading below the median ocellus;
facial or lateral carina not prominent, fading above at the lower edge
of the antennal scrobes. Antenne filiform, about as long as the
hind femora. Pronotum strongly rugoso-punctate, the anterior and
posterior lobes about equal in length; transverse sulci continuous,
but not strongly impressed, the median carina present only as slightly
elevated rugosities between the sulci; disk of hind lobe flattened,
separated from the lateral lobes by a shoulder, but not carinate; front
margin advanced upon the occiput, the middle rather widely emargi-
nate; hind margin obtusangulate. Pleura rugoso-punctulate. Teg-
mina and wings fully developed, as long as the abdomen, the former
coriaceous, closely and irregularly nerved, but with few longitudinal
veins, which are separated from the closely veined areas asin Titanacris.
Wings tinted with red. Legs about normal, the hind femora graceful,
about three-fourths the length of the abdomen; hind tibiz somewhat
coarse, the inner spines much heavier than the outer ones, eleven in
number, the external margin eight-spined. Prosternal spine small,
pyramidal, the apex directed gently forward.

General. color grass-green, the eyes and antenne ferruginous. Tips
of tibiz and tarsi tinged with pink. Apical fourth of tegmina slightly
infuscated. Immediate base of tegmina on costal field marked with
an orange circular spot bordered by smoky brown. A narrow black
band at base of genicular area of hind femora preceded by an indefinite
pale band.

Length of body, 2, 57 mm., of pronotum, 10.5 mm., of tegmina,
44 mm., of hind femora, 27 mm.

Habitat—The only specimen at hand comes from Santa Cruz de la
Sierra, Bolivia, where it was taken at an elevation of 450 meters by
J. Steinbach. The type is in the Carnegie Museum.

This insect would fall in the first section of the synoptic table of

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOcusTs. 473

species given on pages 57-58 of Vol. VIII, of the ANNALS under cc.
with juncorum, from which it differs in wing-color, etc.

Not having seen specimens of the genus Clarazella Pictet and
Saussure, which seems to be rather closely related to Zoniopoda, the
writer hesitates to place any of the several green species thus far
called Zoniopoda under the former genus. The species described
above, however, is very much too large for the Clarazella patagona
of Pictet and Saussure.

Genus PRIONACRIS Stal.
Prionacris STAL, Bihang. till K. Svensk. Vet-Akad. Handl., V, No. 4, pp. 19, 55

(1878); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 62 (1911).

The genus Prionacris Stal belongs to tropical South America. Its
representatives are most common in southern Brazil, Paraguay, and
eastern Bolivia. Thus far three species have been described, and
now a fourth is added. These forms may readily be separated by the
subjoined synoptical key:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF PRIONACRIS.

A. Disk of wings tinged with rosaceous; general color of insect yellowish olive

[New Grenada and other S. American regions].......... compressa Stal,

AA. Disk of wings not tinged with rosaceous; general color somewhat variable.
usually dark olive or brownish.

b. Pronotum bordered with a series of black maculations; the disk above also
more or less strongly maculate with fuscous. Hind wings tinged
with Havous) [Ss Ee BOliviall- te. pslete ores oer atromaculata sp. nov.

bb. Pronotum not bordered with dark maculations, the disk likewise im-
maculate. Hind wings tinged with either blue or green.

c. Wings tinged with cerulean [Upper Amazons]... .c@rulescens Bolivar.

cc. Wings tinged with green [Paraguay and southern Brazil]. .evosa Rehn

80. Prionacris atromaculata sp. nov.

Similar to the other species in general form, but differing from all
of them in its yellow-disked, shorter wings, and by having its pronotum
strongly bordered with black maculations. Body rather closely
hirsute.

Head large and bulldog-like, reminding a person strongly of the
representatives of the genus Rhicnoderma, its width decidedly greater
than the anterior edge of the pronotum, rather closely and strongly
punctulate, except on the occiput and upper portion of the cheeks.
Eyes prominent in both sexes, plainly longer than wide, separated

474 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

above by a space little greater than the longest diameter of one of
the eyes; fastigium of the vertex rugoso-punctate, depressed, with a
longitudinal medianal sulcus or depression bordered by inconspicuous
antero-lateral carine, which meet in an obtuse angle slightly above the
base of the antenne; frontal costa flat, narrowing and fading below
the ocellus, where its presence is indicated by a rounded ridge to the
base of the clypeus. Lateral or facial carinze not especially promi-
nent, somewhat sinuose, but not divergent towards the lower corners
of the front. Antenne filiform, gently surpassing the hind margin of
the pronotum. The latter rugoso-punctate, more or less compressed
laterally, tectate; viewed in profile the crest gently arcuate and cut
into about a dozen teeth; transverse sulci profound, the last situated
somewhat in advance of the middle; the anterior middle somewhat
obtuse-angulately advanced upon the occiput, the hind margin acute-
angled. Tegmina and wings only gently passing the tip of the
abdomen in both sexes. Legs normal. Hind tibial spines small, ten
to eleven on the outer margin. Prosternal spine of moderate size,
compressed, acuminate, directed gently to the rear.

General color of legs and body greenish yellow varied with brown.
Pronotum conspicuously bordered with a series of roundish black
spots, the disk brownish, and more or less regularly marked with
similar spots; teeth of the crest likewise black. Tegmina fuscous,
showing a tendency to transverse maculation, owing to the presence or
absence of pale transverse nervures. Hind femora marked with black
lunules and a narrow pregenicular transverse band, which is slightly
interrupted above. Hind tibiz flavous above, and gradually changing
externally to gray lead-color and black, which is the tint of the inner
side; the tarsi grayish above, pallid below. Antenne brownish fer-
ruginous. Eyes varying from flavous to castaneous.

Length of body, o’, 41 mm., 2, 46 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 8 mm.,
9, 10 mm.; of tegmina, o&, 34 mm., @, 38 mm.; of hind femora,
Oo; 19 mm. 2°21 min.

Habitat.—Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, at an elevation of 450
meters (J. Steinbach, collector).

81. Prionacris coerulescens Bolivar?
Prionacris cerulescens BOLivAR, Anal. Soc. Espafi., XIX, p. 319 (1890).
Habitat.—A single female specimen from the ‘ Provincia del Sara,

Bolivia,’ is referred with some doubt to Bolivar’s species. It was

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 475

collected by J. Steinbach at an elevation of 450 meters above sea-level,
and bears the accession number 4546, also ‘2 No. 7 with its 4 ova.”
The latter, no doubt, were saved when the specimen was prepared.

Genus Lopuacris Scudder.

Lophacris SCUDDER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 353 (1869); PicretT et
SaussurRE, Mitth, Schweiz. Ent. Ges., VII, p. 363 (1887).

82. Lophacris olfersi (Burmeister).

Acridium olfersit BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 628, No. 4 (1838).

Lophacris olfersii SCUDDER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 354, No. 1 (1869);
Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 378 (1910).

Titanacris olfersit PICTET et SAUSSURE, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., VII, p. 363
(1887).

Acridium semirubrum SERVILLE, Ins. Orthopt., p. 653, No. 13 (1839).
Habitat—The three males and one female at hand bear the simple

label ‘‘South America.’’ Undoubtedly they were taken in Brazil or

the Guianas.
Having been preserved in spirits they have lost their beautiful and
striking colors.
Genus TROPIDACRIS Scudder.

Tropidacris SCUDDER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 346 (1869); STAL, Recens.
Orthopt., I, pp. 31, 48 (1873); PicTET et SAUSSURE, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges.,
VII, p. 358 (1887); BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II, pp. 211, 240 (1907).
These, with one exception, largest of American locusts are found

throughout the tropical portions of both North and South America,
where at least six distinct species and two or three varieties are
known. Great confusion exists concerning their synonymy and can
only be approximately worked out with a good series of specimens
from many localities.

83. Tropidacris collaris (Stoll).
Gryllus (Locusta) collaris STOLL, Spectres Saut., p. 39, pl. 210, fig. 80 (1813).
For additional synonymy see Kirby’s Synonymic Catalogue of
the Orthoptera, Vol. III,-p. 379.
Habitat.—There are six specimens at hand, coming from various
Brazilian localities.

84. Tropidacris dux (Thunberg).
Gryllus dux THUNBERG, Mém. Acad. Petersb., IX, pp. 393, 402, No. 6 (1824).

For further synonymy see Kirby’s Catalogue.

476 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Habitat—Specimens are at hand from La Pinta, Venezuela; and
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; one male and three females.

Genus OPHTHALMOLAMPIS Saussure.
Ophthalmolampus SAuSssuRE, Rev. Zool., (2), Vol. XI, p. 394 (1859); STAL, Bihang

till Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, p. 42 (1878).

The representatives of the present genus are fairly numerous
throughout tropical South American countries, where they live among
the exuberant vegetation in and about the edges of the extensive
forests, which are characteristic of that region. At least a dozen
so-called species are already known, while another is now added.
The genus is most closely related to Nautia, Teniophora, and Trybli-
ophorus. There is also indication of one or two additional genera
among this group of locusts, which is characteristic of the tropical Amer-
ican jungles. The species of Ophthalmolampis may be separated by
the following synoptical table:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF OPHTHALMOLAMPIS.

A. Tegmina and wings more or less abbreviated, varying from rudimentary to
slightly less than the length of the abdomen. |
b. Tegmina and wings rudimentary, lateral, their dorsal edges distant [Peru].
cinctipennis Stal.
bb. Tegmina and wings not rudimentary, their dorsal edges overlapping.
c. Antenne rather slender and filiform, usually not much, if any, longer
than the hind femora.
d. Pronotum provided with two longitudinal pale lines on each side
of the middle, two dorsal and one on each lateral lobe.
e. Size smaller (92, I9 mm.). Antenne fusco-violaceous

Northern eS 1azilllieewercs erccnetetenetahers eee geniculata Stal.
ee. Size larger (2, 26 mm.). Antenne blood-red [Ega
(Amazonas) ile peter ieee rete dichroa Gerstecker.

dd. Pronotum furnished with but a single or no longitudinal pale lines
on each side of the middle.

e. One such line present on each side of the disk of the pronotum.
f. Longitudinal pronotal lines white.

g. Size smaller (2, 24 mm.). Hind femora obscurely

colored [Guiana].......0...... colubri Saussure.

gg. Size larger (2, 27 mm.). Hind femora greenish

yellow, the tubercles of upper carine black

[BasternvBolivialc2.). ese... albolineata sp. nov.

ff. Longitudinal pronotal lines flavous [Cumbase, Peru].

punicea Gerstecker.

ee. Longitudinal pale lines wanting from pronotum and tegmina

[Itaituba, Amazonas]: 2....... ese modesta Gerstecker.

r

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 47

cc. Antenne coarse or robust, decidedly longer than the hind femora.
d. Antenne deep black [Demerara, British Guiana].
vilta-gene Bruner.
dd. Antenne deep carmine-red [Fonteboa (Amazonas)].
speciosissimus Gerstecker.
AA. Tegmina and wings fully developed, passing the tip of the abdomen.

b. Size smaller (9, 25 mm.). Head black [Bogota, Colombia].
trochilus Gerstecker.

bb. Size larger (2, 33-34 mm.). Head olivaceous or ferruginous.

c. Head, prothorax, pleura, sternum, front and middle legs, and outer
side of hind femora ferruginous. Inner side of latter reddish purple,
the knees orange-colored and the tibia next to the tarsi sea-green
Wauttoss@Amazonas) Ree 11 nreiee sicie ero pulchripes Gerstecker.

cc. Head, prothorax, and tegmina cinnamon or olive-green. Sternum and
legs ferruginous, the outer side of the anterior tibia strigate with
shining black. Hind femora blackish olive, their superior carina,
an external lower stripe, and a preapical internal band, ferruginous;
the tibiz blackish olive [Brazil]............ bracteata Gerstecker.

85. Ophthalmolampis albolineata sp. nov.

Most nearly related to O. colubri Saussure, but somewhat larger
and differently colored. Its habitat, too, is quite widely removed
from that of Saussure’s species.

Head about as wide as the anterior portion of the pronotum, a
little shorter than the front lobe of the latter; face decidedly wider
than long, the front coarsely and deeply punctulate below the trans-
verse groove; eyes large and prominent, strongly divergent, separated
at the vertex by a space no greater than the diameter of the second
antennal joint; the fastigium depressed, rather small, plainly longi-
tudinally sulcate; frontal costa smooth, not especially prominent
between the antenne, where it is about two and one-fourth times the
width of the narrowest part of the vertex; antenne slender, filiform,
about as long as the tegmina; occiput punctulate. Pronotum sub-
cylindrical, rugoso-punctulate, the posterior lobe gently expanding to
the rear; transverse sulci well defined and severing the lateral pallid
lines of the disk; anterior edge widely and angulately emarginate at
middle, the hind margin broadly rounded. Tegmina for the most
part coriaceous. Pleura strongly and coarsely punctulate, closely
veined, gently tapering, about two-thirds the length of the abdomen.
Hind femora robust at base, the carine prominently serrated, and the

5 The species yersini Saussure very likely belongs in the present section also, but
the description is too incomplete to permit of its tabulation.

478 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

disk crenulately pinnate; the genicular lobes large and somewhat
acuminate. Hind tibia and tarsi profusely hirsute, the spines of
former small, seven in number externally, the latter with the second
joint longer than the first and about equal to the third; prosternal
spine minute, acuminate, located on a heavy quadrate base formed
of the anterior half of the sternite. Mesosternal lobes separated by a
space a little wider than the lobes and about as long as broad. Valves
of the ovipositor slender, the upper pair straight and blunt, the lower
ones slender, acuminate, about one-half the length and partly hidden
between the basal half of the upper heavier pair.

General color pale greenish yellow, the occiput, disk of pronotum
and dorsal area of tegmina cinnamon-brown. Face at base of antenne
provided on each side with a glossy pale or milky white area, which
gradually widens and reaches the lower hind angle of the cheeks;
another similar line commences with the middle of the hind margin
of each eye and continues along the lateral margins of the disk of the
pronotum to the base of the tegmina. Latter provided with two white
lines embracing one of carmine, edged below by black, the superior
white line also edged above by a black line; costal margin rather
widely hyaline. Hind femora golden yellow externally, the carinal
tubercles black; genicular area strongly infuscated, but with the
lunules vinaceous and the lobes grayish olive. Hind tibiz vinaceous,
becoming deep purple internally towards the apex, near base colored
like the genicular lobes of the femora, tarsi ferruginous. Antenne
black with two basal joints pallid.

Length of body, 9, 27 mm., of pronotum, 6.2 mm., of tegmina,
12.5 mm., of hind femora, 14 mm.

Habitat—Sta. Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, a single female specimen
taken by J. Steinbach at an elevation of 450 meters above sea-level.
The type is deposited in the Carnegie Museum.

Genus LEptysMaA Stal.

Leptysma STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, pp. 42, 85 (1873); BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XXX, p. 657 (1906); Is., Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 71 (1911).

86. Leptysma dorsalis (Burmeister) ?

Mesops dorsalis BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 610 (1838).
Leptysma dorsalis BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 72 (1911).

Habitat.—There is a single male specimen of the genus Leptysma

BRUNER: SouTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 479

at hand, which was collected at Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. It is
referred to Burmeister’s species with some doubt.

87. Leptysma obscura (Thunberg).
Truxalis obscura THUNBERG, Nova Acta Upsala, IX, pp. 77, 79 (1827).
Lepltysma obscura STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 86 (1873); BRUNER, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 658 (1906).
Habitat.—There is likewise a male of this species in the collection.
It comes from the same locality as the preceding, and was taken by
J. Steinbach at an elevation of 450 meters above sea-level.

Genus STENACRIS Walker.
Stenacris WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 651 (1870); KirBy, Syn.

Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 413 (1910).

The insects which comprise the genus Stenacris are quite similar
in their general appearance to those which are referred to the genus
Opsomala of Serville. In the former genus the last ventral segment
of the male abdomen is quite complex in structure, and varies very
distinctly among the different species, while in the representatives of
the latter genus it is quite simple and varies but little. About a
dozen forms of Stenacris have been recognized heretofore.’ They come
from the two Americas, where representatives occur between the
parallels of 35° north and 30° south of the Equator.

88. Stenacris cylindrodes (Stal).
Opsomala cylindrodes STAL, Eugenies Rosa, Orthopt., p. 325, No. 67 (1860).
Arnila cylindrodes STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 85, No. 1 (1873).
Stenacris cylindrodes Kirspy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 414 (1910).
Habitat—A single female specimen of what is taken to be this
locust is at hand from Barreiros, Bahia, Brazil. It was collected
January 3, 1908, by J. D. Haseman.

Genus OpsoMALaA (Serville).
Opshomala SERVILLE, Ann. Sci. Nat., XXII, p. 267 (1831).
Opsomala BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 610 (1838).
See Kirby in Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 410 (1910), and Bruner,
Ann. CARNEGIE Mus., VIII, p. 79 (1911), for additional synonymy.

89. Opsomala interior (Bruner).
Arnilia interior BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II, p. 254 (1908).
Opsomala interior Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 410 (1910); BRUNER, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 81 (1911).

480 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Habitat.—A pair of locusts coming from Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, are
referred here. They were collected during the period including
November, 1908, to January, 1909, by J. Steinbach. They come from
a locality with an elevation of 150 meters above sea-level.

Genus OXYBLEPTELLA Giglio-Tos.

Oxybleptella GiGLto-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No. 184, p. 33
(1894); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, pp. 70, 81 (1911).

go. Oxybleptella sagitta Giglio-Tos.
Oxybleptella sagitta GIGLIO-Tos, l. c., pl. I, fig. 7 (1894).

For further synonymy see Bruner, I. c.

Habitat—There are two female specimens of this genus before me
as I write, both of which I am inclined to refer to Giglio-Tos’ species.
One was taken at Taquara, Brazil, and the other at Santa Cruz de la
Sierra, Bolivia. The former specimen is a trifle smaller than the
measurements given for this sex by Giglio-Tos, z. e., length of body,
21.5 mm., of tegmina, 15 mm., of hind femora, 10 mm. It was
collected in September, and is also labeled ‘‘ Accession No. 2966.”
The other specimen is very noticeably larger, even exceeding the
measurements given by Rehn for his Oxybleptella pulchella (Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 136-139, figs. 21, 22, 23 (1909)). This last
specimen measures as follows: Length of bedy, 25 mm., of tegmina,
18 mm., of hind femora, 12 mm. In color the two insects are some-
what similar, only differing in minute particulars. The eyes of the
larger individual are conspicuously banded parallel to their anterior
margin alternately with brown and yellow, there being about ten
such bands on the anterior two-thirds of the eye.

Genus INusIA Giglio-Tos.

Inusia GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XII, No. 302, p. 30
(1897); BRUNER, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XIV, p. 151 (1906); IB., Biol. Cent.-
Amer., Orthopt., II, pp. 212, 259 (1907-8).

This is another tropical American genus of the subaquatic locusts.
At least eight species have thus far been recognized. Representatives
occur from middle Mexico to northern Argentina, as well as in some |
of the West Indian islands. Two of the species occur in the material
now at hand.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTs. 481

gt. Inusia gracillima Giglio-Tos.
Inusia gracillima GicLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XII, No. 302
p. 31 (1897); BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II, p. 259 (1908).

Habitat—The only specimen now before me comes from Sapucay,
Paraguay. It is a male, and was taken by Haseman during the
month of April.

92. Inusia pallida Bruner.

Inusia pallida BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 660 (1906); IB., Biol. Cent.-
Amer., Orthopt., II, p. 259 (1908).

Habitat——There is a male of this species at hand which was taken
at Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. It comes from an altitude of
450 meters above sea-level, and was collected by J. Steinbach.

Genus OXYBLEPTA (Stal).

Stenopola STA, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 84 (1873) in part.
Oxyblepta STAL, loc. cit., p. 84.

93. Oxyblepta puncticeps (Stal).

Opsomala puncticeps STAL, Eugen. Resa, Orthopt., p. 325 (1860).
Stenopola (Oxyblepta) puncticeps StAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 84 (1873).
Oxyblepta puncticeps KirBy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 415 (1910).

Habitat—The present collection contains two females of this
species. One comes from Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, and the other
from Sapucay, Paraguay.

94. Oxyblepta bohlsi (Giglio-Tos).

Stenopola bohlsii G1GL10-Tos, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII, p. 813 (1895).
Oxyblepta bohlsii Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 416 (1910).

Habitat—A male specimen was taken at Santa Cruz de la Sierra,
Bolivia, at an elevation of 450 meters above sea-level by J. Steinbach.

Genus HENIA Giglio-Tos.

Henia GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XIII, No. 311, pp. 45,55
(1898); BRUNER, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XIV, p. 152 (1906).

The only species of the genus known to the present writer is the
following:
95. Henia frenata (Marschall).

Gryllus frenatus MARSCHALL, Ann. Wien. Mus., I, p. 212, No. 5, pl. 18, fig. 4 (1835).
Henia frenata GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XIII, No. 311,

p- 56 (18098).

482 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Habitat.—The collection contains two specimens, a pair, which
are referred here. One is a nymph, and was taken during December,
the other is mature, and was collected in July.

The specimens examined by the writer vary considerably in some
structural features, and represent a single variable species, or else two
or more distinct forms.

Genus PARACORNOPS Giglio-Tos.

Paracornops GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No. 184, p. 31
(1894).

Cornops STAL (nec Scudder), Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, No. 4, p. 40 (1878).
At least six species of the genus Paracornops are known. They

are scattered over southern Brazil and Paraguay.

96. Paracornops aquaticum Bruner.

Paracornops aquaticum BRUNER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 662 (1906).

Habitat—This species is represented by a male specimen which
J. D. Haseman secured on December 6, 1908, at Morro do Para,
Bahia, Brazil.

All the species of the genus Paracornops appear to be fairly common
at certain localities where they frequent aquatic plants. They,can be
collected by beating such vegetation.

Genus CoPriocERA Burmeister.

Copiocera BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, pp. 602, 611 (1838); STAL, Bihang. Svensk.
Akad. Handl., V, No. 4, p. 38 (1878); BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II,
pp. 213, 263 (1907, 1908).

Glyphacris WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 653 (1870).

The genus Copiocera is composed of medium-sized, slender, elongate
locusts, in which the hind tibiz are without the lamellate edges common
to the insects belonging to several of the genera just mentioned on the
foregoing pages. These insects also have the valves of the ovipositor
of the females slender and finger-like, without digging edges. With
the exception of a single species, all of its representatives belong to
tropical South America. Eight species have been described -hereto-
fore, while a ninth is now added.

97. Copiocera austera Gerstecker?

Copiocera austera GERSTECKER, Mitth. Ver. Neu Vorpomm., XX, p. 34, No. 28
(1889).

BRUNER : SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTs. 483

Habitat.—Three female specimens taken at Villa Bella, Bolivia, on
October 1oth, are referred here with some doubt. They were collected
by J. D. Haseman, who has furnished the museum with a number of
very interesting things.

g8. Copiocera collaris sp. nov.

A decidedly smaller species than those heretofore described. Bright
olive-green with a conspicuous large orange-red patch on each side
of the pronotum and a similar tint on the veins of the costal area of
the tegmina.

Head moderately large, smooth, its length nearly that of the
pronotum, and its width a little greater than the anterior width of the
pronotum; eyes quite prominent, but not large, separated above by a
space a little wider than the frontal costa between the antenne;
the fastigium a little depressed, about as long as wide, and bounded
antero-laterally by a well-marked carina; ocelli conspicuous, flame-
red. Antenne dusky, filiform, fully as long as the hind femora,
their last four or five joints pallid. Frontal costa fairly prominent
between the antennae, fading below the ocellus, where it is present only
as a tumid ridge which widens rapidly towards the clypeus. Lateral
or facial carine quite prominent, gently sinuose above and strongly
divergent below. Pronotum fairly strongly rugoso-punctate, sub-
cylindrical, the hind lobe only gently divergent posteriorly, the trans-
verse sulci prominent, continuous, the last decidedly back of the
middle, the anterior edge rather broadly margined, roundly and
broadly advanced upon the occiput, hind margin subangulate, the
median carina present only on the hind lobe, where it is quite plain on
the flattened disk. Tegmina and wings long and narrow, the apex of
the former subacuminate. Anterior and middle legs slender; hind
femora moderately robust, evenly tapering, the tibia much shorter
than the femora, and only five- or six-spined externally. Valves of
the ovipositor hirsute, cylindrical, and finger-like, the lower pair the
longer and larger, straight, the upper ones slender and curved down-
ward between the basal part of the upper ones. Prosternal spine
strongly transverse, its apex arcuate, entire.

Color of insect prevailingly pale olive-green, marked with reddish
on the pronotum and tegmina as indicated above. Abdomen without
reddish markings at sides or above, but becoming darker in the dorsal
area. Hind femora, including the gene, uniformly greenish; hind tibiz

484 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

dark plumbeous. Wings infuscated, the tegmina with olivaceous veins
and veinlets on the disk and dorsal areas, but reddish or purplish on
the costal area.

Length of body, female, 34 mm., of pronotum, 5.75 mm., of tegmina,
31.5 mm., of hind femora, 15 mm., of hind tibia, 11 mm.

Habitat.—The single specimen at hand was taken by J. Steinbach
in the Province del Sara, Bolivia, at an altitude of 450 meters above
sea-level. The type is the property of the Carnegie Museum.

Genus PaciLocLeus Bruner.

Pecilocleus BRUNER, Tire des Hore, Soc. Ent. Rossice, XXXIX, p. I1 (1910).

99. Peecilocloeus flavipicta sp. nov.

Related to P. ornatus Bruner® from Peru, but quite distinct from
that species in a number of respects. The characteristic features,
however, seem to be the slightly larger size and brighter coloration.
Entire body rather profusely hirsute, especially the tibie and tarsi.

6 Tivé des Hore Societatis Entomologice Rossice, Vol. XXXIX, pp. II-12.

In the make-up of the forms in the paper containing the description of this species
the printer left out the following parts of the manuscript between lines 18 and 19
on page 12 of the reprint. Since this omission renders the description of P. ornatus,
as well as of the new genus A delotettix ambiguous, both descriptions are here copied
in full:

‘“Pocilocleus ornatus, sp. n.

“Size medium, the head of moderate size, about as wide as the anterior edge of
the pronotum which embraces it almost to the eyes; the vertex rather narrow, in the
female a trifle less than the width of the frontal costa between the base of the an-
tenne; the fastigium subhorizontal, a little longer than wide, its disk flattened, and
provided with a minute transverse impression just back of the extreme anterior
edge where it meets the upper extremity of the frontal costa. Latter fairly promi-
nent between the antenne, not sulcate above the ocellus, but provided with a
few punctures, much less prominent below and shallowly sulcate, fading before
reaching the clypeus; facial carine not especially prominent, divergent. Eyes not
large, somewhat bulging, a little longer than wide. Anterior lobe of the pronotum
subcylindrical, the hind lobe divergent, a little more than one-half the length of the
anterior one, but much more profusely punctulate; anterior edge rather coarsely
margined, undulate, hind edge of disk obtusangulate, the transverse sulci profound.
Tegmina coriaceous, rather coarsely and profusely veined, about as long as the
abdomen, the apex rounded; wings vitreous, infuscated apically, the apex broad,
nearly truncate. Abdomen carinate, cylindrical, nearly equal throughout, the
apex rather abruptly acuminate; the valves of the ovipositor slight, rather straight,
and the lower pair embraced by the upper ones. Prosternal spine gross, transverse,
quadrate, with a minute wart-like protuberance at middle near the posterior edge.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 485

Head a little wider than the anterior edge of the,pronotum, the
occiput smooth, well rounded and slightly elevated above the plane
of the pronotum; eyes prominent, subglobose, the greater diameter
plainly exceeding the length of the anterior edge of the cheeks. sepa-
rated on the vertex above by a space scarcely if any greater than the
diameter of the basal antennal joint; fastigium subhorizontal, flat,
about as long as wide, separated from the frontal costa by a transverse
elevated ridge or carina; frontal costa prominent between the antennae,
viewed laterally evenly rounded, its sides parallel to just below the
ocellus, where it becomes much narrower and inconspicuous to the
base of the clypeus, plane above, sulcate below; front rather closely

Space between meso- and meta-sternal lobes transverse. Hind femora rather
slender, their apex about equalling that of the abdomen, genicular lobes slightly
acuminate, the hind tibia six-spined externally, eight-spined internally, the first
and second joints of their tarsi subequal; legs, and in fact the entire body, rather
strongly hirsute. Antenne filiform, about as long as the hind femora.

“Color quite gaudy; the head and pronotum dull black with a greenish tinge in
some lights, conspicuously marked with dull orange on the head, the lower edges of
the cheeks, the lateral carine of face, the frontal costa, a considerable portion of
the clypeus, sides of the mandibles, a dot back of the middle of each eye, the disk
of the fastigium and a V-shaped mark on the occiput just back of the vertex, on
the pronotum a large patch near the middle of each lateral lobe and one at center of
the disk both in front and behind; upper half of the pleura and dorsum of the abdo-
men nearly to its tip dull black; below flavous, inclining to dull orange. Tegmina
on their basal two-thirds metallic blue-green with a faint longitudinal discal streak
of flavous, the apical portion brownish, semi-membranous. Wings vitreous,
slightly infuscated apically and towards the posterior border. Hind femora oli-
vaceous, varied with flavous internally and below, on the disk externally the pinne
brownish, genicular area and immediate base of tibiz red, the remainder of the
latter dull cinereous, becoming infuscated apically and at the extreme apex together
with their tarsi coralline. Anterior and middle legs dark flavous with faint traces
of fuscous annulations. Antenne fuscous tinged with red, the extreme apex pallid.

“Length of body, 2, 24.5 mm., of pronotum, 4 mm., of tegmina, 15 mm., of
hind femora, 12.5 mm.

“This insect so far as its coloration and wing length are concerned seems to be
more closely related to Zosperamerus than it is to Anniceris, although its relatively
much shorter hind tarsi remind one of the latter genus and Leioscapheus of Central
America. Evidently a careful study of all the forest-dwelling locusts of middle
America will bring to light a large number of additional species and genera of this
group.

“ Adelotettix gen. nov.

“A genus of moderately large, coarse dull colored locusts related to both Abila
and Adimantus but quite distinct from both of these genera in a number of respects
as may be seen by reference to the following diagnosis:

486 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and strongly rygoso-punctulate; lateral or facial carine prominent,
quite strongly divergent below. Antenne slender, filiform, about as
long as the hind femora, the basal joint quite robust and noticeably
elongate. Pronotum rather evenly and closely punctulate, selliform,
the anterior lobe about one-half longer than the posterior one, the
median carina visible in front of the first and last transverse sulci,
which are fairly deeply impressed; disk of hind lobe somewhat flat-
tened, the posterior margin rounded. Tegmina coriaceous, rather
profusely veined, nearly as long as the abdomen, of moderate width,
the apex rounded; wings as in ornatus. Hind femora of moderate
robustness, about as long as the abdomen, the carine smooth, pinne
of outer disk regular, the genicular portion rather large, the lateral
lobes rounded below and rectangulate at apex; hind tibiz and tarsi
rather large and robust; the former with seven spines externally and
eight internally, the latter with joints one and two about equal in
length. Valves of the ovipositor more robust than in ornatus. Pro-
sternal spine quadrate at base, rapidly tapering, the apex acuminate;

“Face, pronotum, pleura and underside of meso- and meta-thorax rather closely
and profoundly punctulate. The head large, exserted, the fastigium horizontal,
flat and provided at front with a distinct median carina; eyes moderately large,
ellyptical, separated in the females by a space somewhat less than the width of the
frontal costa between the antenne. Frontal costa prominent above between the
antenne, smooth, in nowise sulcate, but provided with a few small punctures at
its sides near the upper extremity, below the ocellus narrowed, gently sulcate and
fading towards the clypeus. Antenne and ocellus situated higher up on the front
and closer than usual to the fastigium; the former moderately heavy but filiform,
about 25-jointed, the apical four or five pallid as in Copiocera, Rhicnoderma and
several other tropical American genera; lateral carinee of the face prominent, evenly
and strongly divergent, extending from the outer edge of the antennal sockets to
near the apex of the mandibles. Pronotum with the two lobes about equal in
length, the anterior lobe cylindrical, the posterior one divergent, the disk of the
latter flat and with its hind edge obtusangulate, front edge broadly margined and
roundly advanced upon the occiput, in some species with the middle shallowly and
roundly emarginate. Tegmina surpassing the apex of abdomen, with parallel edges,
coriaceous, rather profusely veined basally, but more sparsely so apically, the apex
rounded. Hind femora rather short and fairly robust, considerably shorter than
the abdomen, with smooth carine and regular pinne on external disk, the genicular
lobes more or less angulate; hind tibie plainly shorter than the femora; robust,
seven- or eight-spined on outer edge, the apical one wanting; the second tarsal
joint about one-half the length of the first. Anteriorand middle legs rather short.
Prosternal spine somewhat robust, directed gently to the rear, its apex blunt.
Interspace between the mesosternal lobes transverse. Valves of the ovipositor
normal. Body and legs somewhat hirsute.”’

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 487

the space between mesosternal lobes slightly transverse, but narrower
than the lobes themselves.

General color above olivaceous, becoming almost black on the
pronotum and upper portion of pleura; legs mostly, lower part of
pleura, abdomen, except immediate dorsum and underside, bright
citron-yellow. Pronotum conspicuously marked with six large patches
of lemony-ellow, two on each side, and two on the disk. Face, fasti-
gium, vertex, and anterior portion of occiput inclining to flavous, the
posterior portion of head dark olive. Tegmina olivaceous, becoming
darker on costal field and towards the apex, where they shade into
fuscous. Wings apparently somewhat infuscated. Genicular portion
of hind femora ferruginous, the lunules somewhat infuscated; hind
tibia and tarsi vinous red. Antenne pale ferruginous, the apex
concolorous.

Length of body, @, 28 mm., of pronotum, 5 mm., of tegmina,
18 mm., of hind femora, 15 mm., of hind tibia, 12.5 mm.

Habitat—The only specimen at hand, the type, comes from Santa
Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, where it was taken at an elevation of 450
meters above sea-level by J. Steinbach. It is the property of the
Carnegie Museum.

The type of P. ornatus is deposited in the Museum of Natural
History, University of Moscow, Russia.

Genus HOLMALOSAPARUS Rehn.
Holmalosaparus REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LX, p. 17 (1908); BRUNER,

Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 90 (1911).

The locusts which belong to the present genus resemble quite closely
the species of Pheoparia, but differ in a number of diagnostic char-
acters. Only two forms have thus far been recognized. As stated
in a former paper (AnNAts, VIII, p. 90) these insects belong to
southern Brazil.

100. Homalosaparus sordidatus Rehn.

Homalosaparus sordidatus REHN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 155-157,
figs. 36, 37 (1909); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 91 (1911).
Habitat.—Only a single female specimen of this locust is contained

in the collection now being reported upon. It comes from Guaicuhy,

Minas Geraes, Brazil, where it was collected on December 15, 1907,

by J. D. Haseman.

488 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Genus BUCEPHALACRIS Giglio-Tos.

Bucephalacris G1GLto-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No. 184, p. 30
(1894); BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 641, 664 (1906); IB., Ann.
Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 91 (1911).

The species of this genus, as stated in a former paper appearing in
the ANNALS, are confined to a limited area in northern Argentina,
Paraguay, southern Brazil, and eastern Bolivia. They are medium-
sized insects of rather dull color and evidently live among the under-
growth in and about the margins of tropical forests. A synoptic key
for the separation of the known species is given on page 91 of volume
VIII of the ANNALS.

101. Bucephalacris paraguayensis Bruner.
Bucephalacris paraguayensis BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 665 (1906).
Habitat.—A single female specimen is at hand from Santa Cruz de la
Sierra, Bolivia. It was collected by J. Steinbach at an elevation of
450 meters above sea-level.

Genus COSCINEUTA Stal.

Coscineuta STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, pp. 33, 52 (1873); GiGL1o-Tos, Ann. Mus.
Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XIII, No. 311, p. 45 (1898); BRUNNER V. WATTENWVL,
Boll. Mus. Genova, XXXIII, p. 138 (1893); BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-Amer.,
Orthopt., II, pp. 214, 273 (1908).

The present genus is composed of medium-sized and moderately
robust insects of rather striking colors. Four species have been
referred here. They occur in tropical America, where representatives
have been recorded from Nicaragua, Island of St. Bartholomew,
U.S. of Colombia, the Upper Amazons, and Peru.

102. Coscineuta coxalis (Serville).
Acridium coxale SERVILLE, Ins. Orthopt., p. 672 (1839).
Coscineuta coxalis STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 52, No. 1 (1873); BRUNER, Biol.
Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II, p. 273, No. 1 (1908).
Habitat.—The present collection contains two females of this locust. —
They come from Bogota, Colombia, and form a part of accession
number 2306. Both specimens lack hind legs and antenne.

Genus PHAOPARIA Stal.

Pheoparia STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, pp. 36, 56 (1873); GiGLIo-Tos, Boll. Mus.
Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XIII, No. 311, p. 46 (1898); BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-
Amer., Orthopt., II, pp. 215, 277 (1908).

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 489

Pheoparia is another tropical American genus of locusts. They are
rather above medium in size, and all of them are strongly ferruginous
in coloration. They evidently inhabit the forests and live among
fallen leaves, or on the dead and dry leaves which cling to various kinds
of herbage growing in such localities.

103. Pheoparia linea-alba (Linnezus).
Gryllus (Locusta) linea-alba LINN&US, Mus. Ludov. Ulric., p. 150, No. 40 (1764).
Pheoparia linea-alba STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 57, No. 1 (1873); BRUNER, Biol.
Cent.-Amer. Orthopt., II, p. 278 (1908).
Truxalis sanguineus THUNBERG, Mém. Acad. Petersb., V, p. 270 (1815).
Habitat.—The collections before me now contain one male and two
females of this insect. They come from Bogota, Colombia, and Dutch
Guiana.

Genus ADIMANTUS Stal.

Adimantus STAL, Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, No. 4, p. 38 (1878); GIGL1o-Tos,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XIII, No. 311, p. 46 (1898); BRUNER,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 642, 666 (1906).

Three so-called forms, or species, of locusts are referred to the present
genus. They are above medium in size and at the same time quite
gaudily colored. The genus is confined to a region covering Para-
guay, northern Argentina, eastern Bolivia, and southern Brazil.

104. Adimantus ornatissimus (Burmeister).

Oxya ornatissima BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 636, No. 4 (1838).
Adimantus ornatissima KirBy, Syn Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 426 (1910).

Habitat.—There are specimens at hand coming from St. Logoas,
Minas Geraes, Brazil; and Province del Sara and Santa Cruz de la
Sierra, Bolivia,—four males and six females, collected by J. D.
Haseman and J. Steinbach.

These locusts are said to feed on sugar-cane and at times to become
quite destructive.

Genus ZYGOCLISTRON Rehn.
Zygoclistron REHN, Ent. News, XVI, p. 39 (1905); BRUNER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,

XXX, pp. 642, 666 (1906); Ip., Ann. Carngie Mus., VIII, p. 89 (1911).

The species of Zygoclistron occur over Paraguay, southern Brazil,
and eastern Bolivia. As stated in a former paper (ANNALS, VIII, p.
99) these insects are probably partial to open forests, where they live
among fallen leaves, etc.

490 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

105. Zygoclistron trachystictum Rehn.
Zygoclistron trachystictum REHN, Ent. News, XVI, pp. 39-41, figs. 1-3 (1905);
Is., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LIX, p. 181 (1907).
Habitat—Two males of this locust are at hand. They come from
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, where they were taken by J. Steinbach.

Genus ORTHOSCAPHEUS Bruner.

Orthoscapheus BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 671, (1906); Is., Ann.

Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 104 (1911).

Orihoscapheus is most closely related to Jodacris of Giglio-Tos, and,
so far as at present known, contains but a single representative.

&
106. Orthoscapheus roseipennis Bruner.

Orthoscapheus roseipennis BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 672 (1906).
? Osmilia coriacea GIGLIo-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No. 184,

p. 18 (1894).

Habitat—The collections coming from both Puerto Suarez, Bolivia,
and Sapucay, Paraguay, contain examples of this species. (See
remarks concerning this insect in the ANNALS, VIII, p. 104.)

Genus Jopacris Giglio-Tos.

Jodacris GIGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XII, No. 302, p. 32, note
(1897); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, pp. 104, 105 (1911).

107. Jodacris ferruginea (Giglio-Tos).

Anniceris ferrugineus GIGLIo-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No.
184, p. 30 (1894) in part.

Jodacris ferruginea GIGLIo-Tos, l. c., XII, No. 302, pp. 32, 33, footnote (1897) in
part; BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 672 (1906); Is., Ann. Carnegie
Mus., VIII, p. 105 (1911).

Habitat—There are two females in the collection made at Santa

Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, by J. Steinbach.

Genus ABRacris Walker.

Abracris WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 642 (1870); KirBy, Syn.
Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 428 (1910); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 107
(191I).

Omalotettix BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 642 (1906).

The species of Abracris are quite generally distributed over most
of tropical America, where they are fairly common in and about the

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTs. 491

edges of the more open forests. These insects are rather small and
inconspicuous, being gray and dull brown in color. Living, as they
do, among the litter on and near the ground, they are fairly well pro-
tected from birds and other vertebrate enemies, hence are the common
in their respeetive regions. At least seven species

’

‘“‘orasshoppers’
have already been recognized, and a careful study of these insects
throughout the regions, where the genus occurs, will no doubt add

several others.

108. Abracris nebulosa (Bruner).

Jodacris (?) nebulosa BRUNER, Locusts of Argentina, p. 67 (1900).

Omalotettix nebulosa BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 673 (1906).
Abracris nebulosa KirsBy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 428 (1910).

Anniceris ferruginea GIGLIO-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, No. 184,

p. 30 (1897) in part.
Habitat—Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, a single male, collected
by J. Steinbach.

109. Abracris conspersipennis (Bruner).

Omalotettix conspersipennis BRUNER, MS., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II, p. 281

(1908).
Abracris conspersipennis BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 110 (1911).

Habitat—Four specimens, two males and two females, are at hand.
They were taken at Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, by J. Steinbach.

110. Abracris meridionalis (Bruner).

Omalotettix meridionalis BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II, pp. 280, 281

(1908).
Abracris meridionalis KirBy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 428 (1910); BRUNER, Ann.

Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 111 (1911).

Habitat—Santo Antonio, Guaporé, Matto Grosso, Brazil, one
female; and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, another female.

This is one of the larger species of the genus, and occurs over

considerable territory.

Genus SITALCES Stal.

Sitalces STAL, Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, No. 9, p. 16 (1878); BRUNER, Biol.
Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II, pp. 216, 291 (1908).
The species of Sitalces are also confined to tropical South America
and the adjoining parts of Central America and the Island of Trinidad.

Several species are known.

492 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

111. Sitalces infuscatus Bruner.
Sitalces infuscatus BRUNER, MS., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., II, p. 291 (1908);
Is., Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 123 (1911).
Habitat—A pair, male and female, were taken by J. D. Haseman.
The male was collected at Madeira Falls, Rio Madeira, Brazil, October
17; and the female at Villa Bella, Bolivia, October 12.

Genus SCHISTOCERCA Stal.
Schistocerca STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 64 (1873); SCUDDER, Proc. Amer. Acad.

Arts and Sci., XXXIV, p. 441 (1899).

The locusts, which comprise the present genus, are, with a single
exception, confined to the American hemisphere, where the species
are widely scattered from the northern boundary of the United States
to at least as far south in Argentina and Chile as the forty-third
degree of latitude. These insects are, however, most abundant in
the tropical and subtropical countries, where several of the species at
times become much dreaded pests. Kirbyin his Synonymic Catalogue
of Orthoptera (Vol. III, pp. 454-462) lists seventy-three species.
Since that work was published two or three additional forms have
been recognized. One of these latter is described in the present
paper and a second is admitted as possibly new.

112. Schistocerca colombina (Thunberg)?

Gryllus colombinus THUNBERG, Mém. Soc. Petersb., IX, pp. 399, 425, No. 92 (1824).
Acridium (Schistocerca) colombinum STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 67, No. 17 (1873).
Schistocerca colombina SCUDDER, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XXXIV, pp. 443,

449 (1899); BRUNNER & REDTENBACHER, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 210.

For additional synonymy see Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 455.

Habitat—A single female specimen bearing the label ‘Bogota,
Colombia,” is referred here with considerable doubt. It belongs with
accession number 2306.

There are also at hand a number of other specimens belonging to a
former collection of the Carnegie Museum which has been in my
possession for several years. These latter answer to Thunberg’s
description even better than does the individual just referred to above.
They were collected at ‘‘ Bonda (250 ft.) Dept. Magdalena, Colombia,
S. A.,’’ where they were taken by H. H. Smith. In their measurement
the females exceed that given by Thunberg for his Gryllus colombinus
(‘‘Magnitudine fere grylli migratorii’’). Some time ago I set these

BRUNER : SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTs. 493

larger insects aside under the MS. name Schistocerca maculipennis,
owing to the decided and large maculations which occupy the disk
and apical half of the tegmina. These insects are also characterized
by the pale oblique border on the lower margins of the pronotum,
as well as by the black dotted carine of the hind femora. The
measurements are as follows: length of body, 2, 61 mm., of pro-
notum, 13.5 mm., of tegmina, 60.5 mm., of hind femora, 32 mm.
They also approach Scudder’s S. @qualis, but seem to be distinct from
it as well.

The present writer also possesses several specimens of a Schistocerca
taken on Grenada Island in the West Indies, which have likewise been
referred doubtfully to Thunberg’s colombina. These latter insects,
however, are much too small for it, being in the females 41 mm. long,
with tegmina that are only 39 mm. long. In general structure and
color-pattern these small Grenadan specimens are very similar to the
very much larger ones coming from the United States of Colombia.
The two should be described as distinct species, and will be later.

113. Schistocerca magnifica sp. nov.

By far the largest species of the genus. Readily recognized by its
uniform grayish brown color and by having the tegmina largely
hyaline and without traces of maculation. Hind tibizw and tarsi
tinged above with coral-red. Antenne flavous. Entire body rather
closely clothed with short pale hairs, especially is this true on the
meso- and meta-sternum.

Head only medium in size, a little narrower above than the anterior
margin of the pronotum, occiput short, embraced by the former
almost to the hind margin of the eyes, the face above the base of
clypeus about as long as wide, nearly square; eyes not prominent,
narrow, about as long as the anterior edge of the cheeks immediately
below them; latter below rather finely and closely punctulate, above
together with the occiput smooth; face rugoso-punctate; vertex
between the eyes about a third wider than the diameter of the basal
antennal joint, the fastigium of moderate size and very deeply sulcate,
plainly broader than long, separated from the upper end of the
frontal costa by a transverse impressed smooth area of paler hue;
frontal costa not prominent, the lateral walls meeting above between
the base of the antenne and evenly divergent below, the sulcation
rather profound and continuous to the clypeus; lateral or facial

494 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

carine prominent, at their upper extremity somewhat sinuous, from
a point opposite the median ocellus evenly divergent to the lower
corners of the face. Antenne filiform, a little longer than the head
and pronotum taken together. Pronotum rather strongly rugoso-
punctate, much more closely so on the hind lobe, the dorsum gently
tectate, viewed in profile a trifle arcuate; median carina fairly coarse
and prominent, distinctly severed by all three transverse sulci, the
posterior one plainly in advance of the middle; anterior margin
roundly advanced at middle upon the occiput, hind margin widely
angulate; the sides of hind lobe decidedly divergent, giving the
insect a robust appearance about the thorax. Meso- and meta-thorax
moderately enlarged and rather closely and profoundly rugoso-
punctulate. Tegmina large, long, for the most part membranous,
rather sparsely veined on outer two-thirds, a little more closely so on
the basal portion. Legs about normal, the hind femora not especially
robust at base, but with coarse apical portion and heavy tibia, spines
of the latter heavy, rather strongly curved and for the most part
pallid, the upper carina of the femora rather prominently serrate.
Prosternal spine slender, erect, as long as the coxal joints of anterior
legs, the apex rounded.

Length of body, 2, 60 mm., of pronotum, 15 mm., of tegmina,
71 mm., of hind femora, 33 mm., of antenne, 19 mm., greatest width
of pronotum, I2 mm.

Habitat.—This magnificent locust bears the label ‘‘ Mathewtown,
Great Inagua I., Bahamas, February 23, 1909, Worthington.’ The
type is the property of the Carnegie Museum.

This is by far the largest species of the genus, if not the most beauti-
ful, and must be a very attractive insect when alive. How it has thus
far escaped collectors is an enigma to the describer. It is not very
closely related to any of the other North American forms, nor does it
approach those of South America any closer.

114. Schistocerca inscripta (Walker).

Cyrtacanthacris inscripta WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., III, p. 550,
No. 3 (1870).

Acridium inscriptum THOMAS, Syn. Acrid. N. Amer., p. 228 (1873).

Schistocerca inscripta SCUDDER, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XXXIV, pp. 444,
461, No. 21 (1899); KirBy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 455 (1910).

Habitat.—Jamaica, West Indies, three males and two females.

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTs. 495

115. Schistocerca alutacea (Harris)?

Acrydium alutaceum HARRIS, Rept. Ins. Mass., p. 139, No. 1 (1841); IB., ed. 3,
Pp. 173 (1862).

Acridium alutaceum GLOVER, Illustr. N. Amer., Orthopt., pl. VIII, fig. 13, pl. X,
fig. 13 (1872); THomas, Syn. Acrid. N. Amer., pp. 169, 171 (1873).

Schistocerca alutacea BRUNER, Publ. Neb. Acad. Sci., III, p. 26 (1893); SCUDDER,
Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XXXIV, pp. 445, 464, No. 27 (1899); REHN, Ent.
News, XIII, p. 312 (1902).

Habitat.—There is a single Schistocerca nymph among some mis-
cellaneous Orthoptera taken in the Bahamas. It is referred here as
being more likely this than any other species.

116. Schistocerca desiliens Scudder.

Schistocerca desiliens SCUDDER, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., XXXIV, pp. 443,
445 (1899); BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 126 (1910).
Habitat.—There are two females of this species in the collection

coming from Santarem, Grao Para, Brazil. They were taken on the

7th of December, 1909, by J. D. Haseman.

117. Schistocerca paranensis (Burmeister).
Acridium paranense BURMEISTER, Reise La Plata Staaten, I, p. 491 (1861).
Schistocerca paranensis BRUNER, First Rept. Locust Comm. Buenos Aires, pp. I-79,

and figs. (1898); IB., Second Rept., pp. I-11, 69, figs. 1, 31, 32 (1900).
Acridium (Schistocerca) perigrinum BERG (nec Olivier), An. Soc. Argent., IX, pp.

275-277 (1880).

Cyrtacanthacris approximans WALKER, Cat. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., III, p. 572,

No. 44 (1870).

Habitat—There are specimens of this insect before me coming from
Sao Paulo, Brazil; Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; and Rio Negro,
Santa Isabel, Uruguay. The specimens coming from the last locality
were taken February 12, 1909, and contained in a box with Scyllina
consperstpennis, and bear the label ‘‘by the billions, a great pest in
all central southern S. America this year—eat everything except
leaves of coffee plant.”’

This is the chief destructive locust of Argentina and adjoining South
American countries, Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, and Bolivia. In
Chile most of the destruction is perhaps the work of S. cancellata
Serville.

118. Schistocerca gratissima Rehn.

Schistocerca gratissima REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Feb., 1908, pp. 20-22,
figs. 4, 5; BRUNER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 128, note.

496 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Habitat.—Specimens of this beautifully marked insect are at hand
from Villa Bella and Rio Mamori, Bolivia, where they were taken by
J. D. Haseman at the last named locality on September 20, 1909, and
at the first mentioned locality on October II, 1909.

The present writer referred this insect with doubt to Stoll’s Gryllus
(Locusta) lineatus (Natuurl. Afbeeld. Besch. Springh., pl. XVB:
fig. 57) in a former paper (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 675, 676
(1906)).

Genus DICHROPLUsS Stal.

Dichroplus STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 88 (1873); BRUNNER, Ann. Mus. Genova,
XXXIII, p. 145 (1893). For additional references see Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orthopt.,
Lp: 487.

The genus Dichroplus Stal takes the same place among South Ameri-
can locusts that his genus Melanoplus does among these insects in
North America. The representatives of both genera are the common
medium-sized spine-breasted grasshoppers of the meadows and open
country. Some of the species become destructive in both continents.

119. Dichroplus punctulatus (Thunberg).

Gryllus punctulatus THUNBERG, Mém. Acad. Petérsb., IX, p. 408 (1824).

See additional synonymy in ANN. CARNEGIE Mus., VIII, p: 132.

Habitat.—The five specimens of the present species before me come
from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. They were taken by J.
Steinbach.

120. Dichroplus bergi (Stal).

Pezotetlix bergit STAL, Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, No. 9, p. 7 (1878).
Dichroplus bergit GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No. 184,

p. 2I (1894); BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 679, 683 (1906).

Habitat.—A single female specimen is at hand. It was collected at
Sapucay, Paraguay.

121. Dichroplus exilis Giglio-Tos.

Dichroplus exilis GiGLio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No. 184,
p. 23 (1894); BRUNER, Second Rept. Locust Comm. B. Aires, pp. 72, 75 (1900);
Is., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 678, 681 (1906).

Habitat.—J. Steinbach’s collection made at Santa Cruz de la Sierra,
Bolivia, contains a single male specimen, which is referred here.

Genus PARASCOPAS Bruner.

Parascopas BRUNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 643, 689 (1906); IB., Ent.
News, XXI, p. 307 (1910).

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUS’'S. 497

Scopas GicL10-Tos (nec Bonaparte), Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX,

No. 184, p. 29 (1894).

The locusts comprising the present genus are medium sized, short-
winged insects. The described species are very similar in general
appearance, but can be separated by the cercal characters of the males
(see synoptic table, Ent. News, X XI, p. 307).

122. Parascopas obesus (Giglio-Tos).
Scopas obesus GIGLIo-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No. 184, p. 29
(1894).
Habitat—Two female specimens of Parascopas are before me as I
write. They were taken at Puerto Suarez, Bolivia.

Genus CHLORUS Giglio-Tos.
Chlorus GiGL1o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XIII, No. 311, p. 50

(1808).

The present genus of the Melanopli was erected in 1898 by Giglio-
Tos for the reception of his Paradichroplus borellii and Stal’s Pezotettix
varicolor. Since then two other species, C. vittatus and C. brunneus,
have been added by me. Now a fifth form is at hand for characteri-
zation. With the exception of Stal’s species, with Colombia as its
habitat, they all occur in the region embraced by Paraguay, south-
western Brazil, and eastern Bolivia. They may be separated by the
following synoptic table. The species borellii is the type.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF CHLORUS.

A. Larger (o’, 22-22.5 mm., 9, 25-30 mm.).
b. Hind femora interiorly and below sanguineous.

c. General color green [Asuncion, Paraguay]........ borellit Giglio-Tos.
cc. General color brownish; the hind tibie pale greenish yellow [Corumba,
EST AZI | epetenetan rst Rometenet at oie nets forsee eteierare istesSie: ol orn oie brunneus Bruner.

bb. Hind femora interiorly and below not sanguineous.

c. Dark greenish brown; sides of basal half of abdomen heavily marked

with black. Hind femora deep green, lower sulcus greenish.
vittatus Bruner.
cc. Dark wood-brown; sides of basal half of abdomen but lightly marked
with black. Hind femora brown above, black internally and on
upper portion of disk externally, the latter bordered below with
flavous; lower sulcusidark pray. o.. 2% 0 s.0c.e siecle bolivianus sp. nov.
AA. Smaller (o’, 12 mm., 2, 16 mm.). Pale dirty yellow or olive-yellow [U. S.
SIECe OLGML nIaa| rere eer Ratan = lara cieie act odenwuess's,aleveher emenciesciategepesrs ienaie le varicolor Stal.

498 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

123. Chlorus bolivianus sp. nov.

Very similar in size and general form to both C. vittatus and C.
brunneus, but differing from them in color. Inner face of hind
femora totally black, the lower sulcus deep blue-gray. Body rather
profusely hirsute.

Head large, about as wide as the front edge of the pronotum. Eyes
large and moderately prominent, in the male nearly as broad as long,
the latter dimension almost a third greater than the length of the
anterior edge of the cheeks; in the females decidedly longer than
broad, the former dimension little if any greater than the length of
the anterior edge of the cheeks below them; vertex between the eyes
about twice (o7) or three times (Q ) as wide as the diameter of the
antenne, the fastigium rather large and depressed, strongly sulcate,
spatulately widened toward the front. Frontal costa rather promi-
nent, a little narrowed above, roundly sulcate throughout, but more
profoundly so at ocellus, sparsely punctulate above the ocellus.
Antenne filiform, a little heavy, slightly surpassing the hind margin
of the pronotum in both sexes. Pronotum rather robust, very
perceptibly divergent to the rear, viewed sidewise gently arcuate
above, without definite lateral carina, the lateral lobes somewhat
tumid viewed from above, transverse sulci fairly deeply impressed,
all three cutting the median carina, the last plainly back of the
middle; anterior edge above truncate, posterior margin broadly
rounded. Tegmina rather large, almost as broad as long, the apex
as well as the costal and dorsal edges evenly rounded, the inner
margins almost touching, closely and finely veined, extending well
over the basal abdominal segment. Abdomen normal, in the male
gently clavate; male cerci evenly tapering on basal half, beyond which
point they are nearly equal and abruptly bent inward and backward,
the apical half somewhat flattened and obliquely docked from above.
Legs a little coarse or robust, in the female about reaching, in the male
a little surpassing, the apex of the abdomen; hind tibiz 8-spined on
the outer edge. Prosternal spine of medium size, slightly transverse,
acuminate, and gently directed to the rear; interspace between the
mesosternal lobes about as broad as long, but plainly narrower than
the lobes themselves.

General color above rather dark wood-brown varied with patches
of lighter hues and flecks and dashes of fuscous; front, anterior and
middle legs, and underside testaceous; lower half of the lateral lobes

BRUNER: SoutTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 499

of the pronotum and middle of meso- and meta-pleura obliquely
dirty white; a broad band back of the eyes and along the upper
portion of the sides of the pronotum velvety black, in some specimens
with an olivaceous tinge. Hind femora at the base and along the
lower edge of outer disk flavous, remainder largely fuscous and black,
except the lower edge and sulcus, which is deep gray, almost lead-color
with a greenish tint. Hind tibiz fuscous basally, becoming green
tinted apically. Antenne flavous at the base, changing to ferruginous
apically.

Length of body, o, 22.5 mm., 2, 30 mm.; of pronotum, o’, 5.75
mm., 9, 7.85 mm.; of tegmina, o’, 4.5 mm., 9, 5 mm.; of hind
femora, o', 13 mm., 9, 16.5 mm.

Habitat.—Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, at an elevation above
sea level of 450 meters, one male and two females, collected by J.
Steinbach.

The types, male and female, are deposited in the Carnegie Museum.

Genus PARADICHROPLUS Brunner.

Paradichroplus BRUNNER V. WATTENWYL, Ann. Mus. Genova, XXXIII, p. 145
(1893); G1GL1o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp., Torino, IX, No. 184, p. 20

(1894).

The present genus is composed of several medium-sized, nearly
apterous locusts, which remind one very strongly of some of the
North American genera of Melanopli. Its representatives are most
abundant in the region comprised by southern Brazil, Paraguay,
northern Argentina, and eastern Bolivia and Peru. The subjoined
table will enable the student to separate the species described previ-
ously, as well as the three now characterized:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PARADICHROPLUS.

A. Hind tibiz provided with nine spines in the outer row.
b. Lower sulcus and inner face of the hind femora largely reddish. Color

variable.
c. Prevailing color yellowish or flavous, the dorsum of the pronotum and
abdomen dusky. Head black............. bilobus Giglio-Tos.

cc. Prevailing color variable, but with the dorsum of the pronotum not
entirely dusky. Head concolorous, or at least not greatly
varied with fuscous.
d. General color varying from apple-green to pale brownish olive,
the dorsum of the pronotum and abdomen varied with fuscous.
andeanus Bruner.

500 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

dd. General color greenish olivaceous, the dorsum of the pronotum and
abdomen pallid, not varied with fuscous. . brunneri Giglio-Tos.
AA. Hind tibiz provided with eight spines in the outer row.

b. Hind tibiz of the normal form, their lateral edges not acute and expanded
toward the apex. Representatives denizens of woods or open fields
removed from swampy grounds.

c. Larger (Q, 22-28 mm.).
d. Abdomen with 4 to 6 basal segments twice spotted at middle with
black. Posterior femora internally sanguineous.
bipunctatus Giglio-Tos.
dd. Abdomen with basal segments not twice black-spotted at middle.
Posterior femora internally pallid, not sanguineous.

olivaceous sp. nov.
cc. Smaller (Q, 18-21 mm.).

d. Color testaceo-ferruginous. Hind tibize orange-red; internal and
external disks of hind femora infuscated or obscure.
rubripes Bruner.
dd. Color more or less markedly olivaceous. Hind tibize greenish;
internal and external disks of hind femora not especially
infuscated.
e. Genicular area of hind femora marked with black lunules.
fusiformis Giglio-Tos.
ee. Genicular area of hind femora pale ferruginous, without the
dankslumulesin. ays crema wee wi oeevenatereneis ers esenens geniculatus Bruner,
bb. Hind tibia expanded apically and with their lateral edges more or less acute.
Representatives possibly subaquatic, or at least denizens of swampy
grounds and fitted for swimming.
c. Hind femora banded internally and externally with black or fuscous.
d. Smaller (9, 14 mm. long) [Rio Apa, Paraguay].
aberrans Giglio-Tos.
dd. Larger (2, 21 mm. long) [Puerto Suarez, Bolivia].
steinbachi sp. nov.
cc. Hind femora without fuscous bands both internally and externally.
. subaquaticus sp. nov.

124. Paradichroplus subaquaticus sp. nov

A medium sized rather hirsute insect, in which the general color is
greenish olive, varied on the head and the pronotum with lines of dirty
white or pale testaceous. Hind femora unicolorous, unbanded; the
hind tibize decidedly expanded apically, and with the edges somewhat
acute.

Head moderately large, a little wider than the front edge of the
pronotum, the occiput short. Eyes prominent, large, a little longer
than wide, their greatest diameter being almost twice as long as the

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 501

anterior edge of the cheeks below them, separated above by a space
no greater than the diameter of the antenne. Fastigium of the vertex
depressed, spatulately sulcate, the sulcation partially separated from
that of the frontal costa by an obscure transverse V-shaped carina.
Frontal costa moderately prominent, broadly sulcate, and provided
with coarse lateral walls which diverge evenly below, continuous to the
base of the clypeus; lateral or facial carina prominent, straight, gently
divergent below. Antenne rather coarse and moderately elongate.
reaching to the hind margin of the metathorax or a trifle beyond.
Pronotum a little longer than broad, viewed laterally gently arcuate
above, transverse sulci deep, the hind lobe somewhat expanded, only
about one-half as long as the anterior one; both the anterior and
posterior margins roundly emarginate, the latter much more broadly
so. Tegmina small, lateral, gently spatulate, and provided with four
percurrent veins, their apex reaching about half-way across the
abdominal segment. Abdomen rather small, tapering but little
towards the apex, which terminates in a blunt point, prominently
carinate above, especially on the basal two-thirds; last ventral segment
short, scarcely as long as its basal width; supra-anal plate rather
simple, triangular, with a fairly profound median sulcus, which is quite
broad at the base, but narrowed evenly toward the apex; marginal
apophyses of preceding segment moderately large, about twice as
long as broad, their apex broadly rounded, touching on their inner
margins and projecting into the basal portion of the sulcus of the supra-
anal plate; cerci pyramidal or subpyramidal, somewhat flattened, a
little more than twice as long as their greatest basal width, directed
to the rear and gently inwards, the apical fifth finger-like. Prosternal
spine moderately large, the base quadrate, tapering to a rather acute
point, which is gently directed to the front; interspace between the
mesosternal lobes not quite as wide as long and plainly nar-
rower than the lobes themselves. Legs decidedly large and robust,
especially is this true of the femora of all three pairs; the hind femora
projecting fully one-third of their length beyond the tip of the ab-
domen; hind tibie expanded apically, eight-spined externally, nine-
spined internally.

All the legs olive-green, sides of pronotum above much darker,
inclining to brownish but still with an olivaceous tint; the lower
portion dirty white, the disk brownish olive with testaceous lines
separating this field from the postocular dark bands; occiput of a

502 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

similar color, with testaceous lateral margins; face and cheeks oli-
vaceous; antenne inclining to ferruginous. Abdomen above brownish
olive, the sides of the three basal segments prominently marked with
piceous, lower side flavous. Hind tibia green, with spines largely
black.

Length of body, o’, 14 mm., of pronotum, 3.1 mm., of tegmina,
2.3 mm., of hind femora, II mm.

Habitat.—A single male specimen, the type, bears the label ‘‘ Puerto
Suarez, Bolivia, 150 M., Nov., ’08—-Jan., ’09, J. Steinbach.”

The structure of the hind tibiz of this insect points to its possible
aquatic or subaquatic habit. Its very minute and lateral tegmina
also indicate a rather stationary existence, which would also be true
with all of the other representatives of the genus. Possibly all of
them are partial to certain food-plants from which they seldom stray.

125. Paradichroplus steinbachi sp. nov.

Most nearly related to P. aberrans Giglio-Tos, but a much larger
insect than that species, as indicated in the synoptical table. Cinereo-
ferruginous and more or less strongly conspersed with round fuscous
dots on the pronotum and the basal abdominal segments above.
Lower lateral margins of the former broadly ivory-white. » Body
moderately hirsute.

Head normal or small, the width about the same as that of the
anterior edge of the pronotum. Eyes of moderate size, not prominent,
decidedly longer than wide, their anterior margin nearly straight;
vertex between the eyes about one and one-half times the diameter
of the basal antennal joint, the fastigium rather short but broad,
depressed, and widely but shallowly sulcate; frontal costa not especially
prominent, a trifle broadest at its middle and sulcate throughout, the
lateral walls coarse; facial carine prominent, divergent, gently sinuose.
Antenne filiform, a very little surpassing the hind margin of the
pronotum. Pronotum evenly divergent posteriorly, without lateral
carine and with but a slight median one; the anterior lobe a trifle
nore than twice the length of the posterior, the transverse sulci
fairly prominent, the last alone continuous, the other two being
interrupted by the inconspicuous median carina; anterior and posterior
margins of the disk nearly straight. Tegmina minute, lateral, spatu-
late, about two and one-half times as long as their greatest width,
sparsely veined, reaching three-fourths across the basal abdominal

BRUNER : SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS. 5038

segment. Abdomen carinated, of normal form, its apex reaching
slightly beyond the tips of the hind femora. Valves of the ovipositor
moderately slender, the apical portion well curved. Prosternal spine
large and blunt, somewhat transverse, the base subquadrate. Meso-
sternal lobes separated by a space about as broad as long and approxi-
mately equal to the lobes themselves. Anterior and middle legs
slender, normal; the hind femora robust, the hind tibie eight-spined
externally and decidedly broadened apically with acute margins, as
in aberrans Giglio-Tos and subaquaticus described in the present paper.

General color cinereo-ferruginous or brunneo-testaceous, varied
with darker and lighter markings. Sides of the head back of the eyes
and upper portion of the sides of the pronotum provided with a
fairly well-defined brown band in part made up of an agglomeration
of dots and irregular blotches of that color; below this on the pronotum
are conspicuous ivory-white patches. Basal abdominal segments
conspicuously marked at their sides with piceous patches. Hind
femora twice banded both internally and externally with fuscous,
most pronounced on the inner face; the lunules of the genicular area
black above, lower sulcus flavous; tibiz grayish green, their apex and
the tarsi tinged with ferruginous. Antenne ferruginous.

Length of body, 9, 21 mm., of pronotum, 3.8 mm., of tegmina,
2.5 mm., of hind femora, II mm.

Habitat—The only specimen at hand, the type, which is a female,
bears the same label as does the type of P. subaquaticus described
above.

Although from the same locality and presumably collected some-
where near the same date as was the insect described under the
name subaquaticus, it does not seem at all probable that the two
insects could be the sexes of a single species. The well marked bands
on the hind femora of steinbach?, a female, and the entire absence of
them in subaquaticus, a male, seems to me to be sufficient evidence
upon which to separate them, since these marks as a rule are most
pronounced in male specimens.

126. Paradichroplus olivaceus sp. nov.

A trifle larger than other described species of the genus, a uniformly
brownish olive-colored insect of rather robust build.

Head fully as broad as the front edge of the pronotum; the eyes
large and prominent, a little longer than the anterior edge of the

504 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

cheeks below them, their anterior margin straight, separated at the
vertex by a space a trifle wider than the diameter of the basal antennal
joint; fastigium of the vertex depressed, five-sided, shallowly sulcate
and gently confluent with the sulcation of the frontal costa, which
latter is fairly prominent and of nearly equal width throughout,
continuous to the clypeus; facial carine strong, straight, a little
divergent below. Antenne slender, filiform, a trifle longer than the
head and pronotum together. Pronotum very similar to that of
steinbachi, but with the hind lobe relatively longer and with the hind
margin very broadly and roundly emarginate instead of squarely
truncate. Tegmina minute, lateral, spatulate, their tips gently sur-
passing the hind margin of the first abdominal segment. Abdomen
about normal. Hind femora robust, gross, their tips reaching the
apex of the abdomen. Hind tibie eight-spined externally, the lateral
edges normal. Prosternal spine of fair size, pyramidal, the apex
moderately acute, and gently directed to the front. Interspace
between the mesosternal lobes wider than long, nearly equalling the
lobes. Valves of the ovipositor not especially slender, nor yet robust,
the apices quite strongly hooked and sharp.

General color as described above. Sides of the basal abdominal
segments prominently marked with shiny black. Hind femora very
faintly showing traces of dusky bands on upper margin; lunules of
the genicular portion and sides of the basal portion of the hind tibie
black. Lower face and sides of the pronotum faintly pallid. Lower
surface a little more pallid than the remainder of the insect.

Length of body, 9, 27 mm., of pronotum, 5 mm., of tegmina,
4.5 mm., of hind femora, 15 mm.

Habitat.—The type, together with another female, and a nymph
were taken at Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, at an elevation of
450 meters. They were collected by J. Steinbach.

Genus OsMILIA Stal.

Osmilia STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 68 (1873); BRUNNER, Ann. Mus. Genova,
XXXIII, p. 147 (1893); BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-Amer. Orthopt., II, pp. 222, 330
(1907-1908).

The various species of which the present genus is composed belong
to tropical America. Nine species are recognized in Kirby’s Synony-
mic Catalogue of Orthoptera. It might be stated here that these
insects are so very similar in their general appearance and even in

BRUNER: SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTSs. 505

their structure, that no attempt has thus far been made to make a
synoptical key for their separation.

127. Osmilia flavolineata (De Geer).
Acrydium flavolineatum DE GEER, Mém. Ins., III, p. 497, No. 13, pl. 42, fig. 4
(1773).
Acridium flavolineatum BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, p. 634, No. 20 (1838).
Acridium (Osmilia) flavolineatum STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 68, No. 18 (1873).
Osmilia flavolineatum BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthopt., pp. 330, 331 (1908).
Habitat.—A pair, male and female, coming from Bogota, Colombia,
are placed here. They form part of accession number 2306.

128. Osmilia violacea (Thunberg) ?
Gryllus violaceus THUNBERG, Mém. Acad. Petersb., IX, pp. 396, 413 (1824).
Acridium (Osmilia) violaceum STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, p. 68, No. 19 (1873).
Osmilia violacea G1GLi1o-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No. 184,

p. 18 (1894).

Habitat.—There are two males and six females of this genus before
me that come from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, Paraguay, and
several Brazilian localities. Although Kirby has included my former
references to violacea among his synonymy of the previous species,
I am still inclined to refer them to Thunberg’s violacea on account of
their bluish-tinted wings. I note that Giglio-Tos also referred an
Osmilia from the same general locality to this species.

Genus RHYTIDICHROTA Stal.
Rhytidichrota STAL, Recens. Orthopt., I, pp. 35, 54 (1873); BRUNER, Biol. Cent.-

Amer., Orthopt., II, pp. 222, 237 (1907-1908).

Several apterous locusts of tropical South America that are below
medium in size have been separated under the generic name Rhyti-
dichrota. They occur inand about the margins of forests, where they
live in moderate numbers among the low herbage.

129. Rhytidichrota levifrons Stal.
Rhytidichrota levifrons STAL, Bihang. Svensk. Akad. Handl., V, No. 4, p. 78 (1878).
Habitat—A pair of this locust was collected by J. D. Haseman on
October 17th, 1909, at Madeira Falls, Rio Madeira, Brazil.

Genus Pycnosarcus Bolivar.

Pycnosarcus BOLIVAR, Boll. Soc. Esp., VI, p. 392 (1906).
Polysarcus SAUSSURE (nec Fieber), Rev. Zool., (2), XI, p. 392 (1859); BRUNNER,
Ann. Mus. Genova, XXXIII, p. 148 (1893).

506 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM,

130. Pycnosarcus atavus (Saussure).
Polysarcus atavus SAUSSURE, Rev. Zool., (2), XI, p. 393 (1859).
Pycnosarcus atavus Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., III, p. 544 (1910); BRUNER, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., VIII, p. 147 (1911).
Habitat—There is a single nymph of this odd-looking locust at
hand. It was taken at Rio de Janeiro, and bears the accession number
2966.

XVIII. A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA.
By W. E. CLypE Topp.

INTRODUCTION.

The present paper is the outgrowth of an attempt to identify the
series of Ground Doves in the collection of the Carnegie Museum, a
series which, although small, seemed to indicate the existence of
several apparently undescribed forms. The confusion in which the
various members of this genus were found to be involved, however,
appeared to be such as to forbid satisfactory conclusions being reached
until a thorough revision of the entire group could be made, and this
task was accordingly undertaken. Through the cordial coéperation
of the authorities of the larger museums in this country, and through
the courtesy of several owners of private collections, the writer has
been able to bring together no less than nineteen hundred and twenty
specimens of this genus, representing all of the known forms, and
including a number of types. Although in the nature of the case a
considerable percentage of this material is not of the best quality,
Ground Doves being especially difficult to make up into good skins,
and although certain geographical areas (particularly in South
America) are sparsely represented by specimens, it has been possible
for the first time to work out to advantage the characters, relation-
ships, and ranges of the various forms. The results of this study
are embodied in the present revision, which has considerably exceeded
the scope originally planned, and is now presented as an effort to
correlate our knowledge of this group of birds into one harmonious
whole.

Accordingly, there has been an attempt to make the list of refer-
ences to the literature of the group as complete as possible. While
time and effort have not been spared in this endeavor, it is of course
too much to hope that absolute completeness has been attained, but
it is believed that over ninety per cent of the references have been
duly recorded. Although it is true that many of those here given are
of no especial scientific importance, it is also true that such a thorough

507

508 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

search through the literature as their collation has involved, if under-
taken by revisers generally, would tend to place systematic orni-
thology, and particularly nomenclature, on a much sounder basis.
It has seemed best, therefore, to list all the references found, however
trivial in character. Moreover, of all those appearing in the tables
of synonymy on succeeding pages, less than a half-dozen have been
taken at second-hand, and all but about fifty have been personally
verified by the writer. For memoranda on the remainder he is
indebted to Prof. Wells W. Cooke, Mr. Harry C. Oberholser, Dr.
Charles W. Richmond, Mr. Joseph H. Riley, Mr. Austin H. Clark,
Mr. Witmer Stone, Dr. Glover M. Allen, Mr. Waldron DeWitt
Miller, and Mr. J. Warren Jacobs in this country, to Dr. A. Menegaux
of Paris, France, and to Mr. Charles Chubb of London, England.
To Messrs. Richmond and Oberholser he is also under additional
obligations for numerous suggestions and much valuable criticism.
To those persons who have placed material at his disposal for study
in this connection he takes this opportunity of again returning thanks.

All measurements given are in millimeters, and, unless otherwise
stated, are based on a series of not less than ten good specimens.
Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors has been used as a standard in
preparing descriptions.

Genus CHAMEPELIA Swainson.

The principal references to the genus, together with a list of the
emended forms under which it has appeared, are given in this table.

Columba, part, LINN2&UuS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 162; ed. 12, I, 1766, 279.—
GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, ii, 1789, 769, and of earlier authors generally.

Goura, part, STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zodél., XI, i, 1819, 119.

Columbina Sp1x, Avium Species Nove, II, 1825, 57, 58, part (no type indicated).—
Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 58 (Columba passerina Linneus designated as
type).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1907, 33, 44, 46 (crit.).—
ALLEN, Auk, XXV, 1908, 301 (crit.)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION
COMMITTEE, Auk, XXVI, I909, 300 (crit.).—ALLEN, Science, n. s., XX XIII,
IQII, 336 (crit.). INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE,
Smiths. Inst. Publ. No. 2013, 1911, 73 (crit.)—BRABOURNE and CHUBB, Birds
S. Am., I, 1912, 18 (list of South American forms).

Columbigallina (not of Oken, 1817) Bote, Isis, 1826, 977 (type, Columba passerina
Linneus).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Check List N.
Am. Birds, 1886, 181.—RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 214 (diag.).—
Cory, Auk, IV, 1887, 116.—Cory, Birds W. Indies, 1889, 217.—WATERHOUSE,
Ind. Gen. Avium, 1889, 50.—SatvaporI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI, 1893,

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH4MEPELIA. 509

472, footnote (crit.)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Check
List N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, 1895, 122.—CoueEs, Auk, XIV, 1897, 215, in text
(crit.)—DuBots, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 763 (syn.).—CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds,
ed. 5, II, 1903, 715 (diag.; crit.)—-STONE, Auk, XXIV, 1907, 192 (crit.; =Che-
mepelia Swainson).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIII, 1907, 327, in
text (=Chemepelia Swainson); XXIV, 1907, 33, in text, 44, 46 (crit.; =Co-
lumbina Spix).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, X XVI,
1909, 2907 (=Chemepelia Swainson). —DABBENE, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
XVIII, roro, 193.

Chemepelia SWAINSON, Zo6l. Journ., III, 1827, 361, part (diag.; no type specified;
includes Columba passerina Linneeus and C. squamosa Temminck).—LEsson,
Man. d’Orn., II, 1828, 162 (ex Swainson).—SELBy, Jardine’s Naturalist’s
Library, Birds, IX, 1835, 198, part (characters; type, Columba talpi-
cott [sic] Temminck).—SwaInson, Class. Birds, II, 1837, 349 (diag.; C. cin-
namomina Spix given as ‘‘example’’).—Gray, List Gen. and Subgen. Birds,
1855, 100 (syn.; Columba passerina Linnzus designated as type).—GRay, List
Birds Brit. Mus., Columba, 1856, 49, part (syn.).—Gray, Hand-List Birds,
II, 1870, 239 (syn.; list of species) WALLACE, Geog. Distr. Animals, II, 1876,
333 (geog. distr.)—WATERHOUSE, Ind. Gen. Avium, 1889, 37.—STONE, Auk,
XXIV, 1907, 192 (replaces Columbigallina Boie).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., XXIII, 1907, 327 (crit.; type); XXIV, 1907, 33, in text (crit.; type).
—ALLEN, Auk, XXV, 1908, 301 (crit.)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION
CoMMITTEE, Auk, XXVI, 1900, 207 (replaces Columbigallina Boie), 300 (crit.).—
KNOWLTON, Birds of the World, 1909, 432, in text. —AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS,
UNION COMMITTEE, Check List N. Am. Birds, ed. 3, 1910, 150.—ALLEN, Science,
n. s., XXXIII, 1911, 336 (crit.). INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL
NOMENCLATURE, Smiths. Inst. Publ. No. 2013, 1911, 73 (crit.).

Chamepelia (emendation?) Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831 (?), 474.—BONAPARTE,
Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 41.—SumiIcHRAsT, Naturaleza, V, 1881, 231.—
MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., XV, 1909, 238.

Chamepelia (emendation) Swarnson, Class. Birds, II, 1837, 380, in index (cor-
rection of Chemepelia, p. 349).—GRay, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, 75 (syn.).—
Gray, Gen. Birds, II, 1845, 475, part (characters; list of species) BONAPARTE,
Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 77 (diag.) —BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 20,
in text.—SUNDEVALL, Tentamen, 1872, 100, excl. syn. part.—BAIRD, BREWER,
and RipGway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1875, 389 (diag.)—WALLACE, Geog.
Distr. Animals, II, 1876, 109 (geog. distr.) —MAYNaARD, Birds E. N. Am., 1881,
245 (diag.).—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 569 (diag.).—WATER-
HOUSE, Ind. Gen. Avium, 1889, 39.—SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI,
1893, 470 (diag.), 472 (syn.).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., ed. 2, 1895, 245
(diag.).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I, 1899, 81 (list of species).—SALVIN and
GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, III, 1902, 249 (diag.).

““Chemepelia Swainson" (lapsus) Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 58, in synonymy.—
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, 49, in synonymy.

Chamaépelia (emendation) GLOGER, Gemeinniitziges Hand- und Hilfsbuch der
Naturgeschichte, I, 184-, 367.—BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras., Vogel,

510 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

II, 1856, 295 (characters).—BAIrD, Report Pacific R. R. Survey, IX, 1858, 606.—
GILL, Osprey, IV, 1900, 168, in text (crit.).

“Chamepelea Swainson”’ (lapsus) TscHuUDI, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845-6, 45.

Chamepelia (emendation?) JARDINE, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1849, 79.—HurRDIs,
Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 6.—COUES and PRENTISS, Smiths. Report for 1861,
1862, 414.—LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1865, 178.—LEo-
TAUD, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 366.—ELLIOT, Standard Nat. Hist., IV, 1885, 247,
in text.—DALGLEISH, Proc. Royal Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, X, 1888-89, 86.—
REID, Bull. 25 U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 225.—QUELCH, Timehri, V, 1891, 106.—
TESCHEMAKER, Avic. Mag., VI, 1908, 257.

Chamaé peleia (emendation) REICHENBACH, Avium Syst. Nat., 1850, xxiv.—REICH-
ENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 15.

Talpacotia BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 79 (diag.; type, by tautonymy,
Columba talpacoti Temminck).—BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 22, in
text (diag.), 220.—WATERHOUSE, Ind. Gen. Avium, 1889, 217.—ALLEN, Auk,
XXV, 1908, 301, 305, in text (crit.).

Chamapelia (lapsus) SCLATER, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1857, I9.

Chaéme pilia (lapsus) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1861, 301.

Pyrgitoénas REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 13 (new name tor Chamepelia Swainson).

Chameopelia (emendation?) SCLATER, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1864, 178.—
Tay Lor, Ibis, 1864, 171.—SUNDEVALL, (Efv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Foérh., ‘‘1860,”’
1870, 601.

Chamepilea (lapsus) BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., X, 1866, 257.

Chame peleia (emendation) Cooper, Proc. California Acad. Sci., IV, 1870, 65.—
‘COUES, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 226.—CouEs, Check List N. Am. Birds, 1873,
"75.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 228.—WATERHOUSE, Index Gen. Avium,
1880, 39.

-Peristera, part, SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbe, IV, 1873, 134.

‘Chepelia (lapsus) HENSHAW, Report Expl. W. tooth Meridian, V, 1875, 433, in
synonymy.

Chamee pelia (lapsus) FrRoR, Familiar Science and Fancier’s Journal, n. s., V, 1878,
86.

Leptopelia HEINE, in HEINE and REICHENOW, Nomencl. Mus. Hein., Orn., 1890,
283 (new name for Talpacotia Bonaparte, on grounds of purism).—RICHMOND,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, 691 (crit.).

Columbogallina (lapsus) LANTZ, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., XVI, 1899, 219.

‘Camaépelia (lapsus) VON IHERING, Annuario do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, 1900,
146.

Chemepella (lapsus) BANGS, Auk, XXIV, 1907, 292.

Chemapelia (lapsus) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1907, 46, in index.

Bibliography.—The literature on this group dates back as far at
least as 1654, when du Tertre referred to the ‘‘Ortolans of Martinique,
which are little Turtle-doves no larger than larks’’ (translation).
Willughby published a very good general account and recognizable
plate of the same species in 1676, based on the Barbados bird, and it

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH-EMEPELIA. 511

is mentioned by several other early writers on the West Indies.
Linneus based his description of Columba passerina largely upon
Catesby, who was the first to give an account of the bird from eastern
North America. In the twelfth edition of his Systema Nature (1766)
Linnzus gave a binomial name to the ‘‘Turtur parvus fuscus ameri-
canus"’ of Brisson, calling it Columba minuta. Columba talpacoté
was formally described by Temminck and figured by Madame Knip
in 1808-11, although it had been noticed by Azara a few years earlier.
Talpacotia rufipennis was described by Bonaparte in 1854, and in
1877 the last specific member of the genus to be discovered, Chame-
pelia buckleyi, was described by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin.
Meanwhile Chemepelia or Chamepelia of Swainson had come to be
applied to the group, and as early as 1854 Bonaparte had critically
treated the species involved, amplifying his review the following
year in a paper entitled ‘Coup d’ceil sur l’ordre des Pigeons.” Bona-
parte was the first author to recognize that C. passerina was a com-
posite (as it was then regarded) or variable species, but unfortunately
he made the mistake of referring Columba minuta Linneus to it as a
synonym, while at the same time redescribing the latter under two
different names. For the species with partially feathered tarsi he
proposed the genus Jalpacotia—a name which has had but little
currency—referring thereto 7. cinnamomea, T. godina (both syn-
onyms of the earlier Columba talpacoti), and his new species T. rufi-
pennis, Thus, instead of clearing up the situation, Bonaparte con-
siderably increased the confusion, and, indeed, most of the errors into
which subsequent authors have fallen in regard to this group of birds
are directly due to having blindly followed Bonaparte’s lead.
Information concerning,the ranges of the various species continued
to accumulate, and after trinomials came into vogue several sub-
species of C. passerina were described, but no important critical review
of the genus as a whole again appeared until 1893, when Count
Tommaso Salvadori published his great work on the Pigeons as.
Volume XXI of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum.
The index to the literature pertaining to the Ground Doves as given
in this work is unusually full, but the author’s conservatism in the
matter of trinomials led him to merge all the subspecific names thus
far proposed for C. passerina under one head, while at the same time
admitting the existence of geographical variation. Yet if there ever
was a case demanding the use of trinomials, surely it is this, and

OL? ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Count Salvadori’s account is thus quite inadequate and disappointing.
Precisely the opposite course, however, has been followed by Dr.
Percy R. Lowe, who has reviewed the C. passerina group within
recent years. In this paper all the various forms are treated as full
species, and the rules of nomenclature have been disregarded freely.
Nevertheless Dr. Lowe’s paper is an exceedingly timely and important
contribution to the subject, and has been extensively used in the
preparation of the present review.

Habits —As implied by their name, the Ground Doves are birds of
the open country, and spend much of their time on the ground.
They are usually seen in pairs, but after the breeding season may
gather into small flocks. As a rule they are not shy, and in some
regions are actually most abundant in the neighborhood of human
habitations, and in cultivated districts generally. In some sections
they are shot for food, but as a rule their small size has operated to
their advantage. In all the species (except C. buckleyi, whose nidi-
fication is not yet known) the nest is a frail affair of twigs and weed-
stalks, placed in a low bush or on the ground, and the eggs are two
in number, pure white.

Relationships—The present genus would seem to find its proper
position in the small group of neotropical genera called by Count
Salvadori Peristerine, which name, however, requires to be changed
to Claraviine, to correspond with the proper name of its principal
genus. As characterized by this and most later authors the genus
includes six species, but one of these is clearly not congeneric with the
others, and before attempting to formulate any intelligible diagnosis
of Chemepelia it becomes necessary to remove it therefrom under the
name

EUPELIA genus novum.

Similar to Chemepelia Swainson, but bill relatively much longer
and stouter, with base more turgid, and nostrils wider, more open;
feet also somewhat stouter; inner web of seventh primary entire; and
lesser coverts with a metallic band. Similar in style of coloration to
Columbina Spix (Columbula of authors), but bill and feet stouter,
and tail relatively shorter and not double rounded. Type, Columba
cruziana Prévost and Knip, which will thus stand as Eupelia
cruziand.

The genera of this group may now be re-arranged, as follows:

Topp; A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 513

KEY TO THE GENERA OF CLARAVIIN.
A. Tall much longer than half the wing.
a. Outer primary not abruptly attenuated.
b. Tail decidedly shorter than the wing.

c. Tail relatively longer, somewhat double rounded, the middle and
outer rectrices shorter than the intermediate ones..Columbina.

cl. Tail relatively shorter, simply rounded.
d. Bill stout; inner web of seventh primary entire... Eupelia.
d', Bill slender; seventh primary abruptly toothed on the inner

WED sree s sccistn eeiee tebe ead eins Seng aie nage Chemepelia.
bl. Tail decidedly longer than the wing..............<...:.-<- Uropelia.

a', Outer primary abruptly attenuated.
bxehailelongerithan tthe wingers ae kisim ce eine eee eee ee Oxy pelia.
beehaieshortertoan Gheswin geen ean teal cies cei eek Claravis.
At. Tail short, little more than half the wing...................-.-<J Metriopelia,

Eupelia is obviously related to both Columbina and Chemepelia,
but sufficiently distinct from either to stand alone. Chemepelia, as
above restricted, is a very homogeneous and easily defined group.

Generic characters.—Bill much shorter than the head, very small
and slender, its base little expanded, the commissure faintly decurved
throughout its length. Nostrils linear, overhung by a membrane,
and opening immediately behind the median constriction. Inter-
ramal space feathered to a point even with the anterior extremity of
the nostrils. Wings short and rounded, the seventh, eighth, and
ninth! primaries subequal and longest, the outermost decidedly
shorter (except in C. buckleyi). Seventh primary abruptly toothed
on the inner web, and seventh, eighth, and ninth primaries emarginate
on the outer webs, toward their tips. Tertiaries much elongated,
falling short of the primaries in the closed wing by much less than the
length of the tarsus. Tail much shorter than the wing, evenly
rounded, the rectrices with broad tips. Feet relatively weak; tarsus
about equal to middle toe without claw; lateral toes subequal, barely
reaching to the extremity of middle toe; hallux still shorter. Size
small (wing not over 92 mm.), and sexes unlike; males plain grayish
brown or vinaceous above, the crown with more or less cinereous or
plumbeous; below vinaceous; the inner wing-coverts and tertiaries
with irregular glossy metallic spots on their outer webs. Females
much duller and browner, with little or no vinaceous. Five species,
including twenty-two subspecies.

In C. buckleyi, C. talpacoti, and C. rufipennis there is a narrow line

1 Counting from the inside.

514 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

of feathers on the sides of the tarsus, most prominent on the outer
side and towards the heel. In C. buckleyi the tenth (outermost)
primary is very nearly as long as the next three, instead of decidedly
shorter. C. talpacoti and C. buckleyi agree with each other in having
the wings uniform dusky, all the other species having the remiges more
or less rufous. C. passerina differs from the other species in its
prominently squamate head and breast, but this character is more or
less evident in the juvenal stage of the remaining species, indicating
their derivation from a common ancestral type.

Range.—Tropical America in general, north regularly to the Ber-
mudas, South Carolina, Texas, and Arizona; south to Paraguay and
northern Argentina.

Taxonomic history.—Following Linneus, most of the earlier writers
referred the species of this genus—of which C. passerina was the
earliest and best known—to Columba of that author. Stephens,
however, placed it in his genus Goura, and in 1825 Spix described two
of the species under the generic heading Columbina, for which he
gave no diagnosis and fixed no type. The following year Boie pro-
posed the genus Columbigallina, with Columba passerina Linneus as
type. Passing by Spix’s name, Columbigallina was taken up by the
American Ornithologists’ Union in 1886 as the earliest name for this
genus, and not until 1907 was it discovered to be antedated by Columbi-
gallina Oken, 1817. This “long, badly constructed name, without
generic characters,’’ however, met with but little favor outside of
America, most European authorities falling back on Chemepelia

oe 1]

Swainson, 1827. This author cited as ‘‘examples”’ of his new genus
Columba passerina Linneus and Columba squamosa Temminck, but
designated no type, and it is further to be noted that one of the
characters given in his diagnosis, ‘‘the sides of the tarsi feathered,”
does not apply to either of the above species. Because of this dis-
crepancy Reichenbach proposed in 1862 to restrict Swainson’s name
to the species with feathered tarsi (for which Bonaparte had mean-
while established a genus of his own, Jalpacotia), and to place C.
passerina and its allies in a new genus, Pyrgitoénas, but such action
was of course clearly invalid according to present rules. In 1841
Gray fixed the type of Chemepelia? as Columba passerina Linneus.

2It should be noted, however, that in this instance Gray used the name in its
corrected form, Chamepelia. Should this emendation be considered as a distinct
name the fixation of the type of Chemepelia would have to date from J. E. Gray,
1855.

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 515

Leptopelia Heine and Reichenow, 1890, is merely a new name for
Talpacotia Bonaparte, proposed on grounds of purism.

Very recently Dr. J. A. Allen has sought to revive Columbina of
Spix for the present group, on the ground that Gray in 1840 desig-
nated Columba passerina as its type, thus fixing the name. But
inasmuch as this specific name, as such, does not appear as one of the
originally included species, but under the guise instead of Columbina
griseola, which is now known to be a subspecies of C. passerina,
Dr. Allen’s position has been called in question. The matter was
formally referred by the American Ornithologists’ Union Nomen-
clature Committee to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature, and the decision of that body, recently published, is
to the effect that Gray’s designation of a type for Columbina in 1840
was invalid, and that the type remained to be fixed. Previously to
the publication of this decision, but evidently with a knowledge of its
contents, Dr. Allen proceeded to formally fix the type of Columbina
as Columbina griseola (= Columbina passerina griseola [Spix]). It
would seem, however, as if the Commission, in deciding that Gray’s
first designation of a type for Columbina was invalid, had overlooked
the fact that a year later he designated types for both Columbina and
Chemepelia (Columbina strepitans and Columba passerina respectively)
—designations which are open to no such objections as invalidated
his original action. Hence Dr. Allen’s latest formal fixing of the
type is quite superfluous, and it is therefore possible to conserve
Chemepelia for this generic group, while Columbina will replace
Columbula Bonaparte, 1854.

The orthography of the name has given rise to endless trouble.
Swainson originally wrote the word ‘ Chemepelia’’—an obvious slip
for ‘“ Chamepeiiz,’’ compounded from xapat and 7éAew, Ten years
later, in his Classification of Birds, he unfortunately repeated the
error, but discovered it in time to correct it in the index.’ Later
authors have also been more or less unfortunate in their use of the
word, and compositors and proof-readers have occasionally added to
the confusion, as will be evident from the table of synonymy of the
genus, wherein the word is spelled in no less than eighteen different

3 The writer takes this opportunity of expressing his lack of sympathy with any
code of nomenclature which makes no provision for the correction of such a pal-
pably absurd error as this, but instead carefully provides for its perpetuation, on

the ground that science is not literature. But if science must appropriate the tools
of literature, why not at least use them in the right way?

516 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ways!4 Excepting in the generic synonymy above referred to, no
effort has been made in the present paper to sort the references

Lh)

according to the use or non-use of the diphthong “«’’ in the name,
except sometimes in cases where only a single reference is involved.
Species and subspecies —Twenty-two forms, referable to five specific
types, are recognized in the present review. All of the species are
subject to a great deal of sexual, individual, and age variation, and
C. passerina in particular is unusually plastic and susceptible to
varying conditions of environment. The difficulty of discriminating
these geographical variants arises not so much from the subtle nature
of the differential characters as from the necessity of first eliminating
all other kinds of variation. Thus, while it is often difficult or even
impossible to refer a given specimen to any particular form, a series
of specimens from any one locality may readily be placed, their
collective distinctive characters being thus brought into prominence.
Good series of specimens are quite necessary in reaching positive
conclusions in the study of the Ground Doves, and where the available
material has been inadequate some questions have arisen regarding
the status of certain forms. As in numerous parallel cases, inter-
gradation between the various forms is often much in evidence, and
must be taken into account in attempting to define their respective
characters and ranges. In the recognition of geographical races the
endeavor has been to follow a consistent and conservative middle
course, basing all diagnoses on evident average differences between
typical specimens. The following key is intended more as a tabular
exposition of the salient characters and relationships of the forms,
however, than as a practical aid in the identification of specimens.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CH4®MEPELIA.
Based on Adult Males.

A. Sides of the tarsus naked. (Chemepelia.)
a. Breast squamate. (C. passerina.)
b. Larger, wing averaging over 85 mm.
c. Above plain grayish brown; below deeper vinaceous.
C. passerina passerind.
c!, Above drab gray; below paler vinaceous.
C. passerina pallescens.
c?. Above dull brownish olive; below intermediate vinaceous.
C. passerina neglecta.

‘ But I do not regard this as an argument against the non-emendation of names.

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 517

b'. Smaller, wing averaging less than 85 mm.
c. Above suffused with olive-brown.
d. Larger, wing averaging 83 mm...C. passerina socorroénsis.
d', Smaller, wing averaging 76 mm.....C. passerina parvula.
c!. Above more grayish.
d. Crown and nape suffused with vinaceous, almost concolor

WG CHE, DACK cla can ce s.clee wens lorries fal C. passerina nana.
d', Crown and nape suffused with plumbeous, contrasting with
the back.
e. Plumbeous color and squamation of crown and nape
obsolescent.

f. Larger, wing averaging 84.5 mm.: coloration brighter.
C. passerina quitensis.
fi. Smaller, wing averaging 79 mm.; coloration darker.
C. passerina griseola.
el. Plumbeous color and squamation of crown and nape
evident.
f. Vinaceous areas tinged with lavender-gray.
g. Under tail-coverts extensively white; base of
billkeyvellowass cists ser C. passerina albiviita.
gl. Under tail-coverts merely whitish or grayish;
base of bill olive or olive-brown.
C. passerina antillarum.
fi, Vinaceous areas usually without any lavender-gray
tinge.
g. Larger, wing averaging 80 mm. or more, tail
56 mm. or more.
h. Basal half or two-thirds of bill crimson.
C. passerina trochila.
h', Basal half or two-thirds of bill orange or

yellow.
i. Darker.....C. passerina jamaicensis.
4 Paleries:. cier ci C. passerina insularis.
h?2. Bill black, sometimes with a little red at
the base.

i. Darker, more brownish olive above.
C. passerina aflavida.
i}, Paler, more grayish olive above.
C. passerina bahamensis.
gi. Smaller, wing averaging 78.5 mm.; tail 52 mm.
C. passerina exigua.
a'. Breast plain. (C. minuta.)
iy dees | A Ss Bc IOs EDI ORIN Chay core C. minuta minuta.
[BG ID PNA «56 5 Gee eRe ie eRe OR eOnOo Dip oo oro ac C. minuta ele@odes.
A}, Sides of the tarsus with a narrow line of feathers. (Talpacotia.)
a. Remiges black or blackish, with no rufous.
BeeADOVERVINACEOUS PEAY 6 nie sie +, © cis) svrlom winleiel geese! secwiseisi ol oe C. buckleyi.

518 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

DL PADOVE WINACEOUSHCHESEMMU tse arses cele clone eeu hte) cue ete eee C. talpacoti.
a, Remiges with more or less rufous. (C. rufipennis.)

Om Darker pteticice crore tos abe cvetiele ects she ace sitoitustoks C.rufipennis rufipennis.

DISAB OLEr A eset eerie RO cre See ole ca gene EST Ue ERAS C. rufipennis eluta.

Chemepelia passerina (Linnzus).

Under this head are placed such references to this species as are of
uncertain, indefinite, or general application. Some of the latter class,
however, appear also under the various subspecies involved.

“Ortolan’’ DE RocHEFORT, Histoire naturelle et morale des [les antilles de |’ Amer-
ique, 1658, 153 (Antilles).

““Columbus minimus . . ."” KLEIN, Historia Avium Prodromus, 1750, 120, No.
124, part (references).

Columba passerina LINN£US, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 165, excl. syn. part (diag.;

’; ex Sloane, Catesby, Ray, and Willughby); ed. 12, I,
1766, 285 (ex auctoribus eisdem, atque Brisson).—Scopo.t, Annus I. Historico-
Naturalis, 1769, 126, No. 183 (diag.; ‘‘in Americe torride rupibus et arbustis’’).
—ForstTer, Cat. Animals N. Am., 1771, II.—MULLER, Natursystem, II,
1773, 512 (descr.; geog. distr.).—JACQUIN, Beytrage, 1784, 32 (diag.; habits).
—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, ii, 1789, 787, excl. syn. part (diag.; “‘in Americe cali-
dioribus ad Carolinam usque’’; ex Jacquin, Ray, Brisson, Buffon, Willughby,
Catesby, Sloane, Brown, Latham, and Pennant).—LaAtTHaAm, Ind. Orn., II,
1790, 611 (diag.; syn.).—BONNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. et Méth., I, 1792, 252 (descr.;
habits; ‘“‘l’Amérique’’).—LICHTENSTEIN, Cat. Rerum Nat. Rar., 1793, 40 (South
America).—TuRTON, Gen. Syst. Nat., I, 1806, 478 (diag., etc.).—TEMMINCK,
Cat. Syst. Cab. Orn., 1807, 144 (syn.).—TEMMINCK, in TEMMINCK and KNIP,
Pigeons, I, 1808-11, Colombi-gallines, 24, pls. 13-14 (South America; Caribbean
Islands; Porto Rico; San Domingo; descr. and general account).—LATHAM, Syst.
Orn., 1809, 274 (diag.; syn.).—WILSoN, Am. Orn., VI, 1812, 15, part (‘‘ West
Indies’’).—TEMMINCK, Hist. Nat. Gén. Pigeons et Gallinacés, I, 1813, 425 (geog.
distr.; descr.; general account), 496 (diag.; syn.).—Orb, in Guthrie’s Geography,
Am. ed. 2, 1815, 317, (340) (North and South Carolina; Louisiana; Florida;
Mexico; West Indies; habits).—VIEILLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXVI,
1818, 401 (geog. distr.; general account).—VIEILLOT, Gal. Oiseaux, I, 1825, 333,

# pl. 196 (syn.; descr.; geog. distr.; habits) —DESMAREST, Dict. Sci. Nat., XL, 1826,
308 (descr.; geog. distr.; habits)—WAGLER, Syst. Avium, 1827, [260], Columba,
sp. 88 (United States and Caribbean Islands; descr.; syn.).—LEssON, Man.

‘“America inter tropicos’

d’Orn., II, 1828, 162 (given by Swainson as one of the types of his genus Che-
me pelia).—BONAPARTE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., II, 1828, 120 (diag.; geog.
distr.).—-LEsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831(?), 474 (references).—SELBy, Jardine’s
Naturalist’s Library, Birds, IX, 1835, 202, in text.—OKEN, Allgemeine Natur-
geschichte, VII, 1837, 204 (descr.; references; geog. distr.; habits, ex Wilson).—
[Rrvo.i?], Catalogue de la magnifique Collection d’Oiseaux, 1846, 30 (America).
—Kauvup, Das Thierrich, II, 1856, 49 (descr.; North America and West Indies).—
SUNDEVALL, (£fv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh., ‘‘1869,’’ 1870, 586 (North America;

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH/A=MEPELIA. 519

crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIII, 1907, 327, in text (type
of Chemepelia Swainson); XXIV, 1907, 33, in text (type of Coluwmbina Spix).
—ALLEN, Auk, XXV, 1908, 301, in text (crit.)—BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zodél., XV,
1908, 295, in synonymy (crit.).—INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL
NOMENCLATURE, Smiths. Inst. Publ. No. 2013, 1911, 73, in text (crit.).

“Turtur parvus americanus’’ BRISSON, Orn., I, 1760, 113, pl. 0, fig. 1, excl. syn. part
(‘in variis Americe locis’’; descr.; syn.).

**Cocotzin’’ BuUFFON, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, II, 1771, 559, part——MaupuytT, Enc.
Méth., I, 1780, 598, excl. syn. part (descr.; habits).

““Ground Turtle’’ LATHAM, Gen. Syn. Birds, II, ii, 1783, 659 (geog. distr.; descr.;
habits).—LATHAM, Suppl. Gen. Syn. Birds, 1787, 200, part (geog. distr.; habits).
—LATHAM, Gen. Hist. Birds, VIII, 1823, 91 (geog. distr.; syn.; descr.; habits;
Burke Country [= County?], fide Abbot).

‘‘Ground Pigeon’’ PENNANT, Arctic Zodlogy, II, 1785, 328 (geog. distr.; descr.;
habits); ed. 2, II, 1792, 8.

““Erd-Turteltaube’’ BECHSTEIN, Johann Latham’s allgemeine Uebersicht der Vogel,
1795, 633 (syn.; general account).

Columbigallina passerina Bote, Isis, 1826, 977.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
UNION COMMITTEE, Check List N. Am. Birds, 1886, 181 (geog. distr.).—Cory,
Auk, IV, 1887, 116 (Bahamas and Antilles; descr.; references). JORDAN, Man.
Vert. N. U.S., ed. 5, 1890, 254 (diag.; geog. distr.).—-SHUFELDT, Proc. Zodl. Soc.
London, 1891, 194 (comparative osteology).—BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XL,
1892, 102 (geog. distr.).—HARTERT, Ibis, 1893, 305, part (‘South America’’).
SHUFELDT, Journ. Morph., XVII, 1901, 489, footnote (osteology).—BANGs,
Auk, XVIII, rgo1, 251, in text (crit.).—Dusols, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 763, part
(‘‘Antilles’’; syn.; crit.).

Chemepelia passerina SWAINSON, Zool. Journ., III, 1827, 361 (generic name).—
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columba, 1856, 49 (Jamaica; North America;
South America; Mexico; syn.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Com-
MITTEE, Check List N. Am. Birds, ed. 3, 1910, 150 (geog. distr.).

Columbina passerina GRAY, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 58.

Chamepelia passerina Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, 75 (designated as type
of Chamepelia Swainson).—GRAY, List Galline Brit. Mus., 1844, 14, part (North
America).—Gray, Gen. Birds, II, 1845, 475.—(?) REICHENBACH, Syn, Avium,
Columbarie, 1847, pl. 256, figs. 1419-20.—HARTLAUB, Isis, XL, 1847, 606
(West Indies).—REICHENBACH, Syst. Avium, Columbariz, Novit. Suppl., 1851,
pl. 266, figs. 2875-8.—LICHTENSTEIN, Nom. Avium Mus. Zodl. Berol., 1854, 82
(North America; Cuba; Colombia).—BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 77
(geog. distr.: ‘‘ex America sept. et Antillis; Jamaica, Hispaniola, Florida, Geor-
gia, Carolina, Louisiana, Mexico’’).—ScLATER, Cat. Vert. Animals in Gardens
Zoél. Soc. London, 1862, 62 (‘‘ North America’’).—GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., I, 1872,
635, excl. ref. to C. minuta Linnzus (references).—SCLATER and SALVIN, Nom.
Avium Neotrop., 1873, 133 (Mexico; Central and South America, to Brazil).—
Sousa, Mus. Nac. Lisbona, Columbz, 1873, 20, part (‘‘Costa Firme’’).—CougEs,
Birds Northwest, 1874, 390 (geog. distr.; references).—BaAIRD, BREWER, and
Ripcway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1875, 389, pl. 58, fig. 6 (descr., references,
general account).—ScumipT, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1880, 314 (duration of

520 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

life).—SALVIN, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 547, part (North America).—Cory,

List Birds W. Indies, 1885, 24 (West Indies).—TRISTRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds, 1880,

39, part (‘‘West India’’).—SaLvaporlI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI, 1893, 473

(descr.; syn.; geog. distr.; crit.) —ScLATER, List Vert. Animals in Gardens Zo6l.

Soc. London, ,ed. 9, 1896, 465 (‘‘America’’).—OATES, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit.

Mus., I, r901, ror (descr. eggs). —-SALVIN and GOpMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,

III, 1902, 250 (syn.; geog. distr.; crit.).—-LOweE, Ibis, 1907, 115, in text (crit.).

—LoweE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, X XI, 1908, 110, in text (crit.).

Chamaépeleia passerinad REICHENBACH, Avium Syst. Nat., 1850, xxiv.
Peristera passerina SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columba, IV, 1873, 135, part

(‘‘Antilles’’).

Chamaépelia passerina ELLiot, Stand. Nat. Hist., IV, 1885, 247, in text (southern

North America, Mexico, and Central America to Brazil; habits).
Columbigallina passerina griseola (not of Spix) HELLMAyR, Abhand. K. Bayer.

Akad. Wiss., II K1., X XII, 1906, 697, part (‘‘ Bogota,’’ Colombia).

Specific characters——Male: above, including scapulars, tertiaries,
and upper tail-coverts, varying from plain drab gray to olive-brown;
crown and nape more or less cinereous or plumbeous, usually enclosing
a brown area; forehead, sides of head, and entire under parts some
shade of vinaceous, palest on the throat and abdomen; feathers of the
breast with dusky centers, and those of the breast and head all around
with darker margins, giving a squamate appearance; inner wing-
coverts and tertiaries marked on the outer webs with irregular spots of
glossy metallic steel-blue or violet; wings rufous chestnut, the remiges
more or less dusky brown or black at the tips and on the outer webs;
under wing-coverts rufous chestnut; tail black, the base more or less
grayish, the two middle rectrices resembling the back, and the outer-
most rectrices externally edged with white toward the tips.

Female: resembles the male in general, but is duller and browner,
without the vinaceous color (normally) on the head and underneath,

5 It is true that Hernandez (sometimes given as ‘‘Fernandez’’) in 1628 gave an
extended account of the ‘‘Cocotzin’’ of Mexico, which was copied almost verbatim
by Nieremberg in 1635, the latter author’s bird being identified by Willughby with
his own ‘‘Turtur barbadensis minimus’’ or ‘‘Least Barbados Turtle.’’ A careful
reading of Hernandez’s description, however, leaves the exact application of his
name very uncertain indeed, despite the circumstantial nature of his account.
Moreover, Willughby himself seems to have copied from Nieremberg, but the
recognizable figure which he gives, together with the definite locality quoted, puts
his account on a somewhat better basis.

(It is, however, proper to add that the writer has not been able to consult the 1628
edition of Hernandez in this connection, the description in question being from the
1651 edition of his Historie Animalium, page 24. Compare Coues, Birds of the
Colorado Valley, Bibliographical Appendix, 1878, 570.)

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHEMEPELIA. 521

these parts being colored much like the upper surface, while the throat,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts generally have more white.

History.—This species came under the notice of naturalists very
early, being first mentioned,® so far as I am able to discover, by
du Tertre in 1654, under the name “Ortolan.’’ This was with
reference to the bird of Martinique, and practically all of the earliest
notices we have pertain to various other West Indian localities.
It was reported by Catesby from South Carolina in 1731, and by
Bancroft from Guiana in 1769. Linneus, in describing the species
under the name Columba passerina in 1758, based his account on
Sloane, Catesby, Ray, Willughby, and Marcgrave. The ‘ Picui-
pinima’”’ of the latter author, however, is clearly a Scardafella, and
as the Ray references (with one exception) are also based exclusively
on Marcgrave’s bird Linneus’ species must be taken from Sloane,
Catesby, and Willughby, the respective localities represented being
Jamaica, South Carolina, and Barbados. As will be shown beyond,
South Carolina must be taken as the type locality. Linnzus merely
gives ‘‘ America inter tropicos.”’

The species figures extensively in the ornithological literature of
the next hundred years, being noticed by almost every author and
compiler who had occasion to deal with the neotropical avifauna.
Spix described the form from Brazil in 1825 under the name Columbina
griseola, not identifying it with the Linnean species, and his specific
name is the earliest proposed for any of the races (excepting, of
course, true passerina). Not until 1854, with the publication of
Bonaparte’s Conspectus Avium, was it recognized that the species
was an aggregation of geographical races, but as trinomials were
then not in vogue, Bonaparte described three additional forms as
full species, pointing out their distinctive characters. Since Bona-
parte wrote his review of this genus, and more especially since tri-
nomials have come into common use, one form after another has
been described, until no less than twenty-two names are now on the
list of claimants for recognition as subspecies. Some of these are
nomina nuda, others are indeterminable, and still others are ac-
companied by descriptions which make comparisons of the new
forms with others to which they are not at all closely related—a most
misleading feature, naturally productive of much misapprehension
and confusion. Again, some type specimens are actually not typical,
being extremes, intergrades, or immature birds of the forms to which

5 [See page 520.]

522 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

they belong. To those authors who may find their names reduced to
synonymy these considerations are respectfully commended.

Geographic variation.—This mainly affects the size, general intensity
and shade of coloration of the upper and under parts and wing-
coverts, the extent of the plumbeous or cinereous area on the crown
and nape, and the color of the bill. As shown by the table of measure-
ments on page 592, the average sexual difference in size is very little.
The three forms from continental North America, C. p. passerina»
C. p. pallescens, and C. p. neglecta, are the largest, while the form from
the interior of Colombia, C. p. parvula, is remarkably small, the
remaining forms being intermediate in this respect. The exact shade
of color varies greatly, as may be seen by comparing two such forms
as C. p. socorroénsis and C. p. exigua. Two forms, C. p. albivitta and
C. p. antillarum, have a peculiar lavender gray cast to the plumage,
occasionally obvious also in C. p. quitensis and C. p. aflavida. There
is a tendency in some of the South American forms towards the
expansion of the brownish area of the crown and nape, the grayish color
becoming obsolete.

It is the matter of the color of the base of the bill in life, however,
that has perhaps given the most trouble, owing of course to want of
exact information in many cases. No doubt the color varies some-
what with age, as in other species, but after allowing for this there
would seem to be four types of coloration .occurring, each fairly
constant for adult birds of the respective species involved. In
C. p. passerina, C. p. albivitta, and C. p. jamaicensis, for example,
the basal half or two-thirds of the bill is yellow or orange yellow in
life, this color fading to dull yellowish in the dry skin, but leaving the
bill conspicuously bicolor in appearance. In C. p. pallescens, C. p.
neglecta, C. p. quitensis, and C. p. trochila the base of the bill is more
or less crimson, which becomes dusky brownish upon drying, giving
a much more uniform effect. C. p. antillarum is said to have the
base of the bill clear olive or olive-brown in life, while in C. p. baha-
mensis it is almost wholly black. We are greatly indebted to Dr.
Percy R. Lowe for our present knowledge along this line, especially
as regards the various Antillean forms, which otherwise would be
much more difficult to discriminate. 'As Dr. Lowe points out, even
if no other distinctive characters were available, there can be no
justification for ‘‘lumping’’ such forms under one name, as Count
Salvadori has done.

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 523

Phylogeny.—Even in the case of insular forms intergradation with
the races occupying adjacent areas is more or less evident, and in the
few instances noted beyond, where this is apparently not the case, it
is probable that further explorations will bring to light such inter-
mediate examples. We are justified, therefore, in attributing to
C. passerina a practically continuous and very extensive distribution,
stretching from Peru and Brazil northward through Central America
and Mexico to southern Texas and Arizona, and through the Antillean
chain to the southeastern United States. Being a bird of the open
country, there are of course wide forest areas from which it has not
been reported, but otherwise the only bar to its spread would seem
to be the higher mountain ranges. We may thus account for the wide
dispersion of the Brazilian form, C. p. griseola, as well as for the fact
that there are no less than three distinct races in the Andean region
of Colombia, corresponding to three separate physiographic areas.
The species as a whole is undoubtedly of South American origin, but
which of the existing races is nearest the primitive form is a question.

Were the various races dependent upon a single set of characters for
their definition, the tracing of their genetic relationship would possibly
be simple enough, but the matter is vastly complicated when varying
combinations of several different characters, not correlated with each
other, are involved. To illustrate: take the case of three forms which
agree in having the base of the bill yellow or orange-yellow—C. p.
passerina, C. p. jamaicensis, and C. p. albivitta. This agreement can
scarcely be considered indicative of close affinity in view of the present
distribution of these forms, which are isolated not only by wide water
areas, but also by the interposition of certain other forms quite
different in respect to the character in question. Again, the insular
race C. p. socorroénsis finds its nearest relative, so far as color alone is
concerned, in a form from the interior of Colombia, C. p. parvula.
Aside from this, perhaps the most curious case is that of C. p. exigua,
a form which has developed on a small island between Porto Rico
and Haiti, but differs decidedly from the bird of either island, while
at the same time being exactly like the bird of Great Inagua in the
Bahama group. This of course may be a case of the re-duplication of
characters under similar conditions of environment.

Enough has been said to show the difficulty of arriving at any
positive conclusions on this point. The writer’s own views, so far as
they can be expressed in a linear sequence of names, are represented

524 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

in the key on page 516, where a geographical arrangement has been
attempted, based on the assumption that C. p. griseola is the central
form of the species, which spread northward through Central America
on the one hand and the Antilles on the other. Inasmuch as con-
tiguous forms usually have certain characters in common, such an
arrangement is by no means an unnatural one. As a matter of
convenience, as well as because it is the earliest named and _ best
known form, C. p. passerina will be first taken up, and its characters
and variations studied in some detail as a basis for comparison.

Chemepelia passerina passerina (Linnzus).

“‘Turtur minimus guttatus’’ CATESBy, The Natural History of Carolina, etc., I,
1731, 26, pl. 26 ([South] Carolina).

Columba passerina LINNEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 165, part (ex Catesby; diag.);
ed. 12, I, 1766, 285, part (reprint orig. descr.)—FORSTER, Cat. Animals N. Am.,
1771, 11.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, ii, 1789, 787, part (diag.; references).—LATHAM,
Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 611, part (diag.; syn.) —BARTRAM, Travels, 1791, 290 (Caro-
lina and Florida).—BArTON, Fragments Nat. Hist. Pa., 1799, vi (near Phila-
delphia, Pa., accidental).—WzuLson, Am. Orn., VI, 1812, 15, part, pl. 46, figs. 2-3
(North and South Carolina; Georgia; Florida; sea islands of Carolina and
Georgia; upper parts of Cape Fear River; syn.; descr.; habits). —Orp, in Guthrie’s
Geography, Am. ed. 2, 1815, 317, (340), part (North and South Carolina;
Georgia; Louisiana; Florida; habits).—V1EILLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.,
XXVI, 1818, 401, part (Florida; Georgia; South Carolina).—VIEILLoT, Gal.
Oiseaux, I, 1825, 333, part, pl. 196 (United States, from Carolina southward).
—BONAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, IV, 1825, 265 (southern
United States; crit.)—DESMAREST, Dict. Sci. Nat., XL, 1826, 308, part (part
of American continent).—WAGLER, Syst. Avium, 1827, [260], Columba, sp. 88,
part (United States; descr.; syn.).—BONAPARTE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
II, 1828, 120, part (southern United States; diag.).—WILSON and BONAPARTE,
Am. Orn., Jameson ed., II, 1831, 304 (geog. distr.; syn.; descr.; habits).—NutT-
TALL, Manual Orn., I, 1832, 635 (from Virginia southward; habits).—AUDUBON,
Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 471, pl. 182 (lower parts of Louisiana to Cape Hatteras;
sea islands of Georgia; coast of east Florida; St. Augustine, Florida; Charleston,
South Carolina; Sandy I., south of Cape Sable, Florida; descr.; habits); V, 1839,
558 (‘rarely met with to the westward of the mouths of the Mississippi’’).—
AUDUBON, Syn. Birds N. Am., 1839, 192 (Florida; Florida Keys; ‘‘Louisiana to
North Carolina, including Alabama and Georgia’’; descr.).—AUDUBON, Birds
Am., V, 1842, 19, pl. 283 (reprint of matter in Orn. Biog., antea).—DENNY,
Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1847, 38, part (United States, in geog. distr.).—GER-
HARDT, Naumannia, 1854, 193 (Florida); 1855, 383 (Georgia).

“Ground Turtle’? LatHaM, Gen. Syn. Birds, II, ii, 1783, 659, part (Carolina).

“Ground Pigeon’? PENNANT, Arctic Zoélogy, II, 1785, 328, part (Carolina).

Goura passerina STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zodl., XI, i, 1819, 133 (descr.; references;
occasional in Carolina and the southern parts of Pennsylvania); XIV, i, 1826, 296.

Topp; A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAEMEPELIA. 525

Chamepelia passerina BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 41 (‘‘southern
parts"’ of America).

Chamepelia passerina HEERMANN, Cat. Ol. Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1853, 23 (Georgia).—BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 77, part (Florida;
Georgia; Carolina; Louisiana).—BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 20,
21 (crit.), 220.—BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras., Vogel, II, 1856, 296,
footnote (North America; ex Bonaparte).—Barrp, Report Pacific R. R. Survey,
IX, 1858, xliv, part (geog. distr.), 606, part (Washington, D. C.; Liberty County,
Georgia; Cape Florida, Indian Key, and Amelia I., Florida; crit.; syn.) —-NEw-
TON, Ibis, 1859, 254, in text (crit.).—[CovugEs], in Philps’ Washington Described,
1861, 27 (Washington, D. C., accidental).—TayLor, Ibis, 1862, 129 (Florida).—
CouEs, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1868, 12x (South Carolina, mainly
coastwise).—STEARNS, Am. Nat., III, 1860, 282, footnote (Fernandina, Florida).
—TURNBULL, Birds E. Pa. and N. J., 1869, 43 (Camden, New Jersey, fide
Krider).—LipHart, in MomBert, An Authentic History of Lancaster Co., Pa.,
1869, 512 (Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania, one shot in 1844).—CoopeErR, Orn.
Calif., 1870, 516, part (Florida; habits; geog. distr.)—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., II, 1871, 342 (east Florida), 393 (faunal range).—CoueEs, Birds North-
west, 1874, 390, part (near Columbia, South Carolina; Washington, D. C.; syn.).
—BAIRD, BREWER, and RipGway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1875, 389, part, pl. 58,
fig. 6 (eastern United States; references; descr.; crit.; life history).—Jouy, Field
and Forest, II, 1877, 179 (District of Columbia, accidental).—JASPER, Birds
N. Am., 1878, 122, 174, pl. 78, fig. 3; pl. 114, fig. 33 (habits, etc.).—MAYNARD,
Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 340 (South Carolina and Florida; descr.; habits).—
Brown, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, IV, 1879, 12 (Montgomery, Alabama, fide
Jackson).—KRID_ER, Field Notes, 1879, 55 (Key West, Florida; New Jersey,
November).—RipGway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III, 1880, 195, part (North.
America).—RipGway, Bull. 21 U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 40, part (North America).
—MAyYNarD, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 245 (sea islands of South Carolina to Key
West, Florida; descr.; nesting; habits).—CoueEs, Check List N. Am. Birds, 1882,
92, part.—CouEs and PRENTISS, Bull. 26 U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 91 (District of
Columbia, one instance).—BaILey, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, VIII, 1883, 41
(Georgia; nesting).—ATKINS, Orn. and O@6l., IX, 1884, 81 (Livingston Co.,
Michigan [error !!])—Coures, Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 569, part (‘‘At-
lantic to Pacific’’; descr.) —PERRY, Young Odlogist, I, 1884, 10, 30 (Savannah,
Goergia; nesting).—HaAsBrouck, Orn. and Odl., X, 1885, 42, 79 (Palatka,
Florida; habits).—Davir, Egg Check List N. Am. Birds, 1885, 37 (descr. eggs).
—DavleE, Nests and Eggs N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, 1886, 113 (nesting).—-BROWNE,
Orn. and O6l., XI, 1886, 18 ({Orlando?], Florida).—Catrns, Orn. and O6l.,
XII, 1887, 6 (Buncombe Co., North Carolina, accidental).—Norris, Orn. and’
O6l., XII, 1887, 7 (Charleston, South Carolina; nesting; fide Wayne).—HOoOxIkE,
Orn. and O6l., XII, 1887, 94, 155 (Frogmore, South Carolina, nesting).—
Perry, Orn. and O6l., XII, 1887, 102 (Savannah, Georgia, nesting).—SALVA-
pDoRI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X XI, 1893, 473, part (Beaufort Co., South Caro-
lina; Tarpon Springs, St. Augustine, Titusville, and Cedar Keys, Florida; crit.).
—MAaynNarpD, Birds E. N. Am., 1895, 245 (sea-islands, South Carolina; Key West,
Florida; descr.; habits)—ForBES and ROBINSON, Bull. Liverpool Mus., II,

526 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

1900, 141, part (Florida).—OaTEs, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus., I, 1901, 1o1,
part (descr. eggs).—SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, III, 1902, 250,
part (Florida; crit.).—NICOLL, Ibis, 1904, 590 (Charlotte Harbor, Florida).

Chemepelia passerina (?) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, 49, part
(‘‘ North America’’).—(?) Gray, Hand-List Birds, II, 1870, 239, part (‘‘ North
America’’).—(?) Boucarpb, Cat. Avium, 1876, 34, part (‘‘ North America’’).

Pyrgitoénas passerina REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 13, part (general account, ex
Audubon; excl. ref. Jamaica).

Chamepelia passerina COUES and PRENTISS, Smiths. Report for 1861, 1862, 414
(District of Columbia, accidental).—ELLiot, Stand. Nat. Hist., IV, 1885, 247,
in text, part (southern North America; habits) Morrison, Odlogist, V, 1888,
7 (Lake Helen, Florida; nesting).

Chame peleia passerina COUES, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 227, part (descr.).—COugEs,
Check List N. Am. Birds, 1873, 75, part.—MERRIAM, Am. Nat., VIII, 1874, 89
(St. John’s River, Florida).—GRINNELL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, 1878, 147
(New York City, accidental).

Chameepelia passerina Firor, Familiar Science and Fancier’s Journal, n. s., V,
1878, 86 (Virginia, accidental; Georgia and Florida; descr.; habits).

“Ground Dove’’ LANGILLE, Our Birds in their Haunts, 1884, 169 (habits).—
J. S. H., Young Odlogist, I, 1884, 87 (Tampa, Florida; late nesting).—WorRTH-
INGTON, Young Odlogist, II, 1885, 5 (St. Helena I., South Carolina).—HoxIE,
Orn. and O@l., X, 1885, 63 (sea islands, South Carolina; nesting).—BROWNE,
Orn. and O@l., XI, 1886, 75 (Orlando, Florida).—Epitor (A. A. Child),
Young Ornithologist, I, 1886, 5 ({[Savannah, Georgia], late nesting, fide Perry).—
QUAINTANCE, Odlogist, V, 1888, 5 (Archer, Florida; nesting).—W. E[Lio7],
Odlogist, VI, 1889, 133, and VII, 1890, 12 (Thonotosassa, Florida; nesting).—
—BAKER, Orn. and Odl., XIV, 1889, 140 (Brevard Co., Florida; food).—
Hoxie, Orn. and Odl., XV, 1890, 107 (Kissimmee Prairie, Florida).—RHOADs,
Auk, XII, 1895, 79 (Tarpon Springs, Florida; late nesting).—WILLIAMS, Nidi-
ologist, II, 1895, 126 (Tallahassee, Florida)—RICHMOND, in MAYNARD (Mrs. L.
W.), Birds of Washington (D. C.), 1899, 183 (District of Columbia, accidental;
two instances).—DANIEL, Wils. Bull., VIII, 1t901, 29 (Lynchburg, Virginia).—
Keck, Wils. Bull., X, 1903, 65 (Fruitland Park, Lake Co., Florida).—AINsS-
worTH, Bird-Lore, VI, 1904, 14 (Miami, Florida).—EARLE. Bird-Lore, IX,
1907, 275 <I) 1900; 28; X11, rono;, 307 SM, ror, 345 SV, Tora, 33cVi,
1913, 34 (Palma Sola, Florida),—CooKE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXI, 1908, 116
(District of Columbia, two instances).—Eck, Bird-Lore, X, 1908, 33 (Mel-
rose, Florida).—FisHEer, Bird-Lore, X, 1908, 34 (Apalachicola, Florida).—
BAYNARD, Odlogist, X XVI, 1900, 5 (Florida; nesting).— READ, Odlogist, XXVI,
1909, 6 (Miami, Florida).—AINSworTH, Bird-Lore, XII, rI910, 29; XIV, I912,
32, XV, 1913, 33 (Daytona Beach, Florida)—VroomMaN and LONGSTREET,
Bird-Lore, XIII, 1911, 34; XIV, 1912, 32; XV, 1913, 33 (Coronado Beach,
Florida).—MI ts, Bird-Lore, XIII, ror1, 34; XIV, 1912, 32 (Jacksonville,
Florida).—Griscom, etc., Bird-Lore, XIV, 1912, 33 (near Tallahassee, Florida).
—Suiras, Bird-Lore, XIV, 1912, 19, pl. (Ormond, Florida).—Mu1TCHELL and
OSBORNE, Bird-Lore, XV, 1913, 33 (De Land, Florida).—PaAtmeEr, Bird-Lore,
XV, 1913, 34 (Punta Rassa. Florida).

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 527

Columbigallina passerina AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Check
List N. Am. Birds, 1886, 181, part (southeastern United States).—LAURENT,
Orn. and O@l., XII, 1887, 157 (Levy Co., Florida).—RipGway, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, 215, part, 585, pl. 62, fig. 4 (diag.; geog. distr.) CHAPMAN, Auk, V,
1888, 270 (Gainesville, Florida).—BRIMLEy, Orn. and O6l., XIII, 1888, 187
(Cairns’ record).—Cory, Birds W. Indies, 1889, (217), 297, part (Florida and
Georgia).— BAKER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1889, 268 (Micco,
Florida;:food).—Davir, Nests and Eggs N. Am. Birds, ed. 3, 1889, 159, excl.
geog. distr. part (nesting).—Scotr, Auk, VI, 1889, 246 (Gulf coast and Key
West, Florida).—JORDAN, Man. Vert. N. U. S., ed. 5, 1890, 254 (diag.; excl.
extralimital distr.). —W. C. A[vERyY], Am. Field, XXXIV, 1890, 584 (Hale Co.,
Alabama; ‘‘does not breed here that I know’’).—MAvyNARD, Eggs N. Am. Birds,
1890, 54, excl. geog. distr. part (descr. eggs).—RIveEs, Proc. Newport Nat. Hist.
Soc., Doc. VII, 1890, 59, in text (Washington, D. C., ex Coues and Prentiss).
—BREWSTER and CHAPMAN, Auk, VIII, 1891, 137 (Suwanee River, Florida).
—Ruipeway, Report U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1889, 1891, 358 (Broad Creek, Maryland,
Oct. 14, 1888).—CHAMBERLAIN, Nuttall’s Man. Orn., II, 1891, 13 (southern
United States; Washington, D. C., occasional).—BENDIRE, Life Hist. N. Am.
Birds, I, 1892, 148 (Savannah, Georgia; Florida; habits; excl. extralimital geog.
distr.)—WaAyYNE, Auk, IX, 1892, 72 (Mt. Pleasant and Sullivan’s I., South
Carolina; late breeding).—Scott, Auk, IX, 1892, 212 (Caloosahatchie region,
Florida).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 139, part (Florida and Georgia;
crit.).—HArTERT, Ibis, 1893, 304, in text (‘‘South-Atlantic and Gulf States’’;
crit.)—SHUFELDT (P. M.), Auk, XVIII, 1901, 192 (Lynchburg, Virginia,
Nov. 4, 1900).

Chamaépelia purpurea MAYNARD, Am. Exchange and Mart, III, 1887, 33; reprint,
69 (provisional name; no type designated).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist., IV, 1892, 293 (crit.).—PALMER, Osprey, V, 1901, 148, in text (reprint
orig. descr.; crit.).

Columbigallina passerina purpurea BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XL, 1892, 97, foot-
note (North America; crit.).—HARTERT, Ibis, 1893, 304, in text (crit.).—AMER-
ICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, XIX, I902, 333 (crit.).

Columbigallina passerina terrestris CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IV, 1892,
293 (eastern North America; orig. designation; no type specified).—HARTERT,
Ibis, 1893, 304, in text (crit.) STONE, Birds E. Pa. and N. J., 1894, 84 (Camden,
New Jersey, ex Krider; Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania, ex Libhart).—AMERICAN
ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, XI, 1894, 47 (crit.).—CHAPMAN,
Handbook Birds E. N. Am., 1895, 190 (descr.; habits) AMERICAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Check List N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, 1895, 122
(South Atlantic and Gulf States; excl. extralimital geog. distr.).—-WAYNE, Auk,
XII, 1895, 364 (Aucilla River, Florida) —RHOADs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1895, 476 (Harriman, Tennessee; Florida; District of Columbia;
Locke, Michigan [ex Atkins, error!]; geog. distr.).—Cory, List Birds Florida,
1896, 11(Florida).—Cory, List Birds E. N. Am., 1896, 21 (Florida).—Faxon,
Auk, XIII, 1896, 215 (Georgia?).—RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, 1896,
215, 591 (diag.; geog. distr.).—Scott, Bird Studies, 1898, 76 (descr.; habits).—
—ApGaR, Birds U. S., 1898, 217 (descr.; geog. distr.).—DaAvire, Nests and Eggs

28 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ot

N. Am. Birds, ed..5, 1898, 189 (nesting).—SMITHWICK, Bull. 144 N. C. Agric.
Exp. Sta., 1897, 209 (Cairns’ record; Davidson Co., North Carolina, fide Wel-
borne).—Cory, Birds E. N. Am., II, 1899, 155 (diag.), 353 (southern United
States; excl. extralimital geog. distr.).—BrEYER, Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists for
1897-99, 1900, 98 (Louisiana).—PALMER and RILEy, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
XV, 1902, 34, in text (Florida; crit.)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION
COMMITTEE, Auk, XIX, 1902, 333 (crit.); XX, 1903, 360 (crit.).—-CourEs, Key
N. Am. Birds, ed. 5, II, 1903, 716, fig. 485 (descr.; excl. extralimital geog. distr.).
—CHAPMAN, Color Key N. Am. Birds, 1903, 126, 268 (diag.).—Moore, Ann.
Report N. J. State Mus. for 1903, 1904, 78 (New Jersey, accidental straggler).—
REED, N. Am. Birds’ Eggs, 1904, 150 (nesting).—WILLIAMS, Auk, XXI, 1904,
453 (Leon Co., Florida).—OBERHOLSER, Mammals and Summer Birds of Western
N. C., 1905, 4 (western North Carolina).—OBERHOLSER, Notes on the Mammals
and Summer Birds of Western N. C., 1905, 13 (Buncombe Co., North Carolina,
ex Cairns; Davidson Co.).—CHAPMAN, Am. Mus. Journ., VI, 1906, 151 (New
York City, ex Grinnell).—FOwLER, Auk, XXIII, 1906, 399 (Key West, Boca
Grande Key, Marquesas Keys, Big Pine Key, Vaca Key, and Summerland Key,
Florida; habits) —BEYER, ALLISON, and KopMAN, Auk, X XV, 1908, 440 (Lou-
isiana, rare).—EATON, Birds New York, 1910, 389 (New York City, two records,
fide Grinnell).—Forsusn, Hist. Game Birds, Wild-Fowl and Shorebirds of
Mass., etc., 1912, 396 (Grinnell’s New York record).

““Columbigallina purpurea Maynard’’ AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COM-
MITTEE, Auk, X, 1893, 62 (crit.).—PALMER, Osprey, V, 1901, 148 (Kissimmee
Valley, Florida; habits; crit.).

Chame pelia terrestris SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I, 1899, 81 (southeastern United
States).—SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, III, 1902, 251, in text
(Florida; crit.)—Lowe, Ibis, 1907, 114, I16, I17, in text (crit.); 1908, I10
(Charlotte Harbor, Florida, crit.).

‘Columbigallina passerina var. purpurea DuBois, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 763 (south-
eastern United States).

Chemepelia passerina terrestyis AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE,
Auk, XXVI, 1909, 297 (crit.). STONE, Ann. Report N. J. State Mus. for 1908,
1900, 155 (New Jersey, ex Krider).—KNOWLTON, Birds of the World, 1909, 432,
in text (South Atlantic States; habits)—Puitipp, Auk, X XVII, 1910, 317 (St.
James I., South Carolina) AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE,
‘Check List N. Am. Birds, ed. 3, 1910, 150 (geog. distr.) —WAYNE, Contribution
Charleston Mus., I, 1910, 66 (South Carolina; habits).—PHELPs, Wils. Bull.
XXIV, 1912, 122 (Caloosahatchee River, Florida).—BARRows, Michigan Bird
Life, 1912, 746 (no valid Michigan record).—CHAPMAN, Handbook Birds E. N.
Am., 1912, 285 (descr.; range; habits; San Mateo, Florida).

Description.—Adult male: above, including scapulars and tertiaries,
plain grayish brown or rather dark hair-brown, with rump and upper
tail-coverts usually more decidedly grayish (mouse-gray); crown
{from a line even with the eyes), occiput, and nape plumbeous,
enclosing a dull brownish area of greater or less extent, and each

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 529

feather margined with dusky; forehead, sides of head and neck, and
entire under parts dull pinkish vinaceous, palest on the throat and
the sides of the head, becoming duller, more whitish, on the middle
of the abdomen, and passing into dusky on the under tail-coverts,
which are usually edged with whitish or vinaceous white; feathers of
the breast with partially concealed dusky centers, and those of the
head and neck all around with obscure darker margins, giving a
decidedly squamate effect; wing-coverts pale gray, more or less
strongly shaded with pinkish vinaceous (the inner ones usually
entirely of this color), marked on the outer webs with irregular glossy
spots of dark metallic violet, which sometimes are arranged to form
one or more bars across the coverts; tertiaries also with one or two
violet spots on the outer webs; alula black; primary-coverts black
with rufous chestnut centers; primaries rufous chestnut, the tips and
outer webs more or less extensively black or dusky brown; secondaries
dusky on the outer webs and rufous chestnut on the inner, in gradually
decreasing amount; axillaries and under wing-coverts rufous chestnut;
middle rectrices dark grayish brown, this color decreasing in amount
on the lateral rectrices, which are black with dusky tips, the two
outermost with the tips and distal portion of the outer webs narrowly
white; feet flesh-colored; iris orange red; bill ‘‘pale red, inclining to
orange, dusky at the tip’’ (Audubon), “‘dark greenish horn-color at
tip, bright orange along commissure, paler and more yellowish orange
about the nostrils’? (Worthington).

Female similar, but lacking (normally) all trace of vinaceous: above
plain grayish brown, duller and browner than in the male; crown,
occiput, and nape dull olive-gray, with a central brownish area;
forehead similar but usually much paler; below, including sides of
head and neck, light brownish gray, fading into whitish on the throat,
chin, and middle of the abdomen; head and neck all around, and the
breast, squamate as in the male; under tail-coverts grayish dusky with
prominent grayish white tips and margins; wings as in the male, but
brown margins and tips of remiges more extensive; wing-coverts pale
gray, and spots on inner coverts and tertiaries usually more bronzy
in lustre; tail as in the male, and colors of soft parts similar but duller.

Age variation—The youngest male examined is one from Amelia
Island, Florida, October 4, 1906 (No. 17,062, Bishop Collection).
In this bird the general coloration resembles that of the female, but
all the feathers of the upper parts, including those of the wing-coverts

530 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and tertiaries, but excepting those of the crown and nape, are narrowly
tipped with whitish. The middle coverts have a narrow median
streak of rusty, while the greater ones are edged with the same.
Below the color is as in the adult female, but the squamation of the
breast is obsolescent. The tail is not fully grown, and the feathers of
the chin, forehead, and tibie are just sprouting. The wing-spots are
indicated on the coverts and tertiaries, but are almost entirely devoid
of metallic lustre.

Another bird from the same locality (No. 17,061, Bishop Collection),
although taken earlier in the season, seems to indicate that the first
winter plumage is acquired by a postjuvenal moult which apparently
involves the wing-coverts and body-plumage alone. Unfortunately
there are no other specimens available showing this moult, while
examples from Danfuskie Island, South Carolina (No. 23,703, Col-
lection Carnegie Museum) and Broro Neck, Georgia (No. 13,907,
Bishop Collection), taken as late as November 25 and December 5
respectively, are still practically in juvenal dress. As this species is
known to breed in almost every month of the year, however, the
time of moulting is evidently not arbitrarily circumscribed. More-
over, it is quite possible that in some cases there is a limited prenuptial
moult, involving the feathers of the head and throat, in early spring.
Such at least is indicated by certain specimens from Dummitt’s and
Miami, Florida (Nos. 10,553, 10,555, and 14,116, Collection Museum
Comparative Zoédlogy), taken between February 7 and 26, which
individuals are doubtless immature, judging from their light-tipped
greater wing-coverts. At any rate, it is by such a change that the
young male becomes indistinguishable from the adult, except some&®
times by the rather duller and fewer metallic wing-spots. Probably
the birds with the most and brightest spots are the oldest.

A young female (No. 133,134, Collection U. S. National Museum,
Anastasia Island, Florida, May 15, 1894), closely resembles the young
male first described, but is rather duller and browner below. A
female in first nuptial plumage (No. 4,186, Collection Museum
Comparative Zoédlogy, Indian River, Florida, April 20) is quite
uniform above, including the crown, and duller and browner than in
fully adult birds, with conspicuous white edgings to the wing-coverts,
which have apparently been retained from the juvenal plumage.

Seasonal variation—No differences are observable in adult males
taken in December, January, and May. A November specimen is

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH/EMEPELIA. 531

somewhat grayer above. Unfortunately midsummer birds are not
available, but would probably show some slight fading. Females
likewise show no variation according to season.

Geographic variation.—This form seems remarkably constant
throughout its range. I can discover no differences between birds
from the Florida Keys on the one hand and those from the Suwanee
River and Georgia and South Carolina on the other, when specimens
of the same age and sex are compared. It would naturally be
expected that Louisiana birds would show variation in the direction
of C. p. pallescens, but all efforts to secure authentic specimens from
that State having failed, this question must be left in abeyance.

Individual variation.—This is evident in several respects. The
amount of metallic spotting on the wings is perhaps the most variable
character, although, as before intimated, it is possible that this is to
some extent at least dependent upon age. The amount of dusky
brown color on the wings, and especially on the outer primaries and
their coverts, is another variable character. Many individuals have
the outer webs of the primaries extensively rufous chestnut at the
base, showing prominently in the closed wing, while in others this
color is scarcely or not apparent, the outer webs being more exten-
sively dusky brown. The under tail-coverts in both sexes, but more
particularly in the male, are subject to much variation as regards the
amount of paler tipping. Making due allowance for the greasy and
more or less discolored condition of many of the specimens, the
variation in color of the under parts is remarkably small in adult males,
the extremes being represented respectively by No. 2,393, Bishop
Collection (‘‘ Peninsular Florida,’’ February 26, 1889), which is fully
as dark below as C. p. socorroénsis, and No. 14,878, Bishop Collection
(Amelia Island, Florida, November 21, 1905), which compares
favorably with C, p. pallescens. The vast majority of specimens,
however, fall midway between these two extremes. There is decidedly
more variation in the color of the upper parts, numerous examples
being practically indistinguishable from C. p. pallescens in this respect.
The patch of brownish feathers on the occiput, usually well marked,
is occasionally merely indicated, the whole crown and nape being
practically ‘‘solid’’ plumbeous gray.

Females vary much as do males in general intensity of color, some
being quite light, others much darker. Some females (if correctly
sexed) assume a decidedly vinaceous tinge beneath, as in the other

532 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

sex; this is probably due to exceptional vigor and development.
Several specimens also show an extension of the rufous chestnut of
the axillaries, ordinarily concealed by the closed wing, over the
flanks and sides of the abdomen.

Measurements.—Male: wing, 84-89 (average, 86); tail, 59-65 (62);
exposed culmen, I1I-I2 (11.5); tarsus, 15-17 (16). Female: wing,
85-88 (86.5); tail, 55-63 (60); exposed culmen, I1.5—-12 (11.7); tarsus,
I5-17.5 (15.8).

Range.—Peninsula of Florida, north regularly (chiefly coastwise)
to Charleston, South Carolina, occasionally to North Carolina and
westward to Louisiana; accidental in Virginia, Tennessee, Maryland,
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York.

Remarks.—The earliest reference pertaining to this form appears
to be that of Catesby (1731), whose description and figure formed part
of the basis of Linneus’ name Columba passerina, the specific desig-
nation having probably been suggested by the upturned tail and
sparrow-like pose of the bird in Catesby’s plate. This author seems
to have remained for many years the chief source of information
concerning the Ground Dove of this region, as later writers based
their accounts on his, sometimes without giving due credit. Wilson
was the next author to give an extended notice of the bird, and
Audubon’s account, published in 1834, still remains the best we have,
although since then numerous additional facts have been put on
record concerning its nesting and distribution.

It was not until 1887, however, that Mr. Charles J. Maynard
pointed out the differences between the bird of eastern North America
and that of the Bahamas, but being uncertain to which of these
Linneus’ term passerina should apply, he proposed the provisional
name Chamepelia purpurea for the “larger continental Dove.”
This name, published in an obscure trade journal, was critically
discussed in 1892 by Mr. Frank M. Chapman, who considered it
“unavailable from [on] either logical or zodlogical grounds,” Mr.
Maynard’s ‘‘remarks being so vaguely worded as to be capable of
several interpretations.’”’ Having indicated the differences between
the bird of Jamaica (which he accepted as the type locality of Columba
passerina Linnzus) and that of eastern North America, Mr. Chapman
accordingly proposed to call the latter by the subspecific name fter-
restris, but like Mr. Maynard he failed to designate a type. This
name was presently accepted by the American Ornithologists’ Union

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAEMEPELIA. 533

Nomenclature Committee, and has been in current use ever since.
As late as 1901, however, Mr. William Palmer took exception to this
ruling, and pointed out that should Mr. Maynard designate a type
his name would in any case have precedence. Meanwhile, however,
Mr. Maynard had become convinced that the name passerina had been
taken primarily from Catesby, so he proceeded to give the Jamaican
bird a new name.

A few months before Mr. Chapman's article was published Count
Hans von Berlepsch also decided that Jamaica must be considered as
the type locality of Columba passerina, mainly on the ground that
Sloane is the first citation given by Linnzus, and he therefore accepted
Maynard’s name purpurea for the large North American form.
Subsequently both Count von Berlepsch and Dr. Ernst Hartert have
explicitly given Jamaica as the type locality of passerina. Both
these and other authors have evidently entirely overlooked Bona-
parte’s remarks bearing on this point, published in 1855. In his
review of this genus he states as follows:

“Quoi qu’il en soit, je laisse exclusivement ce nom de Ch. passerina,
Sw. ex L., a l’espéce de l’Amérique septentrionale figurée par Catesby,
Buffon, Wilson et Audubon; et je donne les noms de Ch. granatina
Bp., Ch. albivitta Bp., et Ch. trochila Bp.,a trois espéces nouvelles qui
ont, comme le vraie passerina, la gorge ondulée de couleur obscure.”’

Inasmuch as Linnezus’ diagnosis applies equally well to both the
Jamaican and the eastern North American forms, Bonaparte was
entirely within his rights in thus restricting the application of the name
passerina, and as his meaning is perfectly clear and explicit, and his
action in this regard anticipates by many years that of Maynard,
Berlepsch, and Chapman, it will be necessary to adopt the name
passerina as the subspecific appellation of the form from eastern
North America, accepting South Carolina (ex Catesby) as the type
locality. Thus any further controversy over the status of the name
purpurea is happily avoided, and passerina is conserved for the best
known form.

The Ground Dove is most abundant in peninsular Florida, but
extends northward regularly at least as far as Charleston, South
Carolina. It is resident throughout the year, but in the northern
part of its range is said to be partially migratory. Audubon says
that it is a bird of the maritime lowlands, scarcely to be found more
than one hundred miles from the coast. He records it from Louisiana,

5384 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

where, however, it must be very rare, for, although included in the
latest list of birds from that State, repeated inquiry has failed to
elicit a single authentic specimen. It is therefore very doubtful
whether the range of C. p. passerina is regularly continuous with that
of C. p. pallescens. Indeed, it appears to be a rare bird all along the
Gulf coast, until the region of the Suwanee River in northern Florida
is reached. It has been recorded as a casual or accidental visitor
from the mountain region of western North Carolina and eastern
Tennessee, and from south-central Virginia, while there are two
records from the vicinity of Washington, D. C., New York City, and
southeastern Pennsylvania, and one from western New Jersey. The
Michigan record by Dr. H. A. Atkins proves to have been erroneous,
according to Prof. Walter B. Barrows.

Chemepelia passerina pallescens Baird.

(2) “ Tortore’’ GEMELLI CARERI, Giro del Mondo, VI, 1719, 7 (Acapulco, Mexico).

(?) ‘‘ Tourterelle’’ GEMELLI CARERI, Voyage du tour du Monde, VI, 1727, 12
(Acapulco, Mexico).

Columba pusilla (not of Lichtenstein, 1816, 1818, or 1819) LICHTENSTEIN, Preis.-
Verz. Mex. Vogel, 1830, 3 (Mexico; nomen nudum).—BONAPARTE, Compt.
Rend., XLIII, 1856, 945 (crit.) —CABANIS, Journ. f. Orn., XI, 1863, 58 (reprint
original reference). ;

Columba passerina (not of Linneus) ROEMER, Texas (title), 1849, 461 (New
Braunfels, Texas).—STEPHENS, Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, 1868, 475
(Yucatan).

Chamepelia passerina MCCALL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1851, 220
(Rio Grande, between Matamoros and Camargo, Tamaulipas).—BONAPARTE,
Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 77, part (Mazatlan, Mexico; descr.).—BONAPARTE,
Compt. Rend., XLIII, 1856, 945 (crit.).—ScLATER, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London,
1857, 205 (San Andres Tuxtla, Vera Cruz).—BairpD, Report Pacific R. R. Survey,
IX, 1858, 606, part (Matamoros and Tamaulipas, Mexico; La Paz, Lower
California; crit.).—SCLATER, Proc. Zo6él. Soc. London, 1859, 369 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz), 391 (Oaxaca).—ScHotTt, Report Lieut. Michler’s Exp. to Isthmus of
Darien, 1861, 247, in text, part (Lower Bravo del Norte [Rio Grande] and off
Lower California).—MULLER, Reisen in Mexico, 1865, 589 (Mexico).—DRESSER,
Ibis, 1865, 313, in text (Matamoros, Mexico); 1866, 24 (Matamoros, Mexico;
Fort Brown and San Antonio, Texas).—CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1866, 93 (Fort Yuma, Arizona; La Paz, Lower California; crit.).—-COOPER,
Orn. Calif., 1870, 516, part (Fort Yuma and Fort Mojave, Arizona).—Sct.ATER
and SALVIN, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 133, part (Mexico).—CouEs, Am.
Nat., VII, 1873, 323 (Tucson, Arizona, late nesting).—CouEs, Birds Northwest,
1874, 390, part (southern Arizona; southern California; Cape St. [= San] Lucas,
Lower California; references).—BAIRD, BREWER, and RrpGway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, III, 1875, 389, part (Monterey, California; western United States and

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 535

Mexican references; crit.), 522 (San Francisco and San Gabriel, California, fide
Cooper).—HENsSHAW, Report Expl. W. rooth Meridian, V, 1875, 433 (Camp
Lowell, Arizona; southwestern United States references; habits).—HENSHAW,
Report Sec. War, II, ii, 1875, 1084 (Camp Lowell, Arizona).—SaNcHEz, An.
Mus. Nac. Mexico, I, 1878, 105 (Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Yucatan).—MeEr-
RILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 1878, 158 (Ft. Brown, Texas; nesting).—-SENNETT,
Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., IV, 1878, 48 (Brownsville and Hidalgo,
Texas; descr. eggs); V, 1879, 424 (Lomita, Texas).—Ri1DGWAY, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., III, 1880, 195, part (North America).—RipGway, Bull. 21 U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1881, 40, part (North America)—HoOFFMAN, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog.
Survey Terr., VI, 1881, 245 (Nevada?, ex Cooper).—HOLTERHOFF, Am. Nat.,
XV, 1881, 216 (Tucson, Arizona; nesting).—SUMICHRAST, Naturaleza, V, 1881,
231 (Mexico).—CoueEs, Check List N. Am. Birds, 1882, 92, part.—NEHRLING,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, 1882, 175 (Houston, Texas).—BREWSTER, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, VIII, 1883, 32 (Tucson, Arizona; crit.) —BELDING, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., VI, 1883, 344 (Guaymas, Sonora).—CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2,
1884, 560, part (‘‘Atlantic to Pacific’’).—STEPHENS, Auk, II, 1885, 229 (Pedro-
quito, Sonora).— HEINE and REICHENOW, Nom. Mus. Hein., Orn., 1886, 283,
part (Mexico).—BENNERS, Orn. and O6l., XII, 1887, 69 (Laredo, Texas).—
Rovirosa, Naturaleza, VII, 1887, 380 (Rio Macuspana, Tabasco; syn.).—
SALVIN, Ibis, 1889, 377 (Holbox I., Mugeres I., and Cozumel I., Yucatan);
1890, 89 (same localities).—SALVADOoRI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X XI, 1893, 473,
part (Camp Lowell and Tucson, Arizona; Brownsville, Cameron Co., Hidalgo,
and Corpus Christi, Texas; ‘‘California’’; San José del Cabo, La Paz, and Cape
San Lucas, Lower California; Matamoros, Sonora, Santa Rosa, Monte Morelas,
Hacienda de los Escobas, San Blas, Zapotlan, Chapala, Chilpancingo, Chietla,
Tampico, Tamesi, Sota la Marina, Aldama, Sierra Madre above Ciudad Victoria,
Epatlan, Chimalpa, Axotla, Coapa, Mexicalcingo, Ixtapalapa, Culhuacan,
Coatepec, Vera Cruz, Jalapa, Tehuantepec, Salina Cruz, environs of Mexico,
Mazatlan, Tres Marias Is., Mexico; Holbox I., Mugeres I., Cozumel I., and
Peto, Yucatan; Orange Walk, British Honduras).—LAURENCIO, Mem. y Rev.
Soc. Cient. ‘‘Altonio Alzate,’’ VII, 1894, 221 (Mexico).—HERRERA, Cat. Col.
Aves Mus. Nac., 1895, 78 (Mexico).—Rust, Katalog systematischen Vogel-
sammlung des Provincial Museums in Hanover, 1897,, 77, part (Mexico).—
ForBEs and ROBINSON, Bull. Liverpool Mus., II, 1900, 141, part (Brownsville,
Texas).—OaTES, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus., I, 1901, 101, part (Texas).—
SALVIN and GopMaNn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, III, 1902, 250, part (descr.;
Mexican localities and references; crit.).

Chemepelia passerina GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, 49, part
(Mexico).—LAWRENCE, Bull. 4 U. S. Nat. Mus., 1876, 44 (Tehuantepec City,
Mexico).

Chamepelia var. pallescens BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, 301
(Cape St. [= San] Lucas, Lower California).

Chamepelia passerina var. pallescens BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1859, 305 (Cape St. [= San] Lucas, Lower California; orig. descr.; type in
collection U. S. National Museum, fide Richmond).—Cooper, Orn. Calif.,
1870, 517, (Cape St. [= San] Lucas; descr.).—R1pGway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

536 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

III, 1880, 235 (ref. orig. descr.).—BREWSTER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VIII,
1883, 32, footnote (Tucson, Arizona; crit.).

Pyrgitoénas passerina REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 162, part (Mexican references).

Chame@opelia passerina SCLATER, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1864, 178 (Mexico City,
or “‘tierra caliente’’).

“Ground Dove’’ Cooper, Am. Nat., III, 1869, 481 (Fort Mojave, Arizona).—
Cooper, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, 1877, 95 (San Francisco, California).—
FINLEY, Bird-Lore, XII, 1910, 262, pl. (Tucson, Arizona).

Chamepeleia passerina COOPER, Proc. California Acad. Sci., IV, 1870, 65 (Colorado
Valley).—CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 227, part (‘‘Atlantic to Pacific’’).
—CouEs, Check List N. Am. Birds, 1873, 75, part (North America).

Chame peleia passerina var. pallescens COUES, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 227, part
(Cape St. [= San] Lucas, Lower California).—CoueEs, Check List N. Am. Birds,
1873, 75, part (North America).

Chame pelia pallescens LAWRENCE, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1872, 275,
part (Tres Marias Is., Mexico; Cape San Lucas, Lower California).—GRAYSON,
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1872, 300, part (Tres Marias Is. and opposite
mainland, Mexico).—SANCHEZ, An. Mus. Nac. Mexico, I, 1878, 105 (Mazatlan
and Tres Marias Is., Mexico).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I, 1899, 81, part
(Texas to Arizona; Lower California; Mexico).—SALVIN and GOpMAN, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, III, 1902, 252, in text (crit.)—LOwE, Ibis, 1907, I14, II5,
116, 117, in text (Mexico; Texas; Lower California; crit.); 1908, 111 (Tampico,
Mexico; geog. distr., excl. Central American references; crit.), 545 (color of bill).

Peristera passerina SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columba, IV, 1873, 135, part (Cape
St. [= San] Lucas, Lower California).

Cheme pelia pallescens LAWRENCE, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1874, 305, part
(Mazatlan and Tres Marias Is., Mexico; habits).

Chamepelia passerina pallescens Cours, Check-List N. Am. Birds, 1882, 92.—
BELDING, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., V, 1883, 544 (Cape region, Lower California).—
CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1884, 569 (Cape St. [= San] Lucas, Lower California).
—THAYER and BANGs, Condor, IX, 1907, 136 (Santana, Lower California).—
SmitH, Condor, XI, 1909, 63 (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico).

Chamepelia passerina ELLioT, Stand. Nat. Hist., IV, 1885, 247, in text, part
(Mexico).

Columbigallina passerina RipGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 581, 583
(Cozumel I., Yucatan).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE,
Check List N. Am. Birds, 1886, 181, part (Texas; Arizona; Mexico).—ScorrT,
Auk, III, 1886, 421 (Tucson, Florence, and Riverside, Pinal Co., Arizona).
—RuipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 215, part (Texas; New Mexico; Arizona;
Lower California).—BECKHAM, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1888, 657 (Medina
River, Texas, fide Dresser).—CooKeE, Bird Migration Miss. Valley, 1888, IIo
(Eagle Pass, Texas).—EVERMANN and JENKINS, Orn. and Odl., 1888, 68 (Mag-
dalena, Mexico).—BELDING, Occ. Papers California Acad. Sci., II, 1890, 24
(San Francisco and San Gabriel, California, fide Cooper).—ATTWATER, Auk, IX,
1892, 233 (San Antonio, Texas).

Columbigallina passerina pallescens FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX,
1886, 175 (Acatlan and Chietla, Puebla, Mexico).—RipGway, Man. N. Am.

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 5387

Birds, 1887, 586, part (diag.; geog. distr., excl. Central America). —BECKHAM,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1888, 637 (Bexar Co., Texas).—CHAPMAN, Auk, V,
1888, 395, part (geog. distr., ex Ridgway).—BryYANT, Proc. California Acad.
Sci., (2), II, 1889, 278 (Comondu and Santa Margarita I., Lower California).—
Norris, Orn. and Odl., XIV, 1889, 59 (Santa Cruz Valley, near Tucson, Arizona;
nesting).—MAyYNARD, Eggs N. Am. Birds, 1890, 54 (geog. distr.; descr. eggs).
—TOWNSEND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, 137 (Cape St. [= San] Lucas,
Lower California).—STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1890, 204 (Te-
kanto and Ticul, Yucatan), 212 (Orizaba, Mexico)—MayNarp, Eggs N. Am.
Birds, 1890, 54, excl. geog. distr. part (descr. eggs).—KEELER, Zoé, I, 1890, 299
(Colorado River, California).—BRYANT, Zoé, II, 1891, 188 (San José del Cabo,
Lower California; habits)—RuoaAps, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1892,
112 (Corpus Christi, Texas), 114 (Tucson, Arizona).—BENDIRE, Life Hist. N.
Am. Birds, I, 1892, 150, excl. Central American ref. (general account; Rillitto
Creek, near Tucson, Arizona).—HAarTERT, Ibis, 1893, 305, in text (Mexico; crit.).
—ALLEN, Auk, X, 1893, 134 (faunal distribution). AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
UNION COMMITTEE, Check List N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, 1895, 123, part (geog. distr.,
excl. Central America).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1896, 287
(Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).—RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, 1896, 591, part
(diag.; geog. distr., excl. Central America).—CouEs, Auk, XIV, 1897, 215 (crit.).
—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 1898, 36 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz,
Mexico).—Davie, Nests and Eggs N. Am. Birds, ed. 5, 1898, 189 (nesting).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, XVI, 1899, 108.—NELSON,
N. Am. Fauna, No. 14, 1899, 37 (Maria Madre and Maria Magdalena, Tres
Marias Is., Mexico; crit.).—PrIcE, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, I, 1899, 91
(near Yuma, Arizona).—BRENINGER, Condor, III, Igor, 45 (Pima Indian
Reservation, Arizona).—BANGS and BRADLEE, Auk, XVIII, Igor, 251, in
text (crit.)—BatmLEy, Handbook Birds Western U. S., 1902, 143 (descr.;
habits).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 3, 1902, 31 (Monterey,
Fort Yuma, San Francisco, San Gabriel, and Pescadero, California; rare
and irregular).—BREWSTER, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., XLI, 1902, 79 (Sierra
de la Laguna, La Paz, San José del Cabo, and Cape region in general, Lower
California; references; habits)—CoueEs, Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 5, II, 1903, 716,
part (descr., excl. Central American geog. distr.)—-STEPHENS, Condor, V, 1903,
77 (Big Sandy Creek and Bill Williams River, Arizona; Ehrenberg, California).
—Oscoop, Condor, V, 1903, 129 (Sulphur Spring, near Wilcox, Cochise Co.,
Arizona).—CHAPMAN, Color Key N. Am. Birds, 1903, 126 (descr.; range).
—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, XX, 1903, 360 (crit.).—
SWARTH, Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 4, 1904, 5 (Huachuca Mts. and San Pedro
River, Arizona).— REED, N. Am. Birds’ Eggs, 1904, 150 (nesting).—MILLER,
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 343 (Escuinapa, Sinaloa, Mexico).—
SWARTH, Condor, VII, 1905, 25 (Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona, habits).
—BEEBE, Two Bird Lovers in Mexico, 1905, 185, 386 (Barranca Vueltran,
Mexico).—BaILey, Auk, XXIII, 1906, 385 (San Blas, Tepic).—HoweELt, Bull.
Biol. Survey, No. 25, 1906, 22 (Texas; food).—THAYER and BANGs, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., XIX, 1906, 18 (Opodepe, Sonora).—Co_Le, Bull. Mus. Comp.

5388 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Zool., L, 1906, 117 (Chichen-Itza and San Ignacio, Yucatan).—Lamps, Condor,
XII, 1910, 76 (Las Marietas I., Mexico).

Columbogallina passerina pallescens LANTZ, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., XVI, 1899,
219 (La Paz, Lower California).

“Mexican Ground Dove”’ LITTLEJOHN, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, I, 1899, 73 (Pes-
cadero, California, one record).—Brown, Auk, XVII, 1900, 33 (southern Ari-
zona).—LamB, Condor, XII, 1910, 78 (Las Penas, Banderas Bay, Mexico).—
WILLARD, Condor, XIV, 1912, 58 (Dos Reales, Arizona; nesting habits).—SLOAN»
Bird-Lore, XIV, 1912, 34 (Palacios, Texas).

Columbigallina passerina var. pallescens DusBots, Syn. 'Avium, II, 1902, 763, part
(southwestern United States; Lower California; Mexico; syn.).

Columbigallina passerina pallascens (lapsus) KAEDING, Condor, VII, 1905, III
(San José del Cabo, Lower California).

Chemepelia passerina pallescens HOWELL, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 29, 1907, 31
(Texas; food).—DrEARBORN, Field Mus. Orn. Series, I, 1907, 80 (Gualan and
Lake Atitlan, Guatemala).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE,
Auk, XXVI, 1909, 297 (crit.).—KNOWLTON, Birds of the World, 1909, 432, in
text, part (Mexico; habits).—VisHER, Auk, X XVII, 1910, 281 (Tucson, Arizona).
—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Check List N. Am. Birds,
ed. 3, I9I0, 150, part (geog. distr., excl. Central America).—CARRIKER, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 398, in text (crit.) —WILLARD, Condor, XIV, 1912, 53
(near Tucson, Arizona).—WILLETT, Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 7, I912, 44
(San Gabriel, Los Angeles Co., Banning, Riverside Co., and San Pasqual, San
Diego Co., California).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 8, 1912, 13
(California).

Subspecific characters —Similar to C. p. passerina, but averaging
decidedly paler, more drab gray, both above and below, this difference
obvious in both sexes; maxilla darker at base (in dried skin), dull
crimson, brownish red, or purplish black in life.

Measurements.—Male: wing, 83-91 (average, 87); tail, 57-63 (59.5);
exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 15-16 (15.6). Female: wing,
84-90 (86.5); tail, 57-62 (59); exposed culmen, I1-12 (11.5); tarsus,
15-16 (15.7).

Range-—From British Honduras and northern Guatemala north
through Yucatan and Campeche, and northwestward through Mexico
(except central plateau region) to southern Texas and southern
Arizona; Cape region of Lower California; accidental in southern
California.

Remarks.—Two nestlings of this form (Nos. 155,433-4, Collection
Biological Survey), from the mountains near San Domingo, Oaxaca,
June 18, 1895, are the youngest of any form of the species I have
examined. They still show remains of buffy white natal down
clinging to the tips of the juvenal feathers. The general color of the

Topp; A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHA:MEPELIA. 539

plumage above is vandyke brown, the feathers narrowly edged with
buffy; below wood-brown. Even at this early stage the black wing-
spots are conspicuous, but of course not glossy. The remiges are
dusky brown, edged externally with vandyke brown, like the back.

As already pointed out (page 520, footnote), the ‘‘Cocotzin”’ of
Hernandez is not certainly identifiable, although it is apparently the
sole basis upon which the Ground Dove was attributed to Mexico by
sundry authors up at least to the year 1771, when Buffon cited Gemelli
Careri as authority for the occurrence of the species at Acapulco.
Specimens from Mexico in the Berlin Museum were called Columba
pusilla by Lichtenstein in 1830, but no description was given. When
Baird wrote his great work on North American birds in 1858 he was un-
able to find any differences between specimens of the Ground Dove from
Florida, Texas, and Lower California, but soon afterwards the receipt
of a series from Cape San Lucas collected by John Xantus led him to
provisionally bestow a name upon the birds from that locality. No
particular type was designated,® so that the sixteen specimens before
me, all apparently collected by Xantus, but now the property of
several different museums, may be regarded as cotypes. Other and
more recent material brings the total number of specimens examined
from the Cape region up to sixty-one. They differ very decidedly
from the average example of C. p. passerina in the respects above
pointed out, and, while individual variation is fully as apparent in
the present series, and covers the same ground as in C. p. passerina,
yet the lightest colored pallescens is paler than the same condition in
passerina, and so on. Some of the differential characters given by
Baird, as for instance the small size and the paucity of the wing-spots,
the length of the tertiaries, and the size of the tarsus, break down upon
examination of the series, but on the whole the form is a sufficiently
well characterized one, and well worthy of the recognition it has been
so tardily accorded.

Males from Maria Madre, Tres Marias Islands, are absolutely
indistinguishable from Lower California birds. The single female in
the Biological Survey Collection (No. 156,723, Maria Madre, May 3,
1897), however, I am unable to match in an extensive series, as it

6 Since the above was written, Dr. Charles W. Richmond has informed me that
he has ascertained, from an examination of the original catalogue entry of the
Xantus specimens, that No. 13,013 of the U. S. National Museum Collection was

beyond much doubt intended by Prof. Baird to be considered as the actual type of
his description.

540 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

has a decided rusty cinnamon tinge on the forehead and abdomen.
The only other female examined from these islands is referable to
C. p. socorroénsis (see beyond).

Arizona examples seem to vary in shade more than those from
Lower California, some few individuals being quite close to C. p.
passerina, while others agree well with birds from the type locality.
Farther south, in Sonora and Sinaloa, the vinaceous shade of the
male seems to deepen, a small series from Sonora in the Brewster
Collection, and an example from Culiacan, Sinaloa (No. 164,472,
Collection Biological Survey), being very close to Florida skins in
this respect. On the other hand, I am unable, after comparison of
an extensive series, to find any constant differences in color between
specimens from Texas and those from Lower California, but the
former average somewhat larger in size. Passing southward, we
find males from Linares in Nuevo Leon, and Victoria and Tampico
in Tamaulipas, a shade darker below, as also are those from the State
of Vera Cruz. There is also a corresponding but slight average color-
difference in females from the same localities.

Returning to the west coast, we find the few available specimens
from Jalisco, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and eastward to Chiapas and Cam-
peche, agreeing in slightly darker general coloration with those from
Sinaloa. Yucatan and British Honduras birds, however, are very
puzzling, and I believe really constitute a series of intergrades between
C. p. pallescens on the one hand and C. p. insularis and C. p. neglecta
on the other. Contrary to what might be expected, the vinaceous
color is deeper, and the bill seems decidedly paler and more yellowish
at the base. These characters are so evident in two adult males and
one adult female from Cozumel Island that, were it not for their
decidedly larger size, they might readily be referred to C. p. insularis,
the only color-difference obvious being the less amount of white on
the under tail-coverts. Some of the Yucatan skins, however, are
closer to the Central American form, C. p. neglecta.

Chemepelia passerina neglecta Carriker.

(?) ““Colombicolin de San Carlos’? (Centre-Amérique) LESSON, Descr. Mam. et
Ois., 1847, 272.

Chamepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linneus) (?) SCLATER and SALVIN,
Ibis, 1859, 223 (Duefias, Guatemala; habits).—(?) SALVIN and ScLaTER, Ibis,
1860, 45 (Guatemala; nesting).—LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., IX,
1868, 139 (San José and ‘‘Catargo”’ [= Cartago], Costa Rica); IX, 1869, 207

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 541

(Merida, Yucatan).—FRANTzIUS, Journ. f. Orn., XVII, 1869, 371 (Costa Rica;
habits).—ScLATER and SALVIN, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 133, part (Central
America).—BAIRD, BREWER, and RipGway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1875, 3890,
part (Central American references).—BOUCARD, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1878,
43 (San José, Costa Rica).—(?) SALVIN, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 547, part
(Guatemala).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves Costa Rica, 1882, 28 (Costa Rica).—NutT-
TING, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 408 (‘‘La Palma,’’ Gulf of Nicoya, Costa
Rica).—RimGway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., V, 1883, 502 (San José, Costa Rica).—
NUTTING, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, 378 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua);
VI,’ 1884, 389 (Sucuya, Nicaragua), 396 (Ometépe I., Nicaragua).—HEINE and
REICHENOW, Nom. Mus. Hein., Orn., 1886, 283, part (Costa Rica).—SaLva-
porRI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI, 1893, 473, part [?] Panajachel, 5000 ft., [?]
Santa Maria, and [?] Duefias, Guatemala; San José and Irazi district, Costa
Rica).—UNDERWOOD, Ibis, 1896, 447 (Miravalles, etc., Costa Rica).—UNDER-
woop, Avifauna Costarriquena, 1899, 15 (Costa Rica).—(?) OATEs, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., I, r901, ror, part (Duefias, Guatemala).—SALVIN and GODMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, III, 1902, 250, part (Central American localities and
references; habits).

Peristera passerina SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbe, IV, 1873, 135, part
(Tejas, Costa Rica; syn.).

Chaémepelia passerina (?) Boucarp, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n. s., XXV, 1878, 24
(Guatemala; habits).—(?) RopRIGUEz, An. Mus. Nac. Salvador, IV, I91o, 282
(Guatemala).

Chamepelia passerina ELLioT, Stand. Nat. Hist., IV, 1885, 247, in text, part (Cen-
tral America).

Columbigallina passerina ZELEDON, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 112 (Costa
Rica).—ZELEDON, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, I, 1887, 127 (San José, Costa.
Rica).—Catvo, Apuntamientos Geograficos, Estadisticos e Historicos, 1887,
88 (Costa Rica).—CHERRIE, Auk, VII, 1890, 333 (San José, Costa Rica); IX,
1892, 329 (San José, Costa Rica).

Columbigallina passerina pallescens (not Chamepelia passerina var. pallescens
Baird) RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 586, part (Central America).—
CHAPMAN, Auk, V, 1888, 395, part (Central America; ex Ridgway).—RICHMOND,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, 1893, 523 (San Carlos, Nicaragua).—AMERICAN
ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Check List N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, 1895, 123,
part (Central America).—RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, 1896, 591, part
(Central America).—CovueEs, Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 5, II, 1903, 716, part
(Central America).—RipGway, Condor, VII, 1904, 154 (Pigres, Costa Rica).

(?) Chamepelia granatina (not of Bonaparte) TRISTRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds, 1889, 39
(Panama, Bridges [?]).

(?) Columbogallina passerina LANTz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., XVI, 1899, 219
(Amatitlan, Guatemala).

Chamepelia pallescens SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I, 1899, 81, part (Central
America).

Columbigallina passerina var. pallescens DuBois, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 763, part
(Central America).

Chemepelia passerina pallescens KNOWLTON, Birds of the World, 1909, 432, in

542 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

text, part (Central America).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CoM-
MITTEE, Check List N. Am. Birds, ed. 3, I910, 150, part (Central America).

Chemepelia passerina neglecta CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 398
(Esparta [type locality], Alajuéla, San José, Bagaces, Bebedéro, Cachi, Tenorio,
Coralillo, Los Cuadros de Irazti, and Miravalles, Costa Rica; orig. descr.; type
in collection Carnegie Museum; habits; Costa Rican references).

Subspecific characters—Similar to C. p. pallescens, but male of a
much deeper vinaceous color below, more as in C. p. passerina; above
much darker, being dull brownish olive with a faint vinaceous shade.
Similar also to C. p. passerina, but decidedly browner above; sides of
head and neck averaging deeper pinkish vinaceous; wing-coverts more
extensively pinkish vinaceous, and bill reddish at the base. Not so
deeply or so uniformly brown above, however, as in C. p. socorroénsis.
The under tail-coverts average darker, with deeper vinaceous edgings,
thanin C. p. pallescens. The female differs in a corresponding manner,
being intermediate in general coloration between C. p. pallescens and
C. p. socorroénsis.

Measurements.—Male: wing, 85-89 (average, 87); tail, 53-60 (56);
exposed culmen, II-12 (11.5); tarsus, 16-16.5 (16.1). Female: wing,
84-89 (86); tail, 52-60 (57); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.7); tarsus,
15-16.5 (15.6).

Range.—Central America, from Panama (?) north to Guatemala;
straggling occasionally to Yucatan.

Remarks.—Messrs. Salvin and Godman were the first to call
attention to the peculiarites of this form, remarking that a skin from
Costa Rica was very similar to the Socorro Island bird. It seems
sufficiently distinct from C. p. pallescens, with which until recently
it has been confounded, to deserve a separate name. When a series
is compared the differences stand out prominently, and are fairly
constant. Unfortunately only a few specimens from any of the
Central American countries except Costa Rica have been available for
examination, but I should refer all I have seen to this form, including
two from Guatemala and one each from Merida, San Ignacio, and
Chichen-Itza in Yucatan. These more northern examples, however,
are not typical, indicating that intergradation with C. p. pallescens
takes place in this region. The specimens in question average duller
vinaceous below and slightly paler above than Costa Rican birds.

Curiously enough, the only Panama record for any form of C.
passerina is a doubtful one, based on a specimen said to have been

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 543

collected by Bridges, and identified as Chamepelia granatina by
Canon Tristram. None of the recent workers in this field seem to
have met with the species, although C. minuta is common enough, and
very possibly the specimen in question may belong to this latter
species.

Iris in both sexes ‘‘light yellow with pink tinge’? (Underwood), or
“pink”’ (Carriker). Feet “* flesh-color’’ (Carriker and Underwood).
Bill in both sexes “‘dark crimson’’ (Underwood), ‘pink with dusky
tip,”’ or “‘purplish blood, with tip black’’ (Carriker).

Chemepelia passerina socorroénsis (Ridgway).

Chamepelia pallescens (not of Baird) LAWRENCE, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
XIV, 1872, 275, part (Socorro I.).—GraAySON, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
XIV, 1872, 300, part (Socorro I.).

Chemepelia pallescens LAWRENCE, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1874, 305, part
(Socorro I.).

Columbigallina passerina socorroénsis R1ipGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 586
(Socorro I.; Tres Marias Is.?; orig. descr.; type in collection U. S. National Mu-
seum).—TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, 135 (Socorro I.).—
ANTHONY, Auk, XV, 1898, 316 (Socorro I.).—KAEDING, Condor, VII, 1905, 111
(Socorro I.).

Chamepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linneus) SALVADORI, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., X XI, 1893, 473, part (Socorro I.).

Chamepelia socorroénsis SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I, 1899, 81 (Socorro I.).
—SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, III, 1902, 252 (Socorro I.;
descr.; references; crit.)—LOowe, Ibis, 1908, 112 (Socorro I., ex Ridgway).

Columbigallina passerina var. socorroénsis DuBois, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 764
(Socorro I., ex Ridgway).

Subspecific characters Similar to C. p. neglecta, but wing shorter,
and general coloration darker, the upper parts of the male being
decidedly olive-brown, and the flanks pale brown. Female also
very much darker and browner than the female of C. p. neglecta.

Measurements.—Male: wing, 81-85 (average, 83); tail, 52-58 (56);
exposed culmen, II-I2 (11.5); tarsus, 15-16.5 (16). Female: wing,
81-84 (82); tail, 53-59 (56); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus,
16-17 (16.2).

Range.—Socorro Island, off the west coast of Mexico; accidental
on the Tres Marias Islands and the adjacent mainland (?).

Remarks.—This very distinct insular form is characterized by its
dark coloration, the upper parts being decidedly brown, deeper than
in C. p. neglecta, to which otherwise it would seem to be most closely

544 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

allied. The vinaceous color of the under parts is about the same as
in that form, while the color of the bill (judging from the dried skin)
would seem to be also about the same. Females are even browner
than males, especially below, and while occasional specimens of
C. p. socorroénsis and C. p. neglecta are very much alike, the average
difference is very conspicuous. With C. p. pallescens, its nearest
mainland representative, the present form requires no comparison,
being very different indeed.

Colonel A. J. Grayson, who was the first ornithologist to visit this
out-of-the-way island, brought back a few specimens of this form,
which were referred to C. p. pallescens at the time. In 1887 Mr.
Ridgway distinguished them as a different subspecies, and additional
specimens have been secured in more recent years by Messrs. Town-
send and Anthony. The doubtful assignment of the Tres Marias
bird to this form, as given in the original description, seems to have
been based on a female example (No. 58,303) in the U. S. National
Museum, collected by Grayson, ostensibly on the Tres Marias Islands.
It is quite possible that the locality is an error, as the labels may have
become mixed, Grayson having collected at both places. However,
there can be no doubt as to the identity of this particular specimen, as
it agrees perfectly with Socorro Island females, but the form regularly
found on the Tres Marias Islands, as elsewhere shown, is C. p. palles-
cens. Another specimen (No. 26,990, Collection U. S. National
Museum) from Mazatlan, probably collected by Grayson also,
although not so marked, I would refer to this form on account of its
dark colors and brownish flanks, although above it more closely
‘resembles C. p. neglecta. Possibly this individual is also wrongly
labeled. At most the present form can be regarded only as a mere
straggler to the Tres Marias Islands and adjacent mainland.

Chemepelia passerina parvula subsp. nov.
‘Columbigallina passerina (not Columba passerina Linnzeus) ROBINSON, Flying Trip
to the Tropics, 1895, 154, part (Honda and Guaduas, Colombia).

Type, No. 128,195, Collection U. S. National Museum, adult male;
Honda, Colombia, July 14, 1892; Wirt Robinson.

Subspecific characters.—Smallest of the C. passerina group, and
general coloration very dark. The male is fully as richly colored above
and below as C. p. socorroénsis, but may be readily distinguished by
its decidedly smaller size. The female is slightly paler above than

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH®MEPELIA. 545

the female of C. p. socorroénsis, while the brown color of the under
parts has a faint wash of cinnamon, especially on the breast. In
both sexes the pale edgings of the throat and breast are narrower,
giving the parts a decidedly more squamate appearance.

Measurements —Male (two specimens): wing, 75-77 (average, 76);
tail, 54-55 (54.5); exposed culmen, 10-10.5 (10.2); tarsus, 15. Fe-
male (one specimen): wing, 73; tail, 51; exposed culmen, I1; tarsus, 15.

Range.—Known only from the type locality, Honda, Colombia, and
its vicinity, but probably occupying a more or less-extensive area in
central Colombia.

Remarks.—The above description is based on a single pair of birds
in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, which are so very
different from any of the other known forms that I have no hesitation
in describing them as new. Besides these I have examined one other
specimen, collected by Mr. Louis A. Fuertes on a recent trip to
Colombia. This example is somewhat different from the type, not
being so dark, but the breast is as finely squamate, while the feathers
of the nape have: decided dark edgings of a sooty plumbeous color.
’ The chin and forehead are almost as pale as in C. p. albivitta, and the
under tail-coverts also are quite pale. The back is somewhat brown-
ish, and the crown decidedly so, while the wing-coverts are of the
same shade of color as the breast. Judging by analogy from the dry
skin, the bill was evidently red for the most of the lower half, and the
upper mandible wholly dark, except at the extreme base of the com-
missure. These differences are not more than are fully covered by
the usual range of individual variation obtaining in the present
species, but additional specimens are of course very desirable.

Although in color this form is most like C. p. socorroénsts, its real
affinities would appear to be rather with C. p. griseola, while the limits
of its range, when more fully worked out, will possibly be found to
approximate those of the latter. Lieutenant Wirt Robinson tells us
that Ground Doves were common at Honda and Guaduas, on the
road to Bogota, and gives the impression that the species was not seen
between Barranquilla (on the coast) and Honda. Count von Ber-
lepsch, indeed, has published a record for Chamepelia passerina from
Bucaramanga, Colombia, but the measurements appended show
that his bird could not possibly belong to the form here described.
Should future work determine that the species does not range over
the intervening country it would tend to explain the development

546 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

through isolation of a peculiar form, such as this, in the interior
region.

Chemepelia passerina nana subsp. nov.

Type, No. 36,138, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male;
Jimenez, Rio Dagua, western Colombia, July 9, 1907; Mervyn G.
Palmer.

Subspecific characters.—Male: upper parts of about the same shade
as in C. p. pallescens, but crown and nape grayish brown like the
back, more or less suffused with vinaceous, seldom with any trace of
plumbeous, and the squamation obsolescent; vinaceous of under parts
and wing-coverts deeper, and size much less. Female (one specimen)
decidedly darker and smaller than the same sex of C. p. pallescens,
with no plumbeous on the crown and nape, and the squamation of
these parts indistinct.

Measurements.—Male (seven specimens): wing, 77-80 (average,
78.4); tail, 52-60 (56.6); exposed culmen, 10.5-11.5 (11); tarsus,
I5.5-17 (16). Female (one specimen): wing, 74; tail, 55; exposed
culmen, I1; tarsus, I6.

Range.—Western Colombia, in the valleys of the upper Rio Cauca
and the Rio Dagua.

Remarks.—In its small size this form resembles C. p. parvula, but
is undoubtedly distinct, being paler and less distinctly squamate,
both above and beneath. The vinaceous coloring is very rich, and
invades the upper parts to a greater or less extent, while the plumbeous
area of the crown and nape is obsolete or reduced to a mere trace.
One specimen, indeed, has the forehead vinaceous cinnamon, passing
into brown posteriorly.

Curiously enough, as already noted, no form of C. passerina seems
to have been positively recorded from Panama, nor are there any
records from the valley of the Atrato. Until specimens from this
latter section in particular are available it is idle to speculate on the
affinities of the two small Colombian forms. The situation in Co-
lombia is certainly a very complicated one so far as C. passerina is
concerned, and should it turn out that the hiatus in its range to the
northwestward is real and not apparent there would remain much
more to be explained.

The present form is based on eight specimens, all from a com-
paratively restricted area in western Colombia, near the head of the

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAEMEPELIA. 547

Cauca valley and across the cordillera to the westward, in the valley
of the Rio Dagua. Its range is probably much more extensive,
however, as will doubtless be shown by the explorations now being
conducted in western Colombia. To the southward it probably
grades into the next form:

Chemepelia passerina quitensis subsp. nov.

Columba passerina (not of Linnzus) MOLinaA, Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili,
Italian ed. 2, 1810, 217 (northern Chile [?]; descr.).—Lrsson, Traité d’Orn.,
1831 (?), 474, part (Lima, Ecuador [= Peru]).—LEsson, Compl. de Buffon,
Oiseaux, VIII, 1837, 12, part (Peru); ed. 2, 1838, 272 (Peru).—TscuupI, Arch.
f. Naturg., 1844, i, 305 (Peru).—Tscuup!I, Fauna Peruana, 1845-6, 45, 275
(Peru).

“Columba chamepelia Lesson,
Collection, 1850, 40 (Peru).

Chamepelia granatina (not of Bonaparte) SCLATER, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1858,
556 (Riobamba, Ecuador).

Chamepelia gravativa (lapsus) ORTON, Am. Nat., V, 1871, 625 (Quito, Ecuador).

Chame pelia passerina VON PELZELN, Verh. k.-k. zoél.-bot. Ges. Wien, X XVI, 1877,
772 (Ecuador); XXVIII, 1879, 20 (Ecuador; crit.; ‘‘granatina Bp.’’); XXIX,
1880, 526 (Ecuador).—TACZANOWSKI and BERLEPSCH, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London,
1885, 111 (Riobamba, Ecuador).—TAaAczANowskI, Orn. Perou, III, 1886, 242,
part (Riobamba, Ecuador; Peruvian examples not seen; descr.; syn.; crit.).—
SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X XI, 1893, 473, part ([?] Sarayacu [?],” Sical,
and Quito, Ecuador).—GoopFELLow, Avic. Mag., VI, 1900, 227 (Quito and
Chillo Valley, Ecuador; [?] Colombia; habits; nesting)—SALVADoRI and FESTA,
Boll. Mus. Torino, XV, no. 368, 1900, 35 (La Concepcion, Ibarra, and Tumbacko
[near Quito], Ecuador).—GoopFELLow, Ibis, 1902, 227 (Chillo Valley, Ecuador;
habits) —-MENEGAUX, Mission du Service Géographique de l’armée pour la
Mesure d’un Arc de Méridien Equatorial en Amérique du Sud, IX, i, ro11, B. 7
(Calacali and Tumbaco, Ecuador; Ecuadorean records).

Columbigallina passerina ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., II, 1889, 76 (Quito,
Ecuador).—BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XL, 1892, 97, part (Ecuador; crit.).

Columbigallina passerina granatina HARTERT, Nov. Zodl., V, 1898, 503 (Puerto del
Chimbo, Ecuador; crit.).

Columbina griseola (not of Spix) BRABOURNE and CuuBsB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 18,
part (Ecuador).

”

ABEILLE, Catalogue des Oiseaux composant la

Type, No. 36,130, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male;
Zambiza (6 miles northeast of Quito), Ecuador, August 20, 1910;
Ludovic Séderstrém.

Subspecific characters—Male: similar in general to C. p. neglecta,
but somewhat smaller and paler, the plumbeous area of the crown

7 As has been repeatedly pointed out by Mr. Hellmayr, this locality, appearing
on Buckley’s specimens, cannot be depended on.

~

548 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and nape duller, paler, more restricted, and less distinctly squamate.
Darker, as well as decidedly larger, than C. p. nana, and with the
plumbeous area of the crown and nape usually indicated, although
much fainter than in any of the other forms, except C. p. nana and
C. p. griseola. Female above more grayish, less brownish, than in
C. p. neglecta, and slightly paler below, but only to be distinguished
from the same sex of C. p. nana by its larger size.

Measurements.—Male: wing, 82-88 (average, 84.5); tail, 54-62
(59); exposed culmen, 10.5-11.5 (11); tarsus, 16-17.5 (16.3). Female:
wing, 81-86 (83.5); tail, 54-60 (56.5); exposed culmen, II; tarsus,
16-17 (16.3).

Range.—Western Ecuador and Peru (?), up to an altitude of about
ten thousand feet.

Remarks.—With a series of thirty-two skins of the Ecuador bird
available its subspecific distinctness is readily apparent. From its
neighbor on the north, C. p. nana, it is easily distinguishable by its
larger size and different coloration, although it is probable that when
the intervening region shall have been worked over intergrades will
be found. To the eastward it probably passes into C. p. griseola.
The exact limits of its southern range are at present unknown, none
of the Peruvian records above quoted being above suspicion, while
its occurrence so far south as Chili, as recorded by Molina, is ex-
ceedingly doubtful. With the exception of Taczanowski, none of
the authors who have written on the birds of Ecuador or Peru seem
to have recognized the peculiarities of the Ground Dove of the region,
which is well worthy of subspecific segregation.

Some of the skins show a faint lavender-gray cast, as in C. p. albi-
vitta, and the series otherwise exhibits the usual variations. A young
bird taken from the nest on April 1, 1911, at Riobamba, is covered
with whitish down, borne on the ends of the growing feathers. None
of the specimens examined have the colors of the soft parts indicated,
but a number of them show a decided indication of red or yellow at
the base of the bill in the dried skin.

Chemepelia passerina griseola (Spix).

“Least Turtle’ [BAaNcroFt], An Essay on the Natural History of Guiana, 1769, 177
(Guiana; descr.).

“Ground Turtle’? LatHam, Gen. Syn. Birds, II, ii, 1783, 659, part (Guiana, ex
Bancroft).

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH/EMEPELIA. 549

“Ground Pigeon’’ PENNANT, Arctic Zoélogy, II, 1785, 328, part (Brazil, in geog.
distr.).

Columba passerina (not of Linneus) ViErLLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., X XVI,
1818, 401, part (Guiana).—SCHOMBURGK, Reisen in Britisch-Guiana, II, 1848,
.490 (sandhills region, British Guiana).—SUNDEVALL, (fv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad.
Forh., ‘‘1869,’’ 1870, 586, part (Surinam; crit.).

Columbina griseola Sp1x, Avium Species Nove, II, 1825, 58, pl. 75a, fig. 2 (‘habitat
in sylvis fl. Amazonum”’; orig. descr.; type in collection Munich Museum).—
HAGMANN, Boll. Mus. Geeldi, IV, 1904, 211 (= Chamepelia minuta Br. Mus.
Cat. [error !])—HELLMAyrR, Abhand. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., II Kl., XXII,
1906, 697 (crit.)—ALLEN, Auk, XXV, 1908, 301, 306, in text (crit.).—INTER-
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE, Smiths. Inst. Publ.
No. 2013, I9II, 73, in text (crit.)—BRABOURNE and CHUBB, Birds S. Am., I,
1912, 18, part (Brazil; British Guiana).

Chamepelia passerina HARTLAUB, Syst. Verz., 1844, 99 (Brazil).—CABANIS, in
SCHOMBURGK, Reisen in Britisch-Guiana, III, 1848, 743 (British Guiana;
habits).—BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras., Vogel, II, 1856, 296 (geog.
distr.).—-SCLATER and SALVIN, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1867, 591 (Para,
Brazil).—PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 277 (Borba, S. Joaquim, S. Gabriel, Forte
do Rio Branco, and Barra do Rio Negro, Brazil), 450 (Para, Brazil, ex Wallace),
liv (faunal distribution).—LaAyarp, Ibis, 1873, 395 (Para, Brazil; habits).
—SCLATER and SALVIN, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 133, part (Brazil).—
Sousa, Mus. Nac. Lisbona, Columb, 1873, 20, part (Surinam).—BAaIrRD,
BREWER, and RipGway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1875, 389, part (Amazons).
—ALLEN, Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, 1876, 82 (Santarem, Brazil) —ScLaTER, List
Vert. Animals in Gardens Zoél. Soc. London, ed. 8, 1883, 456 (Pernambuco,
Brazil).—(?) BoEck, Mitth. d’Orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, 165 (Cochabamba, Bolivia).
—TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Perou, III, 1886, 243, part (Cayenne; crit.).—SALVIN,
Ibis, 1886, 173 (British Guiana, ex Cabanis).—HARTERT, Kat. Vogelsammlung,
1891, 186 (Brazil?).—SAaLvapor!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X XI, 1893, 479, part
(Borba, Para, and Pernambuco, Brazil; Quonga and Annai, British Guiana;
Paraguay [?].—Ge p1, Bol. Mus. Paraénse, I, 1896, 351, 356 (Para, Brazil).—
Rust, Katalog systematischen Vogelsammlung des Provincial Museums in
Hanover, 1897, 77, part (Brazil and Surinam).—LLoyp, Timehri, XI, 1897, 3
(Guiana; nesting).—Loat, Ibis, 1898, 565 (British Guiana; habits).—G«LpI1,
Aves do Brazil, II, 1900, 368 (Para, Brazil)—voN IHERING, Revista Mus.
Paulista, IV, 1900, 282 (Brazil; descr. eggs) —G@Lpi and HAGMANN, Bol. Mus.
Paraénse, III, 1902, 319 (Para and Borba, Brazil; [?] Sarayacu [?], Peru’).—
FORBES and ROBINSON, Bull. Liverpool Mus., II, 1900, 141, part (Para, Brazil).
—Ge LDI, Ibis, 1903, 481, 499 (Approaga, Capim River, Para, Brazil).—Hac-
MANN, Bol. Mus. Geeldi, IV, 1904, 256 (Burmeister’s reference), 301 (Pelzeln’s
reference).—G«@.Lp1, Album Aves Amazonicas, 1906, pl. 37, fig. 9. —LOWE, Ibis,
1907, 115, in text, part (British Guiana).—SNETHLAGE, Journ. f. Orn., LVI, 1908,
496 (Tapajoz, Brazil) —PENARD, Vogels van Guyana, 1908, 337 (Guiana;
descr.; habits).

8 Cf. footnote, page 547.

550 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Pyrgitoénas passerina REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 162, part (British Guiana, ex
Schomburgk; habits).

Chamaépelia griseola PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 277, footnote, 450, part (Spix’s
reference).—GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., I, 1872, 634, part (references).

Chamaépelia trochila (not of Bonaparte) Sousa, Mus. Nac. Lisbona, Columbe,
1873, 20 (Bahia, Brazil).

Peristera passerina SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbe, IV, 1873, 135, part
(Demerara and Surinam).

Chamepelia passerina ELLioT, Stand. Nat. Hist., IV, 1885, 247, in text, part
(Brazil).—QueEtLcu, Timehri, V, 1891, 106 (Georgetown, British Guiana).

Columbigallina passerina RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, VIII, 1891, 162 (Santarem,
Brazil; crit.)—BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XL, 1892, 97, part (Bahia, Brazil;
crit.), 102 (British Guiana and Cayenne).—VON IHERING, Revista Mus. Paulista,
VI, 1904, 371 (faunal distribution).

Columbigallina passerina griseola HELLMAYR, Abhand. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.
II Kl., XXII, 1906, 697, part (crit. on type specimen; Para and Bahia, Brazil).
—HELLMAyrR, Nov. Zodél., XIII, 1906, 384 (Prata and Bemfica, Para, Brazil;
crit.).—VON IHERING, Aves do Brazil, 1907, 21, part (Paraguay [?]; Bahia,
Pernambuco, Rio Negro, Rio Branco, and Para, Brazil).—BERLEPSCH, Nov.
Zool., XV, 1908, 295 (Cayenne and Roche-Marie, French Guiana).

Columbina passerina griseola ALLEN, Auk, XXV, 1908, 306, in text (crit.).— ALLEN,
Science, n. s., XXXIII, 1911, 337, in text (crit.).—HELLMAYR, Abhand. K.
Bayer. Akad. Wiss., II KI., X XVI, 1912, 96 (Para references).

Subspecific characters——Male: most nearly like C. p. parvula in
general coloration, but decidedly larger, plumbeous area of crown and
nape paler and obsolescent, and vinaceous edgings of throat and
breast feathers broader. Female very similar in general to the same
sex of C. p. pallescens, but decidedly smaller, and usually more brown-
ish above. Bill dark throughout in both sexes (in skin).

Measurements.—Male (eight specimens): wing, 76-80 (average, 79);
tail, 52-58 (55); exposed culmen, 10-12 (10.7); tarsus, 16-17 (16.3).
Female (four specimens); wing, 76-77 (76); tail, 50-52 (51.5); exposed
culmen, IO-I1 (10.6); tarsus, 16-17 (16.3).

Range.—Guiana and the valley of the Amazon, and around the
eastern part of Brazil to Bahia.

Remarks.—The above diagnosis is based on three males and two
females from Diamantina and Santarem, Brazil, all in rather poor
condition. Three skins from British Guiana are somewhat paler,
verging thus toward C. p. albivitta, although having dark bills, while
one from Surinam is quite typical of the present form. Three out of
the four females examined are slightly tinged with vinaceous below.

This form was described by Spix in 1825, under the name Columbina

Topp:.A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 551

griseola, the only locality assigned being the forests of the Amazon
River. Spix’s type was a young bird, and largely on this account his
name was not recognized as applying to a bird of the C. passerina
group, Bonaparte identifying it with what is now known as C. minuta,
and being followed in this erroneous identification by nearly all
subsequent writers. In 1887, however, Count von Berlepsch sug-
gested that this was probably an error, and in 1906 Mr. Hellmayr
from an examination of Spix’s type fully confirmed this conclusion.
The case has been very fully discussed by Dr. J. A. Allen, with refer-
ence to its bearing on the proper name of the present genus.

The distribution of the present subspecies seems to be as yet
imperfectly worked out. It was found by Natterer and other travel-
lers in the Amazon valley, and has been traced around the eastern
extremity of Brazil, being reported from several localities on the
coast, as far south at least as Bahia. The probabilities are that it is
not confined to the coast, but there is a vast area of country in central
Brazil for which there are as yet no records. A single record from
Cochabamba, Bolivia, which I refer doubtfully to the present form,
is the only one for the far interior of the continent which I have
found. I have not been able to discover upon what authority Count
Salvadori gives it as an inhabitant of Paraguay, as in reply to an
inquiry he writes that he does not now remember how he came to
that conclusion, although he feels pretty sure that he had reasons at
the time for making the statement. Dr. von Ihering also attributes
this species to Paraguay, but it is safe to say he was quoting from
Count Salvadori. In the third edition of the American Ornithologists’
Union Check List of North American Birds, 1910, page 150, the range
of Chemepelia passerina is given as extending to southern Brazil,
but Prof. Wells W. Cooke writes me that this statement was based
on a misapprehension as to the position of one of the localities cited by
Natterer.

Chemepelia passerina albivitta Bonaparte.

Chamepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linneus) (?) LICHTENSTEIN, Nom.
Avium Mus. Zodl. Berol., 1854, 82, part (Colombia).—(?)ScHoTT, Rept. Lieut.
Michler’s Exp. to Isthmus of Darien, 1861, 247, in text, part (Tierra Bomba and
Bay of Tesco, near Cartagena, Colombia; habits).—Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 383
(Santa Marta, Colombia).—BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., MENOL, LSSA,) SLT
(Bucaramanga, Colombia).—RipGway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1884, 177
(Curacao).— PETERS, Journ. f. Orn., XL, 1892, 113, I15 (Curacao; habits).—

552 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X XI, 1893, 473, part (Venezuela and Trinidad).
—ForBES and ROBINSON, Bull. Liverpool Mus., II, 1900, 141, part (Trinidad;
Cumana, Venezuela).—LoweE, Ibis, 1907, 115, in text, part (Venezuela and
Trinidad).

(2) Chamepelia granatina BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 77 (‘‘ Bogota,”
Columbia; orig. descr.; type formerly in collection Paris Museum, now lost [fide

so

Salvadoril).—ScLATER, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1855, 163 (‘‘ Bogota,” ex
Bonaparte; crit.).— BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 21, 220 (“‘Bogota’”’;
descr.); XLIII, 1856, 945 (crit.)—BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras.,
Vogel, II, 1856, 296, footnote (Bogota; diag.; ex Bonaparte).

Chamepelia albivitta BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 77 (Carthagena, Co-
lombia; orig. descr.; type in collection Paris Museum).—BONAPARTE, Compt.
Rend., XL, 1855, 21, 220 (Carthagena; descr.)—BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueber.
Thiere Bras., Végel, II, 1856, 296 (Carthagena; diag.; ex Bonaparte).—(?) Tay-
LOR, Ibis, 1864, 94 (Chacachacare I., Trinidad).—(?) Finscu, Proc. Zodél. Soc.
London, 1870, 554 (Trinidad, ex Taylor).—GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., I, 1872, 632
(references).— BAIRD, BREWER, and RipGway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1875,
3900, in text (Venezuela; crit.).

(2) ‘Red Ortolan or Ground Dove” DE VERTEUIL, Trinidad, Its Geography, etc.,
1858, 118 (Trinidad).

Chamepelia granatina CASSIN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, 195
(Carthagena, Colombia; habits)—Casstn, Report Lieut. Michler’s Exp. to
Isthmus of Darien, 1861, 246 (reprint).—BartrpD, BREWER, and RipGway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, III, 1875, 390, in text (New Grenada; crit.) —HEINE and REICHE--
now, Nom. Mus. Hein., Orn., 1886, 283 (Porto [= Puerto] Cabello, Venezuela).

(2?) Pyrgitoénas granatina REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 14, 162 (‘‘ Bogota”; descr.;
crit.; ex Bonaparte).

Pyrgitoénas albivitta REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 14 (Carthagena; descr.; ex
Bonaparte).

Columba passerina SUNDEVALL, (Efv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Foérh., ‘‘1869,”’ 1870, 586,
part (Venezuela; crit.).

Chemepelia albivitta Gray, Hand-List Birds, II, 1870, 240 (Carthagena).

Peristera passerina MARTIN, Bericht iiber eine Reise nach Niederlandisch Westin-
dien, 1887,—(Curacao and Bonaire).

Columbigallina passerina BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XL, 1892, 69, 97, part (Cu-
racao; crit.), 102, part (Curacao, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Tobago,
in geog. distr.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IV, 1892, 56 (Cartiipano,
Venezuela).—HArRTERT, Ibis, 1893, 326, in text (Bonaire).—ROBINSON, Flying
Trip to the Tropics, 1895, 43, 154, part (Barranquilla, Colombia), 21, 164 (Cur-
acao).—ROBINSON and RICHMOND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1896, 659
(Margarita I., Venezuela; crit.), 682 (Guanta, Venezuela), 683 (La Guaira,
Venezuela).—PHELPs, Auk, XIV, 1897, 366 (Cumana, Cumanacoa, and San
Antonio, Venezuela). ROBINSON and RICHMOND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXIV,
tool, 167 (La Guaira, Venezuela; nesting).—CLARK, Auk, XIX, 1902, 261
(Margarita I., Venezuela; nesting).

Columbigallina passerina perpallida HARTERT, Ibis, 1893, 304 (Aruba; orig. descr.;
type in collection Tring Museum; habits), 325 (Curacao), 334 (Bonaire; habits).

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAEMEPELIA. 553

—ROBINSON, Flying Trip to the Tropics, 1895, 166 (Curacao, ex Hartert.)—
HARTERT, Nov. Zodél., V, 1898, 503, in text (crit.).—BERLEPSCH and HARTERT,
Nov. Zodél., IX, 1902, 119, in text (crit.)—HARTERT, Nov. Zodél., IX, 1902, 305
(Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire).—RILEy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIX, 1905,
172, in text (crit.).

Columbigallina passerina pallescens (not Chamepelia passerina var. pallescens
Baird) BANGs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 132 (Santa Marta,
Colombia).

Chamepelia perpallida SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I, 1899, 82 (Aruba, Bonaire, and
Curacao).—LoweE, Ibis, 1907, 114 (Blanquilla and Margarita Is.; crit.); 1908,
II4, 115, in text (Curacao, Aruba, Bonaire, Blanquilla, Margarita, and Los
Hermanos Is.; north coast of Venezuela and Colombia?; crit.); 1909, 314 (Los
Testigos Is.), 322 (Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela), 327 (Los Hermanos Is.).—
Lowe, A Naturalist on the Desert Islands, tori, 158 (Blanquilla; habits).

Columbigallina passerina granatina ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII,
1900, 128 (Bonda, Colombia).—BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zodél., IX, 1902,
118 (Altagracia, Caicara, and Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela; crit.) —ALLEN, Bull.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X XI, 1905. 280 (Bonda, Colombia; nesting).

Columbigallina passerina var. granatina Dusots, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 763, part
(syn.; geog. distr.).

Columbigallina passerina var. per pallida DuBots, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 764 (Aruba,
Bonaire, and Curacao, ex Hartert).

Columbigallina passerina griseola (not Columbina griseola Spix) VON IHERING,
Aves do Brazil, 1907, 21, part (Merida, Venezuela).

Chamepelia passerina perpallida LOwE, Ibis, 1907, 552 (Curacao, Bonaire, Aruba,
Margarita, Blanquilla, and Los Hermanos Is.; crit.).

Chemepelia passerina per pallida Cory, Field Mus. Orn. Series, I, 1909, 198 (Aruba),
205 (Curacao), 210 (Bonaire), 218 (Orchilla), 220 (Tortuga), 223 (Blanquilla),
227 (Los Hermanos Is.), 230 (Los Testigos Is.), 240 (Margarita I.).

Chemepelia passerina granatina CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 398,
in text (crit.).

Chamepelia perpallida Lowr, A Naturalist on the Desert Islands, I91I, 219
(Orquilla).

Columbigallina perpallida LowrE, A Naturalist on the Desert Islands, 1911, 159
(Blanquilla).

“*West Indian Ground Dove’’ Lowe, A Naturalist on the Desert Islands, 1911, 102
(Islands north of Venezuela, except Swan Island).

Columbina perpallida BRABOURNE and CuuBpB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 18 (Aruba;
Bonaire; Curacao).

Columbina griseola (not of Spix) BRABOURNE and CuuBpB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 18,
part (Venezuela).

Subspecific characters—Male: similar in general to C. p. pallescens,
but size smaller, vinaceous of under parts with a faint lavender-gray
tinge, and the posterior under parts decidedly lighter, the under tail-
coverts being almost entirely pure white; bill dull yellowish (except
at tip), pale orange-yellow or pale yellow in life. Female much whiter

554 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

below and slightly browner above than the same sex of C. p. pallescens,

the color of the bill as in the male.

Male: wing, 76-82 (average, 80); tail, 50-58 (53);

exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11.2); tarsus, 15-17 (16). Female: wing,

75-81 (79); tail, 51-58 (53.5); bill, 11-12 (11.1); tarsus, 15-16 (15.7).
Range.—Extreme northern Colombia and northern Venezuela,

Measurements.

including the Leeward Islands, south to the Orinoco valley.

Remarks.—This form has been involved in much confusion. Bona-
parte’s name Chamepelia granatina, which has anteriority over
C. albivitta, has been generally employed to designate not only the
Colombian and Venezuelan form of C. passerina, but also, until
recently, the South American bird in general. That such an appli-
cation of the name is not justified is practically certain. A translation
of Bonaparte’s original diagnosis of Chamepelia granatina reads as
follows:

“Similar to the preceding [z. e., a specimen of ‘‘passerina”’ from
Mazatlan, Mexico]; but somewhat paler; beneath whitish, throat-
spots dusky, nape scarcely ashy, not vinaceous; wings beneath rufous,
not chestnut; wing-spots coppery garnet; most of the lateral rectrices
edged with white; feet somewhat weaker.”’

Substantially the same diagnosis is given by Bonaparte in his
paper published the following year. To Dr. Sclater’s intimation that
C. granatina was the female or young of C. passerina (as then under-
stood) Bonaparte returned an emphatic denial, claiming that he had
both sexes before him. Nevertheless, it seems very probable that
Dr. Sclater was right. Bonaparte said that his bird came from

”?”

Bogota, but, as is now well known, ‘‘Bogota’’ skins may have come
from any part of Colombia, and the locality assigned is of absolutely
no value. Moreover, as shown elsewhere, the Ground Dove of central
Colombia belongs to a very distinct form, to which Bonaparte’s
description cannot apply in any case. Neither will it answer for the
form from western Colombia. Unfortunately, as we learn from
Count Salvadori, the actual type seems to have disappeared from the
Paris Museum, so that we are left without any means of determining
to which of the Colombian forms the name applies, and therefore, in
accordance with general usage in such cases, it is to be set aside as
indeterminable.

The description of Chamepelia albivitta which follows, however, is
at once seen to be applicable to the form from the north coast of

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHEMEPELIA. 555

Colombia. The type came from Carthagena, and is still extant.
I have before me five skins from this locality. As might be expected,
they are exactly the same as a series from the Santa Marta district,
which may therefore be regarded as typical of this form. As we pass
eastward along the coast of Venezuela, however, we find the birds
becoming slightly darker below and more brownish above; the basal
two-thirds of the bill is less distinctly yellowish, and the plumbeous area
of the crown and nape is obsolescent. This tendency is especially
well marked in a series of twelve skins from the lower Orinoco valley
(Caicara, Ciudad Bolivar, etc.), which are unquestionably inter-
mediates between C. p. albivitta and the Brazilian form, C. p. griseola,
as in all their characters they show an approach to the latter. For
the present, however, I refer them to C. p. albivitta, to which on the
whole they seem nearer. The bill in some of these specimens is
marked as being ‘‘reddish yellow at the base, tip black’’ (Carriker),
“blackish, ochraceous rufous at base,’’ or “blackish at tip, dusky
orange at base’’ (Cherrie). No specimens from Trinidad have been
examined, and, indeed, there seem to be no recent unquestioned records
of the occurrence of the species on that island.

After very careful comparison I am quite unable to distinguish a
series of specimens from Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, and other of the
islands to the eastward from a series of Santa Marta skins, there being
no differences obvious in either size or color. Dr. Ernst Hartert
has described the bird from these islands under the name Columbt-
gallina passerina perpallida, which seems to be a pure synonym of
C. p. albivitta, contrary to what might be expected in view of the
development of so many insular forms on the islands in question.
Evidently Dr. Hartert could have had no specimens from the north
Colombian coast for comparison, or he would not have been led into
taking this unnecessary step. The large series of the present form
from these islands in the collection of the Field Museum shows the
usual range of variation for this species. The palest birds are those
from the island of Orchilla, but the rough condition of many of the
skins forbids satisfactory comparison.

Chemepelia passerina antillarum Lowe.
“Lesser Turtle’’ LiGon, A true and exact History of the Islands of Barbados, 1673,
60 (Barbados).—HuGues, The Natural History of Barbados, 1750, 70 (descr.;
habits).

556 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

“La petite Tourterelle’’ L1GON, Histoire de l’isle des Barbades, 1674, 101 (Barbados).

“Turtur barbadensis minimus’? WILLUGHByY, Ornithologia, 1676, 135, pl. 36, excl.
syn. (Barbados; descr.; habits)—Ray, Syn. Avium, 1713, 62, No. 5 (ex Wil-
lughby).

“Least Barbados Turtle’? Ray, Willughby’s Ornithology, 1678, 184, pl. 36, excl.
syn. (Barbados; descr.; habits).

Columba passerina LINNXuS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 165, part (ex Ray and
Willughby); ed. 12, I, 1766, 285, part (reprint).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, ii,
1789, 787, part (ex Ray and Willughby).

Chamepelia passerina SCHOMBURGK, History of Barbados, 1848, 681 (Barbados).
—SCLATER, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1874, 175 (Barbados).—LAWRENCE, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 1878; 196 (St. Vincent); I, 1879, 276 (St. George, Grenada;
habits), 487, part (St. Vincent; Grenada).—LIsTER, Ibis, 1880, 43 (St. Vincent).
—Cory, List Birds W. Indies, 1885, 24, part (‘‘Antilles’’).—FEILDEN, Ibis,
1889, 480, 490 (Barbados; habits)).—SALVAporRI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X XI,
1893, 473, part (Grenada; Becqura; Mustique; St. Vincent; Barbados).—OAaATEs,
Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus., I, 1901, 101, part (Barbados).—LoweE, Ibis, 1907,
115, in text, part (Grenada; crit.).

Chemepelia trochila (not of Bonaparte) GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856,
50 (Barbados).—GrRaAy, Hand-List Birds, II, 1870, 240 (Barbados).

Columbigallina passerina Cory, Ibis, 1886, 472 (Barbados).—WELLS, List Birds
Grenada, 1886, 7 (Grenada).—WELLS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1887, 625
(Grenada; habits).—Cory, Auk, IV, 1887, 116, part (references).—Cory, Birds
W. Indies, 1889, 217, part (references).—BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XL, 1892,
97, part (Grenada; crit.), 102, part (Grenada; St. Vincent; Barbados..)—Cory,
Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 97, part (Bequia; Canonam; Carriacou; Grenada;
Barbados).—DuBo!s, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 763, part (‘‘Antilles’’; crit.).—
[WELLS?], Grenada Handbook, 1902, 141 (Grenada).—WELLS, Auk, XIX, 1902,
344 (Carriacou; habits).—[ ?], W. Indian Bull., V, 1904, 88 (St. Vincent).
—[WELILS ?], Grenada Handbook, 1904, 147 (Grenada), 149 (Carriacou).

Chame pelia trochila HARTERT, Ibis, 1893, 305, in text (crit.).

“Ground Dove”’ [ ?], W. Indian Bull., 1V, 1903, 136 (Barbados).

Columbigallina passerina trochila RILEY, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Quarterly Issue,
XLVII, 1904, 281, part (St. Vincent; Grenada; meas.; crit.)—-CLARK, Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXXII, 1905, 262 (Barbados; St. Vincent; Grenada;
Grenadines; habits), 302 (Barbados), 303 (St. Vincent), 304 (Grenadines), 306
(Grenada).

Chame pelia jamaicensis (not of Maynard) LoweE, Ibis, 1908, 111, part (Grenada;
crits).

Chamepelia antillarum Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, X XI, 1908, t09 (Barbados;
Grenada; St. Vincent; orig. descr.; type in collection P. R. Lowe).—LOoweE, Ibis,
1909, 306 (Barbados; St. Vincent; Grenada; crit.).

Subspecific characters.— Male: most nearly resembling C. p. albivitta
in the color of the under parts, and having the same peculiar lavender-
gray cast, but slightly deeper or darker, the posterior under parts,
and particularly the under tail-coverts, with much less white;, bill

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH4EMEPELIA. 557

wholly dark (in skin), clear olive or olive-brown (basally) in life.
Above, averaging slightly more grayish than in C. p. albivitta, the
wing-coverts especially. Female very similar above to C. p. albivitta,
but very different below, about as in C. p. neglecta, but rather paler
brown, and breast more conspicuously squamate, by reason of the
sharper contrast between the dark centers and paler edgings of the
feathers; bill as in the male.

Measurements.—Male: wing, 78-82 (average, 80); tail, 53-58 (56);
exposed culmen, 11.5-13 (12); tarsus, 16.5-17.5 (16.8). Female:
wing, 76-81 (79); tail, 51-60 (55); exposed culmen, 11.5-12.5 (12);
tarsus, 16-17.5 (16.7).

Range.—Southern Lesser Antilles, from Grenada north to St.
Vincent and Barbados.

Remarks.—The history of this form dates back at least to 1673,
when it was recorded by Ligon from the island of Barbados, under
the name ‘‘Lesser Turtle.’’ This was doubtless the chief basis for
sundry later references pertaining to the ‘‘Caribbean Islands.’ In
more recent years it has been reported from the other islands of the
southern Lesser Antilles, St. Vincent, Grenada, the Grenadines,
etc., but not until 1908 was it recognized as a distinct form. Dr.
Percy R. Lowe, who was the original describer, compared it with the
bird from the Bermudas, whereas, as a matter of fact, it is much closer
to the form from northern South America, being in fact intermediate
between that and C. p. trochila from the more northern Lesser Antilles.
As previously noted, specimens from the eastern part of the range of
C. p. albivitta grade into C. p. griseola to the southward, while to the
northward they would seem rather to approach C. p. antillarum.
Thus, a female from La Guaira, Venezuela (No. 172,865, Collection
U. S. National Museum), is practically indistinguishable from the
latter, except by its slightly more brownish coloration above and
yellowish bill. Examples from the island of Santa Lucia, on the
other hand, are distinctly intermediate between the present form and
C. p. trochila, to which, on the whole, they are better referred. Mr.
Austin H. Clark advises me that birds from the more southern islands
have been introduced on Santa Lucia and elsewhere within recent
years, which of course tends to complicate the question and obscure
the differences which naturally exist.

558 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Chezmepelia passerina trochila Bonaparte.

“Ortolan’’ pu TERTRE, Histoire Générale des Isles de S. Christophie, de la Guade-
loupe, de la Martinique, et autres dans l’Amérique, 1654, 316 (Martinique).—
pU TERTRE, Histoire Générale des Antilles habitées par les Francais, II, 1667, 254
(Martinique).

Columba passerina (not of Linnzus) FAHLBERG, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya
Handlingar, VII, 1786, 253 (St. Bartholomew).—TEMMINCKk, in TEMMINCK and
KniP, Pigeons, I, 808-11, Colombi-gallines, 24, part, pls. 13-14 (“‘ Iles Caraibes”’
and Porto Rico).—LEDRU, Voyage aux Iles de Ténériffe, la Trinité, Saint-
Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto-Ricco, II, r810, 39 (St. Thomas; St. Croix; Porto
Rico).—TEMMINCK, Hist. Nat. Gén. Pigeons et Gallinaces, I, 1813, 425, part
(‘‘Tles Caraibes’’ and Porto Rico).—VIEILLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., X XVI
1818, 401, part (Martinique). DESMAREST, Dict. Sci. Nat., XL, 1826, 308,,
part (Porto Rico).—LEsson, Compl. de Buffon, Oiseaux, VIII, 1837, 12, part
(Porto Rico).—BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., X, 1866, 257 (Porto
Rico).— BRYANT, Journ. f. Orn., XIV, 1866, 191 (Porto Rico).—SUNDEVALL,
Géfv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh., ‘‘1869,’" 1870, 586, part (St. Bartholomew), 601
(Porto Rico).—GuNDLACcH, Journ. f. Orn., XXII, 1874, 308 (Porto Rico, ex
Bryant).—LAWRENCE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 1879, 450 (Guadeloupe, fide
L’Herminier).

“Ground Dove’’ Atwoon, History of the Island of Dominica, 1791, 28 (Dominica,
habits).

Columba passeris (lapsus) KNOx, A Historical Account of St. Thomas, 1852, 221

(St. Thomas).

Chame pelia trochila BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 77 (Martinique; orig.
descr.; type in collection Paris Museum).—BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XL;
1855, 21, 220 (Martinique; descr.)—NEWTON, Ibis, 1859, 253, part (St. Croix;
St. Thomas; crit.; habits), 375 (St. Croix), 377 (St. Thomas).—CassIN, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, 378 (St. Thomas).—ScLaTER, Ibis, 1862, 289
(Martinique).—ScLATER and SEMPER, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1872, 653 (Santa
Lucia; habits; crit.).

Chamaépelia trochilia (lapsus) BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras., Végel, II,
1856, 296, footnote (Martinique; diag.; ex Bonaparte).

Pyrgitoénas trochila REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 14 (Martinique; descr.; ex
Bonaparte).

Chameopelia trochila TAYLor, Ibis, 1864, 171 (Porto Rico; St. Thomas; crit.).

Chame pelia trochilea? (lapsus) SCLATER, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1871, 266 (Santa
Lucia).

Chamepelia passerina BELLO and Espinosa, Zoél. Garten, XII, 1871, 348 (Porto
Rico).—GUNDLACH, Journ. f. Orn., XXII, 1874, 313 (Porto Rico).—LAWRENCE,
Forest and Stream, IX, 1877, 345 (Dominica).—GuNDLACH, Journ. f. Orn.,
XXVI, 1878, 161, 186 (Porto Rico).—GuNDLAcH, An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,
VII, 1878, 349 (Porto Rico; habits; syn.).—LAWRENCE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
I, 1878, 67 (Dominica), 237 (Antigua), 241 (Barbuda); I, 1879, 360 (Martinique),
460 (Guadeloupe; habits), 487, part (Barbuda; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Dominica;
Martinique).—ALLEN, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, V, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia).—

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH4EMEPELIA. 559

RipGway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1884, 172 (St. Thomas).—Cory, List
Birds W. Indies, 1885, 24, part (‘‘Antilles’’)—ScLATerR, Proc. Zodél. Soc.
London, 1889, 326 (Dominica), 395 (Santa Lucia); 1892, 500 (Anguilla).—
SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI, 1893, 473, part (Santa Lucia; Do-
minica; Guadeloupe; St. Kitts; Tortola; Anguilla; Virgin Gorda; St. Thomas;
Porto Rico).—OarTEs, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus., I, r901, ror, part (St. Croix).
—NICOLL, Ibis, 1904, 570 (Roseau Harbor, Dominica; crit.), 572 (Montserrat;
crit.), 575, in text, 576 (St. Croix).—LoweE, Ibis, 1907, 116, in text, part (Porto
Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Kitts; Dominica; crit.).

Peristera passerina SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbe, IV, 1873, 135, part (St.
Thomas).

Columbigallina passerina Cory, Ibis, 1886, 474 (Désirade).—Cory, Auk, IV, 1887,
96 (Martinique), 116, part (‘‘Antilles’’; references).—Cory, Birds W. Indies,
1880, 217, part (‘‘Antilles’’; references).—Cory, Auk, VII, 1890, 374 (Anegada),
375 (Tortola; Virgin Gorda); VIII, 1891, 47 (Antigua), 48 (St. Croix; St. Kitts;
Guadeloupe).—BERLEpPSscH, Journ. f. Orn., XL, 1892, 102, part (Santa Lucia;
Martinique; St. Thomas).—Cory, Cat. Birds W. Indies, 1892, 97, part (Porto
Rico; Tortola, Virgin Gorda; Anegada; St. Croix; St. Bartholomew; St. Eus-
tatius; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Désirade; Dominica; Martinique; Santa
Lucia).—VERRILL, Trans. Connecticut Acad. Sci., VIII, 1893, 324, 349 (Do-
minica).—BowpIsH, Odlogist, XVI, 1900, 72 (Vieques I., Porto Rico). —HARTERT,
Nov. Zodl., IX, 1902, 276, in text (St. Thomas).—Duvusots, Syn. Avium, II,
1902, 763, part (‘‘Antilles’’; crit.).—BowpisH, Auk, XIX, 1902, 361, part (San
Juan and Aguadillas, Porto Rico; nesting). ®

Columbigallina passerina socorrensis? (lapsus) (not of Ridgway) HARTERT, Ibis,
1893, 305, in text (Porto Rico [and St. Thomas]).

Columbigallina passerina trochila RiLEyY, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Quarterly Issue,
XLVII, 1904, 281, part (Barbuda; Antigua; St. Bartholomew; St. Kitts;
St. Eustatius; Guadeloupe; Dominica; meas.; crit.).—VERRILL, Addition to the
Avifauna of Dominica, etc., 1905, [16, 23] (Roseau, Dominica).

Chame pelia portoricensis LOWE, Ibis, 1908, 108 (Guanica, Porto Rico; orig. descr. ;
type in collection P. R. Lowe), 545, in text (St. Thomas).

Chame pelia jamaicensis (not of Maynard) Lowe, Ibis, 1908, 111, part (St. Thomas;
St. Kitts; Dominica; crit.).

Chame pelia passerina trochila CLARK, W. Indian Bull., XI, t911, 183, (188) (Santa
Lucia).

Subspecific characters —Male: similar to C. p. antillarum, but color
of upper parts slightly darker and more olivaceous gray; wing-coverts
more decidedly vinaceous; forehead and sides of head deeper vinaceous;
under parts more cinnamon vinaceous, without any lavender-gray
cast; and remiges more extensively rufous chestnut externally, with
narrower black edgings. The female also averages rather darker,
more olivaceous gray above, and has the remiges more extensively
rufous chestnut externally. Basal two-thirds of bill (in both sexes?)
crimson in life, dark in dry skin.

560 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Measurements.—Male (eighteen specimens): wing 77-83 (average,
80); tail, 53-63 (57.5); exposed culmen, 10.5—12 (11.1); tarsus, 15-17
(16). Female: wing, 77-85 (80); tail, 51-62 (56); exposed culmen,
II-12.5 (11.3); tarsus, 15-17.5 (15.7).

Range.—Island of Porto Rico, and Lesser Antilles south to Santa
Lucia.

Remarks.—That two forms of the Ground Dove inhabit the Lesser
Antilles is perfectly apparent upon even a casual comparison of a
series from the more southern islands of the group, Grenada, Car-
riacou, Bequia, etc., with another from Antigua and Barbuda, the
general differences being well marked. Unfortunately from Mar-
tinique, the type locality of Chamepelia trochila Bonaparte, no adult
males are available, but two females examined seem referable to the
northern form. Moreover, as previously noted, while birds from
Santa Lucia are somewhat intermediate, a series from Dominica is
-quite obviously closer in general coloration to the Antigua and Barbuda
birds. In view of these considerations it seems quite safe to adopt the
name trochila, based on the bird of the intermediate island of Martin-
ique, for the northern form. It is simply one of the many cases in
which, paradoxically speaking, the bird from the type locality is not
typical! ;

The character of the extent of the rufous chestnut on the outer
webs of the remiges, to which Mr. Riley has called attention, is one
upon which no dependence can be placed so far as C. p. passerina is
‘concerned, as previously shown, and this is true also of the other
forms so far considered. It is somewhat surprising, therefore, to find
that in this particular case it is a fairly constant diagnostic character
in both sexes, serving to separate the two Lesser Antillean forms
from each other.

This form varies to some extent geographically, but scarcely
enough to justify further subdivision. Birds from Dominica, for
example, show less vinaceous tinge on the wing-coverts than do those
from farther north, the approach of course being to C. p. antillarum.
‘On the other hand, St. Thomas examples are rather more brightly
colored in this respect. After careful comparison of a good series
from Porto Rico I believe they should also be referred to this form,
although the males differ in being rather more “‘solid’’ vinaceous below
—due to the slightly darker tips of the throat and breast feathers—
while the wing-coverts average more decidedly vinaceous,. and the

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 561

rufous chestnut edgings of the remiges are less extensive. Females
are quite indistinguishable. Dr. Lowe, in describing the Porto
Rican bird, bases his diagnosis mainly upon the color of the bill,
which he says is (when perfectly fresh) crimson at the base, “the tip
varying from brownish black to black. The crimson colour occupies
at least two-thirds of the hinder end of the bill, running abruptly up
to the black tip.”’
Martinique—a step which, in spite of the range of variation exhibited
by birds from the different islands, seems fully justified by the series
I have studied, the name portoricensis proposed by Dr. Lowe neces-
sarily becomes a synonym of Bonaparte’s much earlier appellation.
Unless it can be shown that the color of the bill is not correlated with
other color-characters, and is constantly different in birds from Porto
Rico and St. Thomas as compared with those from the islands to the
southward, I can see no way to avoid merging the birds from all these

In extending the distribution of this form to include

various islands under one head.

Chemepelia passerina aflavida (Palmer and Riley).

“Turtur parvus americanus’’ Brisson, Orn., I, 1760, 113, part (‘‘Insula Domini-

copoli”’).
“Petite Touterelle de St. Dominique’? D’AUBENTON, Pl. Enlum., 1770-86, 243,
fig. I.

Columba passerina LINNEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 285, part (ex Brisson).—
GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, ii, 1789, 787, part (ex Brisson).—TEMMINCK, in TEM-
MINCK and KNIP, Pigeons, I, 1808-11, Colombi-gallines, 24, part, pls. 13-14
(‘Saint Domingue,” fide Vieillot)—TEMMINCK, Hist. Nat. Pigeons et Gallinaces,
I, 1813, 425, part (‘‘Saint Domingue,”’ fide Vieillot).—V1EILLOT, Nouv. Dict.
d'Hist. Nat., XXVI, 1818, 401, part (Santo Domingo and Greater Antilles).
—VIEILLOT, Gal. Oiseaux, I, 1825, 333, part, pl. 196 (Santo Domingo).—DEeEs-
MAREST, Dict. Sci. Nat., XL, 1826, 308, part (Santo Domingo).—HEARNE,
Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1835, 110 (Haiti).— RITTER, Reise nach Haiti, 1836, 156
(Haiti)—LrEsson, Compl. de Buffon, Oiseaux, VIII, 1837, 12, part (Santo
Domingo); ed. 2, 1838, 272.—D’OrBIGNy, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba,
Oiseaux, III, 1839, 131 (Cuba).—TEMMINCK, PI. Col. I, Tabl. Méth., 1840, 81.—
DENNY, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1847, 38, part (Cuba, in geog. distr.).—POoEy,
Mem. Real. Soc. Econom. Habana, (2), VII, 1848, 104 (Cuba).—LEMBEYE,
Aves Isla Cuba, 1850, 132 (Cuba).—Pory, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural
de la Isla de Cuba, I, 1851, 427 (Isle of Pines). —-THIENEMANN, Journ. f. Orn.,
V, 1857, 154 (Cuba; descr. eggs). —-SAUSSURE, Rev. et Mag. de Zo6l., 1859, 121
(Haiti).—BryYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XI, 1867, 96 (Santo Domingo).
—SUNDEVALL, (Efv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Foérh., ‘‘ 1869,"’ 1870, 586, part (Haiti;
crit.).—GUNDLACH, An. Hist. Nat., 1873, 146 (Cuba; habits).

(?) Chamepelia hortulana WURTTEMBERG, Naumannia, II, ii, 1852, 56 (Haiti;
orig. descr.; type probably lost).

562 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Chamepelia passerina LICHTENSTEIN, Nom. Avium Mus. Zodl. Berol., 1854, 82,
part (Cuba).—GunbLacu, Journ. f. Orn., IV, 1856, 111 (Cuba; descr.; habits).
—SALLE, Proc. Zoédl. Soc. London, 1857, 236 (Santo Domingo).—BREWER,
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1860, 307 (Cuba, fide Gundlach).—GuND-
LACH, Journ. f. Orn., IX, 1861, 336 (Cuba).—GuNDLACH, in Poey’s Rep. Fis.-
Nat. Cuba, 1865-6, 300 (Cuba; habits)—Bairp, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts,
XLI, 1866, 188, part (Cuba, in geog. distr.).—BAtrD, Ibis, 1867, 276, part (Cuba,
in geog. distr.—PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 277, footnote, part (Santo Domingo).
—GUNDLACH, Journ. f. Orn., XXII, 1874, 296 (Cuba; habits)—GuNDLACH,
Contribucion Ornitologia Cubana, 1876, 7, 13, 136 (Cuba; habits; nesting), 279
(syn.).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, VI, 1881, 154 (Haiti).—TRISTRAM,
Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).—Cory, List Birds W. Indies, 1885, 24, part
(‘‘ Antilles’’).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, 1885, 127, excl. syn. part
(Haiti and Santo Domingo).—SaLvaporlI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI, 1893,
473, part (Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Santo Domingo; San Cristobal, Cuba).—
Curisty, Ibis, 1897, 335 (La Vega, Santo Domingo; habits; food). —-MENEGAUX,
Revue Franc. d’Orn, No. 2, 1909, 31 (Figuabas, Cuba).

Pyrgitoénas passerinad REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 162, part (Santo Domingo,
ex Sallé).

Peristera passerina SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbe, IV, 1873, 135, part
(Haiti).

Columbigallina passerina Cory, Auk, IV, 1887, 116, part (‘‘Antilles’’; references).
—Cory, Birds W. Indies, 1889, 217, part (‘‘ Antilles’’; references).—GUNDLACH,
Auk, VIII, 1891, 190 (Cuba; abnormal plumage).—Cory, Auk, VIII, 1891, 293,
294 (San Domingo, Cuba).—BErRLEpscH, Journ. f. Orn., XL, 1892, 97, part
(Santo Domingo; crit.), 102 (Greater Antilles, part)—Cory, Auk, IX, 1892, 272
(Havana and San Diego de los Bafios, Cuba).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds,
1892, 97, part (Cuba; Isle of Pines; Haiti; Santo Domingo).—CHAPMAN, Bull.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IV, 1892, 292 (Trinidad, Cuba; crit.) —GUNDLACH, Orn.
Cubana, 1893, 164 (Cuba; descr.; habits) —CHERRIE, Field Mus. Orn. Series, I,
1896, 24 (Santo Domingo).—DuBots, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 763, part (‘‘ Antil-
les?** crit.)

Columbigallina passerina aflavida PALMER and RILEY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV,
1902, 33 (San Diego de los Bafios, Cuba; orig. descr.; type in collection U. S.
National Museum).—BANGS and ZAppry, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 197 (Cal-
lebonita, Hospital, Jucaro, and San Juan, Isle of Pines).—ReEaAp, OGdlogist,
XXVIII, 1911, 3, 16 (McKinley, Isle of Pines).

Columbigallina aflavida MAYNARD, Cat. Birds W. Indies, Second Appendix, 1903,
35 (Cuba).

Chame pelia aflavida Lowe, Ibis, 1907, 116, in text (crit.).

Chame pelia axantha Lowe, Ibis, 1908, 114 (new name for aflavida Palmer and
Riley; Havana and Matanzas, Cuba).

Chamepelia passerina MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., XV, 1909, 238 (Cuba),

«‘Ground Dove’’ READ, OGdlogist, X XVI, 1909, 57, 58, 75 (Isle of Pines); X XVII.
1910, 5 (Nuevas River, Isle of Pines), 42 (Isle of Pines), 84 (‘‘Las Tres Moun-
tains,’’ Isle of Pines).

Chemepelia passerina aflavida READ, Bird-Lore, XIII, 1911, 44 (McKinley, Isle of
Pines); XV, 1913, 45 (Santa Barbara, Isle of Pines).

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAEMEPELIA. 563

Subspecific characters.—Intermediate in general coloration between
C. p. antillarum and C. p. trochila, but bill in life different from either,
being black except at the extreme base, which is washed with crimson.

Measurements.—Male: wing, 77-86 (average, 81); tail, 55-61 (58);
exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11.2); tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.6). Female:
wing, 81-85 (83.5); tail, 54-60 (57); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.6);
tarsus, 15-16 (15.4).

Range.—Cuba (including Isle of Pines) and Haiti; accidental in
Jamaica.

Remarks.—The range of variation in this subspecies is considerable,
and renders a more definite diagnosis than the above impracticable.
In general, however, the vinaceous of the under parts has a slight
lavender gray cast, less decided than in C. p. antillarum, and there is
more vinaceous on the wing-coverts. These differences, however, are
only average ones, and are obvious only when a sufficiently large series
is compared to eliminate the factor of individual variation. On the
other hand, Porto Rican examples of C. p. trochila approach the present
form rather closely in their characters, but are somewhat darker and
more vinaceous. In fact, the three forms under discussion merge
into one another to such an extent that their satisfactory discrimi-
nation from dry skins in very difficult, and in the case of some par-
ticular specimens quite impossible, so subtle are the visible differential
characters. To take the other horn of the dilemma, however, and
“lump” the Ground Doves from Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico, and the
Lesser Antilles under the oldest name, would be to render their
satisfactory collective diagnosis still more difficult, so that, on the
whole, after careful consideration of the entire case, I have decided
to recognize the three forms as here given, relying for their dis-
crimination mainly on the data given by Dr. Lowe and other careful
observers concerning the color of the bill in life, which would seem to
be at least fairly constant. In the few instances where the labels
give the colors of the soft parts the iris is marked as brown, hazel,
light hazel, and yellow, instead of red or pink, as usual in this species.

Careful examination of a series from Haiti and Santo Domingo
discloses no differences sufficient to separate them from the Cuban
bird, although the usual range of variation is exhibited. Some speci-
mens, indeed, are fully as pale as C. p. exigua, but their measurements
average larger. In 1852 the Prince von Wiirttemberg referred to a
dove from Haiti under the name Chamepelia hortulana, his description

564 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

y

being merely ‘‘grésser als passerina’’—barely sufficient to take his

name out of the omen nudum class, and of itself unidentifiable, inas-
much as it leaves reason to believe that his bird may not have been a
Chemepelia at all! Were the actual type available, Wiirttemberg’s
name might be accepted for the present race, but the type would seem
to have been lost through the dispersal of his collection.? Accordingly,
we are perfectly justified in falling back on Columbigallina passerina
aflavida of Palmer and Riley (1902), who were the first to definitely
point out the distinctive characters of the Cuban bird as compared
with that of neighboring regions, although ten years previously Mr.
Chapman had called attention to the matter. In 1908 Dr. Lowe, not
liking the hybrid name aflavida, renamed the form axantha.

A single example from Kingston, Jamaica (No. 14,785, Bangs Col-
lection, February 21, 1906), belongs unquestionably to the present
form, and was doubtless a straggler from Cuba or Haiti.

Chemepelia passerina insularis (Ridgway).

Columbigallina passerina (not Columba passerina Linneus) Cory, Auk, III, 1886,
502 (Grand Cayman); IV, 1887, 116, part (‘‘Antilles’’; reference); VI, 1880,
32 (Cayman Brac).—Cory, Birds W. Indies, 1889, 217, part (‘‘Antilles’’;
reference).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 97, part (Grand Cayman; Little
Cayman; Cayman Brac). 139, part (crit.).—Dusors, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 763,
part (‘‘Antilles’’; crit.).

Columbigallina passerina insularis RipGway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, 574
(Grand Cayman; orig. descr.; type in collection U. S. National Museum).—
Cory, Birds W. Indies, 1889, 297 (Grand Cayman; Cayman Brac; crit.).—
BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XL, 1892, 98, in text (crit.).—HarTErRT, Ibis, 1893,
305, in text (crit.).

Chamepelia passerina SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI, 1893, 473, part
(Grand Cayman).—NICcOLL, Ibis, 1904, 585 (Grand Cayman; crit.).—LOWE,
Ibis, 1907, I16, in text, part (Cayman Islands; crit.).

Chame pelia insulavis SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I, 1899, 82 (‘‘Great’’ Cayman).
—LoweE, Ibis, 1908, 113 (Cayman Islands; crit.).

Columbigallina insularis MAYNARD, Cat. Birds W. Indies, 1903, 7 (Grand Cayman).

Chamepelia passerina insularis LOWE, Ibis, 1907, 116, in text (Cayman Islands;
crit.)

Chame pelia jamaicensis (not of Maynard) Lowe, Ibis, 1908, 111, part (Cayman
Islands; crit.); 1909, 341 (Grand Cayman; crit.); torr, 145 (Cayman Islands;
references).

Subspecific characters —Male: similar to C. p. aflavida, but slightly

®T am greatly indebted to Mr. C. E. Hellmayr for his efforts in my behalf to
locate the type specimen in question. ;

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH/EMEPELIA. 565

less purplish vinaceous below, and bill usually extensively yellowish
at base (in skin).

Measurements.—Male (seven specimens): wing, 80-84 (average,
82); tail, 53-60 (57); exposed culmen, II-12 (11.1); tarsus, 15-16.5
(15.6). Female (four specimens): wing, 78-83 (81); tail, 55-60 (57);
exposed culmen, 10-11.5 (11); tarsus, 15.

Range.—Islands of Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman
Brac, West Indies.

Remarks.—When Mr. Ridgway discriminated this form in 1887 he
had no specimens of the Ground Dove from Cuba or Jamaica, and
made his comparison with Bahaman birds. The type is a very pale
individual—fully as pale above as the average of C. p. pallescens—but
other specimens are darker. Three of the skins before me have the
color of the bill marked as ‘‘brown,”’ “dull red,’’ and ‘‘red”’ respec-
tively. This fails to substantiate Mr. Ridgway’s guess as to the
color of the bill in life, upon which he mainly based his distinction.
The character is more or less apparent in the dry skin, however, but
is not constant. The bestowal of a name upon the present form has
given rise to considerable discussion as to its status. Dr. Lowe has
insisted that it must be identical with the Jamaican bird (in which
case the latter would have to be called C. p. insularis), but in the
writer’s judgment it is much closer to the Cuban bird instead, so far
at least as general coloration is concerned, females being practically
indistinguishable. On the other hand, as remarked under the head
of C. p. pallescens, some specimens of the latter from Cozumel Island,
Yucatan, apparently show a marked approach to C. p. insularis in
the color of the bill, and at least one specimen from Cozumel (No.
129,614, Collection U. S. National Museum) is fully as small as
C. p. insularis. .

The status of examples from Little Cayman and Cayman Brac is
further open to question, and they are ranged here only provisionally.
A small series from Cayman Brac is so badly discolored by the pre-
servative as to be entirely unfit for comparison, while a pair from
Little Cayman are perhaps nearer the present form. Until more and
better material from all three islands is available, however, it will be
difficult to come to any more certain conclusion with reference to the
characters of insularis and its claims to recognition as a distinct
subspecies. As might be expected, it is intermediate between C. p.
aflavida and C. p. jamaicensis, and it may eventually be found desir-
able to unite it with the former.

566 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Chemepelia passerina jamaicensis (Maynard).

“Turtur minimus guttatus’’ SLOANE, Jamaica, II, 1725, 305, pl. 261, fig. 3 (Ja-
maica; descr.; habits).
“Ground Dove, Columba 10

1756, 469 (Jamaica).

Columba passerina LINN&XUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 165, part (ex Sloane); ed.
12, 1766, 285, part (reprint orig. descr.).—BROWNE, Civil and Natural History
of Jamaica, ed. 2, 1789, Index No. III, [30] (Jamaica).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat.,
I, ii, 1789, 787, part (ex Sloane and Browne).—DENNY, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London,
1847, 38, part (Jamaica).—PALMER, Osprey, V, 1901, 148, in text (Jamaica; crit.).
—BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zoél., XV, 1908, 295, in synonymy (crit.).

“Ground Turtle’? LatHam, Gen. Syn. Birds, II, ii, 1783, 659, part (Jamaica, ex
Sloane).

Chamepelia passerina GRAY, List Galline Brit. Mus., 1844, 14, part (Jamaica).
GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 311 (Spanish Town, Jamaica; habits)—HARTLAUB,
Isis, XLI, 1848, 405 (Jamaica, ex Gosse).—GossE, Naturalist’s Sojourn in
Jamaica, 1851, 173 (Jamaica).—BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 77, part
(Jamaica, in geog. distr.).—SCLATER, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1861, 80 (Ja-
maica).—ALBRECHT, Journ. f. Orn., X, 1862, 204 (Jamaica, fide Gosse).—MarcH,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, 302 (Jamaica; habits).—Bairp, Am.
Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2), XLI, 1866, 188, part (Jamaica, in geog. distr.).—
BAIRD, Ibis, 1867, 276, part (Jamaica, in geog. distr.).—PELZELN, Orn. Bras.,
1870, 277, footnote, part (Jamaica).—Barirp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N.
Am. Birds, II, 1875, 389, part (Jamaica, ex March).—NEwron, Handbook
Jamaica, 1881, 114 (Jamaica, ex Gosse and March).—Cory, List Birds W.
Indies, 1885, 24, part (‘‘Antilles’’).—SALVAporI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI,
1893, 473 (near Spanish Town, Jamaica).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I, 1899,
81 (Jamaica).—ForRBES and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., II, 1900, 141,
part (Jamaica).—OatTes, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus., I, 1901, roi, part (Ja-
maica).—SALVIN and GopmMaAn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, III, 1902, 250, part
(Jamaica; crit.).—LoweE, Ibis, 1907, 114, in text, part; 115, in text, part (Ja-
maica; crit.)—LoweE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XXI, 1908, 110, in text, (crit.).—
ScLATER, Hand-book of Jamaica, 1910, 614 (Jamaica).

Chemepelia passerina GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columba, 1856, 49, part (Jae
maica).—GRay, Hand-List Birds, II, 1870, 239, part (Jamaica).—BOUCARD,
Cat. Avium, 1876, 34, part (Jamaica).—KNOWLTON, Birds of the World, 1909,
432, in text (Jamaica).

Chame pelia trochila (not of Bonaparte) NEwrTon, Ibis, 1859, 253, part (Jamaica;
crit.).

Pyrgitoénas trochila REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 162 (Jamaican references).

Pyrgitoénas passerinad REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 13, part (Jamaica, fide Lead-
beater).

Peristera passeyina SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbe, IV, 1873, 135, part
(Jamaica; syn.).

Columbigallina passerina Cory, Auk, IV, 1887, 116, part (‘‘Antilles’’; references).
—Cory, Birds W. Indies, 1889, 217, part (‘‘Antilles’’; references).—Cory,

”

BROWNE, Civil and Natural History of Jamaica,

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 567

Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 97, part, 139, part (Jamaica).—BeRLEpScH, Journ.
f. Orn., XL, 1892, 97, footnote, part (Jamaica; crit.).—Scott, Auk, IX, 1892,
124 (Jamaica; crit.; habits) CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IV, 1892,
2092 (Jamaica; crit.).—HArTERT, Ibis, 1893, 304, 305, in text (Jamaica; crit.)
—Pa.LMER, Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agric. for 1893, 1894, 94, in text (Jamaica).
—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, XI, 1894, 48, in text
(Jamaica).—FIELp, Auk, XI, 1894, 123 (Port Henderson, Jamaica; nesting).
—Duso!rs, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 763, part (‘‘Antilles’’; crit.)—PALMER and
RILey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, 1902, 34, in text (Jamaica; crit.).

Columbigallina iamaicensis MAYNARD, Appendix to Catalogue Birds W. Indies,
““T899,"’ 1900, 34 (Jamaica; orig. descr.; types ‘‘in the Bryant Collection"’).
—MAyYNarpD, Catalogue Birds W. Indies, 1903, 7 (Jamaica).

Chame pelia jamaicensis LOWE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XXI, 1908, r10, in text (crit.).
—LoweE, Ibis, 1908, 111, part (Jamaica; crit.).

Chemepelia passerina passerinad AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE,
Check List N. Am. Birds, ed. 3, 1910, 150 (‘‘extralimital’’ [= Jamaica]).

Subspecific characters—Male: similar in general to C. p. aflavida,
but bill extensively yellow at base (in skin), in life varying from
bright orange to yellow; vinaceous of under parts decidedly richer,
almost brick-red; upper parts averaging slightly more brownish, and
plumbeous area of crown and nape much duller, darker, and more
restricted. Female indistinguishable from the same sex of C. p.
aflavida except by the differently colored bill, which is yellow basally.

Measurements.—Male: wing, 80-85 (average, 82); tail, 53-59 (56);
exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11); tarsus, 14-16 (15.5). Female: wing,
79-85 (82); tail, 52-58 (56); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.3); tarsus,
15-16 (15.5).

Range.—Island of Jamaica.

Remarks.—In its general intensity of coloration and the richness of
the vinaceous color below this very distinct form somewhat suggests
the far-removed C. p. socorroénsis, but in the latter there is com-
paratively very little vinaceous tinge to the wing-coverts, which is a
prominent feature in the present form. The upper parts, too, are
generally much grayer, less brownish, than in C. p. socorroénsis, while
the bill is of course differently colored. The female is more grayish,
less brownish above, than in the Socorro form, and generally paler
below, with whiter under tail-coverts, and with the bill also differ-
ently colored. Compared with C. p. passerina, the Jamaican bird is
smaller, and the general coloration is richer, and has a ruddy cast,
Apparently, however, the color of the bill is about the same in both.
The series before me shows considerable variation, apparently of

mA

568 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum.

a purely individual nature, a few specimens being decidedly paler
below than the average, with a slight lavender gray tinge as in C. p.
aflavida, but the series as a whole is sufficiently distinct from any
other form.

As early as 1725 Sloane gave a very fair account, accompanied by a
figure, of the Jamaican Ground Dove, and his description was the
first to be cited by Linnaeus under the name Columba passerina.
Mainly on this account Count von Berlepsch proposed to restrict the
name to the Jamaican subspecies, and in this he was followed by
Mr. Chapman. Mr. Maynard, however, arrived at a different con-
clusion, and proceeded to give a new name to the Jamaican bird,
which name must now be accepted, inasmuch as Bonaparte, as far
back as 1855, restricted the application of Linnaeus’ name to the form
from eastern North America, as has been already pointed out. Mr.
Maynard, however, compares the bird of Jamaica with that of the
Bahamas, saying that the former is lighter in shade, whereas it is
actually the reverse.

Chemepelia passerina bahamensis Maynard.

Chamepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linneus) JARDINE, Jardine’s Contr.
Orn., 1849, 79 (Bermuda).—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 6 (Bermuda):
—RE , Bull. 25 U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 225, excl. syn. and geog. distr. (Ber-
muda; habits).

Columba passerina BLAND, Ann. Report Smiths. Inst. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermuda).
—Jones, Naturalist in Bermuda, 1859, 36, 70 (Bermuda; habits)—MARTENS,
Journ. f. Orn., VII, 1859, 216 (Bermuda, ex Jones).—GopET, Bermuda, 1860, 194
(Bermuda; habits). ‘

Chamepelia passerina BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1859, 120
(Bahama Is.).—ALBRECHT, Journ. f. Orn., IX, 1861, 55 (Bahama Is., ex Bryant).
—Barrp, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, XLI, 1866, 188, part (Bahama Is., in geog-
distr.), 342, 344 (Bermuda).—Bairp, Ibis, 1867, 276, part (Bahama Is., in
geog. distr.), 287, 289 (Bermuda).—WALLACE, Geog. Distr. Animals, II, 1876,
135 (Bermuda).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 139, part (Miraporvos Is.;
Bahama Is. in general; habits)—Cory, List Birds W. Indies, 1885, 24, part
(Bahama Is.).—JENNINGS, Johns Hopkins University Circulars, VII, No. 63,
1888, 39 (New Providence; Abaco).—TRISTRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds, 1889, 39, part
(Bermuda).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., ed. 2, 1890, inserted page (Bahama Is.;
crit.).—SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X XI, 1893, 473 (Bermuda).—OATES,
Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus., I, 1901, 101 (Bermuda).—ForBES and ROBINSON,
Bull. Liverpool Mus., II, 1900, 141, part (Bermuda).—BOoONHOTE, Auk, XX, 1903,
177 (Bird Rock, Bahama Is.).

Chamepeleia passerina Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 228, part (‘‘Bahamas in
general’’).

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH/AEMEPELIA. 569

“Ground Dove” IvEs, The Isle of Summer, or Nassau and the Bahamas, 1880, 257
(Bahama Is.).—BONHOTE, Avic. Mag., n.s., I, 1903, 24 (northern Bahama Is.).
—CHAPMAN, Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist, 1908, 152 (Bahama Is.)

Columbigallina passerina MILv_s, Canadian Record Science, II, 1887, 352 (Green
Turtle Cay, Abaco).—Cory, Auk, IV, 1887, 116, part (Bahama Is.; references).
—Cory, Birds W. Indies, 1889, 217, part (Bahama Is.; references) —NORTHROP,
Auk, VIII, 1891, 76 (Andros; New Providence; habits).—Cory, Auk, VIII,
1891, 294 (New Providence). 295 (Berry Is.), 296 (Bimini Is.), 297 (Caicos Is.),
298 (Abaco).—CHAPMAN, Am. Nat., XXV, 18901, 530 (Bahama Is.; faunal
distribution).—Cory, Auk, IX, 1892, 48 (Maraguana).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian
Birds, 1892, 97, part (Great Bahama; Abaco; Biminis; Berry Is.; Eleuthera; New
Providence; Andros; Cat I.; Concepcion I.; Watlings I.; Rum Cay; Green Cay;
Acklin I.; Plana Cays; Maraguana; North Caicos; Grand Caicos; East Caicos).
—NUTTING, Bull. Laboratory State University of Iowa, III, 1894, 40 (Egg Island),
203 (Eleuthera).—PRENTISS, Auk, XIII, 1896, 239 (Bermuda; habits).—Bon-
HOTE, Ibis, 1899, 517 (Nassau, New Providence); 1903, 299 (Nassau, New Provi-
dence; Little Abaco; habits; crit.).

Chamepelia bahamensis MAYNARD, American Exchange and Mart, III, 1887, 33
(Bahama Islands; orig. descr.; type not specified), 69 (corrected reprint orig.
descr.).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IV, 1892, 292, in text (crit.).
—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1895, 252 (Nassau, New Providence; Bahama
Is. in general; Enterprise, Florida?; descr.; crit.; habits) SHARPE, Hand-List
Birds, I, 1899, 81 (Bahama Is.).—PALMER, Osprey, V, 1901, 148 (reprint orig.
descr.).—LoweE, Ibis, 1908, 112, 545, in text (Bahama Is.; crit.).

Columbigallina passerina bahamensis RipGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 586, part
(diag.; Bahama Is.).—R1ipGway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, 574, in text
(crit.).—RipGway, Auk, VIII, 1891, 334 (Abaco), 336 (Eleuthera), 337 (Cat
I.; Watlings I.), 338 (Rum Cay), 339 (Green Cay; Concepcion I.).—ScortrT,
Auk, IX,.1892, 124, in text (crit.).—VERRILL (A. H.), Osprey, V, r9o1, 85 (Ber-
muda; crit.).—VERRILL (A. E.), Osprey, V, 1901, 174, in text (Bermuda; crit.).
VERRILL (A. H.), Am. Journ. Sci., (4), XII, 1901, 64 (Bermuda).—PALMER and
RILEY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, 1902, 34, in text (Bahama Is.; crit.) —ALLEN,
Auk, XXII, 1905, 123, 133 (Great Bahama; Abaco; Elbow Cay; Great Guana
Cay; Moraine Cay; Stranger Cay; Great Sale Cay; habits)—RILEy, Auk,
XXII, 1905, 354 (New Providence; Eleuthera; Cat I.; Watlings I.; Long I.;
Abaco).—RILEy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIX, 1905, 172, in text (crit.).—
RILEY, in SHATTUCK, The Bahama Islands, 1905, 352, 362 (Great Bahama;
Abaco; Little Abaco; Biminis; Berry Is.; New Providence; Andros; Green Cay;
Eleuthera; Current I.; Cat I.; Concepcion I.; Rum Cay; Watlings I.; Long I.;
Acklin I.; Plana Cays; Bird Rock).

Columbigallina bahamensis Cory, Birds W. Indies, 1889, 297, in text (Bahama Is.;
crit.).—-BANGs, Auk, XVII, 1900, 286 (Nassau, New Providence; Current I.).
—MAynarbD, Cat. Birds W. Indies, 1903, 7 (Bahama Is.).

Columbigallina bermudiana BANGS and BRADLEE, Auk, XVIII, roo1, 250 (Hamilton,
Bermuda; orig. descr.; type now in collection Museum Comparative Zodlogy).
—VERRILL, Osprey, V, 1901, 174, in text (Bermuda; crit.).

570 ANNALS. OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Columbigallina passerina var. bahamensis Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 764
(Bahama Is., ex Maynard).

Columbigallina passerina var. bermudiana Dupots, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 764
(Bermuda, ex Bangs and Bradlee).

Columbigallina passerina bermudiana AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Com-
MITTEE, Auk, XIX, 1902, 318 (Bermuda).—CHAPMAN, Color Key N. Am. Birds,
1903, 126, 268 (Bermuda; descr.).—Bowpitcu, Am. Nat., XX XVIII, 1904, 557
(Bermuda; habits).—RerEp, N. Am. Birds’ Eggs, 1904, 150 (nesting).

Chame pelia bermudiana LOwE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, X XI, 1908, 109, in text (crit.).
—LoweE, Ibis, 1908, 113, 545, in text (Bermuda; crit.).

Chemepelia passerina bermudiana AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE,
Auk, XXVI, 1909, 297 (crit.)--AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Com-
MITTEE, Check List N. Am. Birds, ed. 3, t910, 150 (Bermuda).—CHAPMAN,
Handbook Birds E. N. Am., 1912, 285 (reprint orig. descr.).

Chemepelia passerina bahamensis Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, rorr, 301 (faunal
distribution), 416 (Blue Hills, New Providence; crit.)—WoORTHINGTON, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., VII, t911, 450 (New Providence; The Bight and Poré Howe,
Cat I.; Watlings I.; Andros; Abaco; habits).

Subspecific characters—Male and female: very similar to C. p.
aflavida, but slightly paler above and below, with more whitish on
the abdomen and under tail-coverts, and bill with less red at the base,
often entirely black.

Measurements.— Male: wing, 79-84 (average, 81.5); tail, 53-60 (56);
exposed culmen, 10-12 (10.8); tarsus, 15-16 (15.6). Female: wing,
81-84 (82); tail, 53-59 (56.5); exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11); tarsus,
15-16 (15.4).

Range.—Bahama Islands (except Great [and Little?] Inagua) and
Bermuda.

Remarks.—This is a rather unsatisfactory and poorly differentiated
form. It was described by Mr. Charles J. Maynard as differing from
the continental form (C. p. passerina) in smaller size and paler color-
ation, and in having the bill constantly wholly black. It is, of
course, very different in these respects from C. p. passerina, but its
distinctness from the Cuban bird is open to question. Exception has
been taken to the constancy of the alleged character of the color of
the bill, apparently justified even from an examination of skins alone.
Specimens from the type locality, New Providence, are fairly constant
in this respect, but an equal series from Rum Cay, besides being
somewhat paler throughout—verging thus towards C. p. exigua—
show a differently colored bill in the skin, and the probabilities are
that in life this difference is accentuated. Moreover, in a specimen
from Eleuthera (No. 48,065, Collection Philadelphia Academy of

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 571

Natural Sciences) the bill is marked as ‘‘dull red."’. Dr. Percy R.
Lowe records that in birds shot in the Bahamas (precise locality not
stated) in April, 1908, “there zs a distinct crimson cast at the base
of the bill similar to [that in] specimens from Cuba.” It will be seen,
therefore, that the name bahamensis, if restricted to the bird of this
group of islands, rests on a very slender basis indeed. The discovery
that two distinct forms occur in the Bahamas still further complicates
the question of their relationships.

Females as well as males vary considerably in color, and some
specimens are absolutely indistinguishable from Cuban birds, but as
a series they average paler.

The Bermuda bird has been described by Mr. Bangs as distinct,
but after extended and careful comparison of the type series and a
few additional specimens I find myself entirely unable to appreciate
the alleged diagnostic characters, nor can I discover any others which
would justify the retention of the name. There is certainly no
constant difference in general size or color, while the bill is no smaller
than in some specimens from the Bahamas. Although this member
is described as wholly black, Dr. Percy R. Lowe says that when fresh
“the edges of the mandibles have a very narrow line of faint crimson,
all the rest of the bill being black.’’ There is thus no great difference
in this respect from the bird of the Bahamas, and, indeed, Mr. A. E.
Verrill intimates that the Ground Dove was introduced into Bermuda
from that source! Dr. Lowe, it is true, considers that C. p. “‘ber-
mudiana”’ is a readily recognizable form, but the material before me
certainly does not permit of any such conclusion. In the writer’s
judgment there are two alternatives: either to unite the Bahaman and
Cuban birds, or to unite the Bahaman and Bermudan, and the latter
course seems the more logical and desirable to follow.

Some of the Bermuda skins are more or less stained with rusty
below, doubtless from iron-impregnated soil.

Mr. Maynard claims to have seen specimens of this race from
Florida, but I have little doubt that his records were based on ex-
ceptionally small and pale birds of the resident Florida form.

Chemepelia passerina exigua (Riley).

Columbigallina passerina (not Columba passerina Linneus) Cory, Cat. W. Indian
Birds, 1892, 97, part (Great Inagua; Mona I.).—BownptsH, Auk, XIX, 1902, 361,
part (Mona I.; nesting).

bo |

1(74 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Columbigallina passerina exigua RILEY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIX, 1905, 171
(Mona I.; orig. descr.; type in collection U. S. National Museum).

Chamepelia exigua LOWE, Ibis, 1908, 115 (crit.).

Chemepelia passerina exigua Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, 1911, 391, 392 (faunal
distribution), 417 (Alfred Sound and Mathewtown, Great Inagua; crit.).—
WORTHINGTON, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, 1911, 403, 450 (Great Inagua).
Subspecific characters.—Male and female: similar to C. p. baha-

mensis, and bill (in skin) wholly dark as in typical examples of that

form, but general coloration paler throughout, and size smaller.

Measuremenis.— Male: wing, 76-82 (average, 78.5); tail, 51-55 (52);
exposed culmen, 10.5-11.5 (10.8); tarsus, 14.5-15.5 (15). Female:
wing, 77-83 (78.5); tail, 51-58 (53); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.7);
tarsus, 14.5-15.5 (15). .

Range.—Mona Island (off Porto Rico), and Great Inagua, Bahama
Islands.

Remarks.—In view of the subtle and more or less inconstant char-
acters applying to the other Antillean forms, it is a surprise to find a
form occurring right in their midst, so to speak, which is sharply
differentiated—as distinctions in this species go—from its neighbors
on either side. It was described by Mr. J. H. Riley originally from
Mona Island, lying between Porto Rico and Haiti, where we would
naturally expect to find intergrades between the two imperfectly
segregated forms C. p. trochila and C. p. aflavida, but instead we get a
bird which is quite distinct from either. This would be extraordinary
enough it would seem, but it is doubly surprising to find that a series
of Ground Doves from the island of Great Inagua, the most southern
of the Bahaman group, should prove to belong to the same small,
pale race. How can such an anomalous distribution be explained?

This is decidedly the palest of all the forms of this species, being
even paler and grayer above than C. p. pallescens. There is not so
much white on the posterior under parts, however, as in C. p. albi-
vitta; this is especially true of the females, but it scarcely needs com-
parison with that subspecies, the sharply bicolored bill and lavender-
grayish tinged under parts of which find no counterpart in C. p.
exigua. As previously noted, some specimens from Haiti are as pale
as the Mona and Great Inagua birds, which may be of some sig-
nificance, but I am inclined to think that the real affinities of the
latter are rather with C. p. bahamensis. As remarked under the head
of that form, a series from Rum Cay is somewhat paler than New
Providence birds, indicating an approach to the present form. Un-

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 573

fortunately the color of the bill in life of the present bird is not re-
corded. The series examined shows substantial agreement between
the specimens from Mona and those from Great Inagua, although
the latter are in fresher plumage, and consequently average a little
longer in length of wing. There is very little tinge of pinkish vina-
ceous on the wing-coverts in this form.

A single female example from the Caicos Islands (exact locality not
stated) is to be referred to C. p. bahamensis, so that it seems probable
that C. p. exigua is confined in the Bahamas to Great (and Little?)
Inagua.

Chemepelia minuta minuta (Linneus).

“‘Turtur parvus fuscus americanus’’ BrISSON, Orn., I, 1760, 116, excl. syn., pl. 8,
fig. 2 (Santo Domingo [error!]; descr.).

Columba minuta LINN2US, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 285 (ex Brisson; diag.).
—MIULLER, Natursystem, II, 1773, 512 (descr.; geog. distr.)—-GMELIN, Syst.
Nat., I, ii, 1789, 788 (Santo Domingo [error!]; ex Brisson; diag.).—LATHAM,
Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 612 (diag.; syn.).—BONNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. et Méth., I,
1792, 253 (Santo Domingo [error!]; descr.; habits)—TURTON, Gen. Syst. Nat.,
I, 1806, 479 (diag., etc.).—TEMMINCK, Cat. Syst. Cab. Orn., 1807, 144 (syn.).
—TEMMINCK, in TEMMINCK and KnipP, Pigeons, I, 1808-11, Colombi-gallines,
28, pl. 16 (French Guiana; Paraguay; Caribbean Islands [??]; Porto Rico [error!];
Santo Domingo [error!]; descr.; general account, ex Azara).—LATHAM, Syst.
Orn., 1809, 274 (diag.).—TEMMINCK, Hist. Nat. Gén. Pigeons et Gallinaces, I,
1813, 432 (French Guiana; Paraguay; Porto Rico [error!]; Santo Domingo
{error!]; descr.; geog. distr.), 498 (diag.; syn.).—VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist-
Nat., X XVI, 1818, 404 (Paraguay; Guiana; Porto Rico [error!]; Santo Domingo:
{error!]; descr.).—DESMAREST, Dict. Sci. Nat., XL, 1826, 309 (Guiana; Paraguay ;.
descr.).—WAGLER, Syst. Avium, 1827, [260], Columba, sp. 89, part (Brazil;
Guiana; Paraguay; Caribbean Is. [error!]; descr.)—DLrsson, Traité d’Orn.,
1831 (?), 474 (Brazil).—SELBy, Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library, Birds, IX, 1835,
202, in text.—LEssON, Compl. de Buffon, Oiseaux, VIII, 1837, 12 (Brazil;
Paraguay); ed. 2, VIII, 1838, 272.—(?) TEMMINCK, Pl. Col. I, Tabl. Méth.,
1840, 81 (D’Aubenton’s figure).—THIENEMANN, Einhundert Tafeln colorirter
Abbildungen von Vogeleiern, 1845 (?), 57, pl. 11, fig. 2 (Buenos Aires, Argentina;
descr. eggs).—[RIvoLi?], Catalogue de la magnifique Collection d’Oiseaux, 1846,
29 (Brazil).—DENNyY, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1847, 39 (geog. distr.; Jamaica
and Cuba [error!]).—BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras., Vogel; II, 1856,
296, footnote (Guiana; crit.).—ALLEN, Auk, XXV, 1908, 302, in text (crit.).
—ALLEN, Science, n. s., XX XIII, 1911, 337, in text (crit.).

(?)‘‘ Petite Tourterelle de la Martinique’? D’AUBENTON, Pl. Enlum., 243, 1770-86,
fig. 2 (locality an error!).

“Passerine Turtle, var. A.’’ LATHAM, Gen. Syn. Birds, II, ii, 1783, 660 (Santo Do-
mingo [error]; descr.; syn.) LATHAM, Gen. Hist. Birds, VIII, 1823, 93 (Santo
Domingo [error!]; warmer parts of America; Paraguay; syn.; descr.).

574 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

““Cocotzin de Surinam’’ HOLANpDRE, Abrégé d’Hist. Nat., II, 1790, 222 (descr.).

Columba grisea BONNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. et Méth., I, 1792, 252 (Cayenne, ex
Holandre; descr.).

“Sperlings-Turteltaube’’ BECHSTEIN, Johann Latham’s allgemeine Uebersicht der
Vogel, 1795, 634 (syn.; general account).

“Paloma de la enana’’ AzARA, Apuntamientos, III, 1805, 25 (Paraguay; meas.;
descr.).— VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., X XVI, 1818, 383 (crit.).

“*Pigeon nain’’ AzARA, Voyages dans l’Amérique Meridionale, IV, 1809, 137
(Paraguay; meas.; descr.).

Goura minuta STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zoél., XI, i, 1819, 137 (‘‘warmer parts of
America’; syn.; descr.); XIV, i, 1826, 296.—RANZANI, Elementi Ornitologica,
I, 1823, 218, part (ex Temminck).

Chame pelia minuta GRAY, List Galline Brit. Mus., 1844, 15, excl. syn. part (South
America).—GRrRAy, Gen. Birds, II, 1845, 475, excl. syn. part.—HARTLAUB, Ind.
Azara’s Apuntamientos, 1847, 21, excl. syn. part (‘‘Paloma enana’’ Azara).—
HEERMANN, Cat. O6l. Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1853, 23 (Brazil).—
BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 77, 78, in synonymy (=C. passerina
juv. [error!])—BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 20 (= C. passerina juv.
{error!]), 22 (Peale’s record).—SALVAporI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI, 1893,
481, part (Trinidad; ‘‘ Martinique?”’ [error]; Rio Yuruani, 2700 feet, Quonga, and
Annai, British Guiana; Pernambuco, Bahia, and Chapada, Brazil; Xeberos and
Lima, Peru; descr.; syn.).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I, 1899, 82, part (Guiana;
Brazil; Peru).—vON IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV, 1900, 282 (Brazil; descr.
eggs).—FORBES and ROBINSON, Bull. Liverpool Mus., II, 1900, 141 (Brazil).—
VON IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, V, 1902, 285, excl. geog. distr. part (Riracicaba
-and Bahia, Brazil; Brazilian references), 326 (Sao Paulo).—G@.Lp1 and Hac-
MANN, Bol. Mus. Paraénse, III, 1902, 319 (Xeberos, Peru).—HAGMANN, Bol.
Mus. Geeldi, IV, 1904, 256 (Burmeister’s reference), 301 (Pelzeln’s reference).
—WNICOLL, Ibis, 1904, 40 (Bahia, etc., Brazil) —PENARD, Vogels van Guyana,
1908, 339 (Guiana; descr.; habits).

‘Chemepelia minuta PEALE, U. S. Expl. Exp., VIII, Mam. and Orn., 1848, 207
(Callao, Peru; habits).

Peristera chalcostigma REICHENBACH, Syn. Avium, Columbarie, Novit. Suppl.,
1851, pl. 245b, figs. 3533-4.

‘Chamepelia pumila LICHTENSTEIN, Nom. Avium Mus. Zodl. Berol., 1854, 83
(Brazil; nomen nudum).—BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 21, in text.
Chame pelia griseola (not Columbina griseola Spix) BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium,
II, 1854, 78, excl. syn. part (Guiana; Brazil; Paraguay; Cumana, Venezuela;
descr.;syn.).—BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 21 (Brazil; Paraguay; crit.),
220.—(?) BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras., Vogel, II, 1856, 296, excl.
syn. part (Brazil; Paraguay; descr.; syn.).—REINHART, Vid. Med. Nat. For.
Kjébenhavn, 1870, 56 (Paraguay; Brazilian campos region?).—(?) PELZELN,
Orn. Bras., 1870, 450, part (Burmeister’s reference).—GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., I,
1872, 634, part (references).—SCLATER and SALVIN, Nom. Avium Neotrop.,
1873, 133, part (Brazil; Amazonia).—Sousa, Mus. Nac. Lisbona, Columbe,
1873, 21 (Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).—BatrRp, BREWER, and RIDGWAY,
Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1875, 380, excl. syn. part (diag.).—-SCLATER and SALVIN,

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 575

Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1876, 17 (Maranura, Peru).—ForBEs, Ibis, 1881, 357
(Recife [= Pernambuco] and Parahyba, Brazil).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Strickland
Coll., 1882, 547.—TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Perou, III, 1886, 244, excl. syn. part
(Xevéros, Lima, and Maranura, Peru; descr.; syn.), Tables, 518.—HEINE and
REICHENOW, Nom. Mus. Hein., Orn., 1886, 283 (Brazil).—SALvIN, Ibis, 1886,
173 (Rio Yuruani, Roraima, 3500 feet, British Guiana).—Tristram, Cat. Coll.
Birds, 1889, 39 (Brazil) —HARTERT, Kat. Vogelsammlung, 1891, 187 (South
America).—(?) HAGMANN, Bol. Mus. Geeldi, IV, 1904, 256 (Burmeister’s refer-
ence).

Chamepelia amazilia BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, IJ, 1854, 78 (Peru; orig. descr.;
type in collection Paris Museum).—BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 21
(Peru; crit.), 220.—BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras., Végel, II, 1856,
296, footnote (Brazil; diag.; ex Bonaparte).—CAssIN, U. S. Expl. Exped., Birds,
1858, 279, 446 (Peru; crit.).—ScLATER, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1866, 100:
(Lima, Peru; habits).—ScCLATER and SALVIN, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1867, 753.
(Xeberos, Peru).—PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 277 (Marambicu, Ytarare, Cuyaba,
Engenho do Cap. Gama, Matto Grosso, Brazil; crit.), 450, liv (faunal distribu-
tion).—GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., I, 1872, 632, part (references).—SCLATER and
SALVIN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1873, 306 (Xeberos, Peru). —TACZANOWSKI,
Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1874, 555 (Lima, Peru).—HAGMANN, Bol. Mus. Geeldi,
IV, 1904, 301 (Pelzeln’s reference).

Chamepelia rachidialis Scu1rF, MS., in Frankfort Museum (fide Bonaparte, Consp.
Avium, II, 1854, 78; Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 21; and Hartert,
Kat. Vogelsammlung, 1891, 187, note).

Chamepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linneus) BONAPARTE, Consp.
Avium, II, 1854, 77, 78, part (Columba minuta Linnzeus).—BONAPARTE, Compt.
Rend., XL, 1855, 20, part (C. minuta Linnzeus).—GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., I, 1872,
635, part (C. minuta Linneus).

Chemepelia griseola GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, 50, excl. syn. part
(South America; Brazil) —Gray, Hand-List Birds, II, 1870, 240 (Brazil).—
Boucarp, Cat. Avium, 1876, 34 (Brazil).—ErnNstT, Primer Annuario Estadistico
(Caracas), 1877, 310 (Caracas and Tocome, Venezuela).

Chemepelia amazilia Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columba, 1856, 50, part (Peru).
—Gray, Hand-List Birds, II, 1870, 240 (Peru; Brazil; [?] New Granada).

Pyrgitoénas amazilia REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 15 (descr., ex Bonaparte; Peale’s
record).

Pyrgitoénas griseola REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 15, excl. syn. part (Paraguay;
Brazil; Guiana; Cumana, Venezuela; descr.; references).

Goura griseola SCHLEGEL, De Dierent., 1864, 208.

Peristera griseola SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbe, IV, 1873, 135. part (Peru;
syn.).

Columbigallina griseola BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 34 (Pilcomayo,
Paraguay; Bahia, Brazil; crit.), 124 (Paraguay).—BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN,
Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1892, 394, 408 (Lima, Peru).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist., V, 1893, 149 (Matto Grosso, Brazil).

Chamepelia griseola QUELCH, Timehri, V, 1891, 106 (Georgetown, British Guiana).
—(?)TESCHEMAKER, Avic. Mag., VI, 1908, 257 (South America; habits in cap-
tivity).

576 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Columbigallina minuta Dusots, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 764, part (South America).—
BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zo6l., IX, 1902, t19 (Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela;
Cayenne fixed as type locality).—Vvon IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VI, 1904,
341 (Paraguay), 371 (faunal distribution).—BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ornis,
XIII, 1906, 100 (Santa Ana, Peru; Roraima, British Guiana; Bahia, Brazil;
meas.; crit.).—VON IHERING, Aves do Brazil, 1907, 22, excl. geog. distr. part
(Estado de Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Victoria, Botucatu, and Bahia, Brazil).
—BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zodl., XV, 1908, 2905 (Cayenne, ex Holandre, fixed as type
locality).

Columbina grisea BRABOURNE and CuHuBB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 18 (geog. distr.,
excl. Colombia part).

Description.—Adult male: above grayish brown, slightly glossy,
shading into cinereous on the hindneck, upper tail-coverts, and wing-
coverts, the latter tinged with purplish vinaceous, and the inner ones,
together with the tertiaries, marked on the outer webs with irregular
spots of glossy dark steel-blue; crown posteriorly grayish brown like
the back, anteriorly cinereous, palest on the forehead; lores, sides of
head, and under parts generally pale dull vinaceous, deepest on the
breast, and fading to nearly white on the chin and under tail-coverts;
remiges mostly rufous chestnut, with the tips and more or less of the
outer webs dusky brown or black, this area increasing in extent on
the inner secondaries; primary-coverts also rufous chestnut, tipped
and edged with dusky; under wing-coverts and axillaries rufous chest-
nut; tail black, the middle rectrices ashy brown, the others cinereous
at the base, the outermost edged externally and tipped with white;
“bill brown; iris violet red; feet flesh-color’’ (Taczanowski).

Female: above plain olive-brown, the forehead, sides of head, and
nape sometimes with a faint grayish wash; wing-coverts like the back,
but paler, the inner ones and tertiaries with irregular spots of glossy
dark steel-blue as in the male; wings and tail also as in the male, but
duller and more brownish; breast and sides pale wood-brown, some-
times with a faint vinaceous tinge, the throat paler, nearly white, and
the abdomen and under tail-coverts also much paler, white or nearly so-

The juvenal dress (illustrated by No. 45,266, Collection American
Museum of Natural History, Bahia, Brazil) resembles that of the
adult female, but the feathers of the breast and upper parts generally
are edged and tipped with paler color, giving a faintly squamate
appearance; there is much fulvous suffusion on the breast, sides,
crown, and wings; and the wing-spots are merely indicated.

Measurements.—Male: wing, 74-80 (average, 76); tail, 50-56 (52);
exposed culmen, I0-11.5 (10.5); tarsus, 15-16 (15.2). Female (six

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHASMEPELIA. 577

specimens): wing, 74-80 (77.5); tail, 50-56 (53); exposed culmen,
IO-II (10.5); tarsus, 15-16 (15.1).

Range.—South America, except higher parts, from Paraguay and
Peru northward, excluding western Colombia. (No record for
Bolivia.)

Remarks.—Some variation is indicated, but the series available is
insufficient to determine whether it has any geographical significance.
A male from Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil (No. 58,646, Collection
American Museum of Natural History), is more pinkish vinaceous
below and rather darker above than the average, but another specimen
from the same locality is not different. A skin from Lima, Peru
(No. 159,772, Collection U. S. National Museum), on the other hand,
is decidedly paler, and it is quite possible that a larger series might
show that the bird from west of the Andes is subspecifically separable,
although Messrs. Berlepsch and Stolzmann state that specimens from
Santa Ana in the Province of La Convencion, Peru, are little different
from skins from Roraima and Bahia. The few Colombian examples
I have seen, however, are clearly referable to the darker colored
Central American form about to be described.

The synonymy of this species is even more involved than is that of
C. passerina, and I do not flatter myself that I have fully succeeded
in clearing up the confusion, owing to the impossibility in so many
cases of consulting the actual specimens upon which the various records
were based. Brisson was apparently the first author to notice the
species, and although his figure is poor, his description is explicit and
evidently made at first-hand, as indicated by the two asterisks pre-
ceding the name. He quotes references to Willughby and Hernandez
as belonging here—erroneously it would now seem—but in any case
the sole basis of the species is his description, which Linneus cited
exclusively in establishing his name Columba minuta. Brisson said
that his bird came from Santo Domingo, which was an error into which
numerous subsequent authors fell as regards this species, which is
now known to be confined to the continent. Some authors even
went so far as to ascribe the species to certain of the other West Indian
Islands.

Columba grisea of Bonnaterre, 1792, was the next name applied to
the species, being based on the ‘‘Cocotzin de Surinam”’ of Holandre,
and Messrs. Berlepsch and Hartert have accordingly substituted
Cayenne as the type locality for the species, admittedly on the basis

578 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

of this author. Peristera chalcostigma Reichenbach, 1851, is a name
based on two very poor figures, while Chamepelia pumila Lichten-
stein, 1854, and Chamepelia rachidialis Schiff are nomina nuda.

Temminck and some of the authors who followed him seem to have
correctly identified Linneus’ Columba minuta, but in 1854 Bonaparte,
‘who is responsible for much that is unfortunate in ornithological
nomenclature,” fell into the grave error of identifying it as the young
of C. passerina. At the same time he committed another blunder by
taking Columbina griseola Spix, which is actually a form of C. pas-
serina, as the earliest name for the present species—‘‘a wholly errone-
ous proceeding, by which he supplanted the well-founded minuta
Linn. by a wholly new griseola Bonap. (nec Spix). * * * Yet Bona-
parte was followed in this false step by most later ornithologists.”’
Not only that, but he re-described the species under the name Chame-
pelia amazilia, based on a specimen from Peru obtained by the Castel-
nau expedition. Judging from the description this is based on an
individual variation of C. minuta, but in case the Peruvian bird
should prove worthy of separation the name will of course be available.
With two names for the same species in use, one of them really be-
longing to an entirely distinct bird, and neither of them correct, the
resultant confusion in the literature is exhibited in the table of
synonymy appearing above.

Chemepelia minuta elzodes subsp. nov.

Chamepelia minuta (?)REICHENBACH, Syn. Avium, Columbariz, 1847, pl. 256,
figs. 1422-3.—SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X XI, 1893, 481, part (Atoyac,
Vera Cruz; Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Panama; Bogota, Colombia).—SHARPE,
Hand-List Birds, I, 1899, 82, part (Mexico to Panama; Colombia).—SALVIN
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, III, 1902, 252, excl. South American
references (Mexico; Guatemala; Panama; Mexican and Central American
references; descr.; crit.).

Chemepelia amazilia (not of Bonaparte) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe,
1856, 50, part (New Granada).

Chame pelia amazilia SCLATER, Proc. Zo6él. Soc. London, 1856, 30 (Bogota, Colom-
bia).—SCLATER and SALVIN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1864, 370 (Panama, ex
Lawrence).—GrAyY, Hand-List Birds, II, 1870, 240, part (New Granada).—
(?)Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 383 (Ocafia and Herradura, Colombia).—(?) BERLEPSCH,
Journ. f. Orn., XXXII, 1884, 319 (Ocafia and Herradura, Colombia, ex Wyatt).

Chame pelia granatina (not of Bonaparte) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
VII, 1862, 333 (Panama Railroad, Pacific side [original specimens examined]).

Peristera griseola (not Columbina griseola Spix) SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbe,
IV, 1873, 135, part (‘Terre ferme’’; Guatemala; syn.).

Tonp: A REvIsION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 579

Chamepelia griseola SCLATER and SALVIN, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 133, part
(Colombia to Panama).

Columbigallina minuta DuBoIs, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 764, part (southern Mexico
and Central America).—THAYER and BANGs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., XLVI,
1906, 214 (Savanna of Panama).

Chemepella minuta BANGS, Auk, XXIV, 1907, 288, 292 (Paso Real, Costa Rica;
geog. distr.).

Chemepelia minuta DEARBORN, Field Mus. Orn. Series, I, 1907, 80 (Los Amates,
Guatemala).—CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 399 (Buenos Aires,
Costa Rica; geog. distr.; habits).

Chamepelia minuta RODRIGUEZ, An. Mus. Nac. Salvador, IV, r910, 282 (Guate-
mala).

Type, No. 29,061, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male;
Buenos Aires, Costa Rica, August 29, 1907; M. A. Carriker, Jr.

Subspecific characters ——Similar in general to C. minuta minuta
(Linneus), but decidedly darker throughout in coloration, the male
more purplish vinaceous below and on the wings; upper parts dark
olive-brown; gray area of crown and nape darker, almost slate-gray;
under tail-coverts with much less white. Female also much darker
than the same sex of C. m. minuta, more olivaceous above, and deeper
brownish (broccoli brown) below; the under tail-coverts edged with
tawny brown or dull buffy, instead of white. Even in juvenal plum-
age this form averages darker. ‘‘Iris pink [in both sexes]; bill dirty
olive’”’ or “dark olive-horn; feet flesh-color.”” (M. A. Carriker, Jr.)

Measurements.— Male: wing, 71-78 (average, 74); tail, 48-55 (50.5):
exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.6); tarsus, 15-16 (15.6). Female: wing,
71-79 (74); tail, 47-52 (50); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.7); tarsus,
15-16 (15.4).

Range.—From west-central Colombia (‘‘Bogota’’) north through
Panama to southwestern Costa Rica; reappearing in Guatemala, and
thence extending into British Honduras and through southeastern
Mexico to central Vera Cruz. (No records for Nicaragua, Honduras,
or Salvador.)

Remarks.—Some females are much deeper brown below than
others; the difference seems to be purely individual, however. Two
females from Mexico differ in having the under tail-coverts much
paler, nearly white. If No. 28,944, Collection Carnegie Museum
(Buenos Aires, Costa Rica, August 21, 1907), is correctly sexed, it
indicates that females occasionally approach males in being tinged
below with vinaceous, as in other species of this genus. Both sexes
in fresh plumage are glossed above with dark olive-green. In juvenal

580 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

dress this gloss is lacking, the contour feathers are edged and tipped
with paler, and there is much rusty and buffy edging to the feathers
of the wings, while the spots on the latter are obsolescent and not
glossy. Asin C. passerina, there is much individual variation affecting
the amount of rufous chestnut on the primaries externally, and the
extent of the brown area on the crown. The latter is occasionally
obsolete, the entire crown being dark plumbeous or slate-gray. The
greater coverts and inner secondaries are frequently more or less
edged with white externally, particularly in females; this may possibly
indicate immaturity.

This darker form of C. minuta includes all the Mexican and Central
American specimens, as well as those seen from Colombia, as far
south as ‘‘Bogota.’’ The characters upon which it is based are more
marked and constant than those differentiating C. rufipennis rufi-
pennis from C. r. eluta, and it is odd that the form should have been so
long unrecognized. It would appear to be most numerous in Panama,
where it takes the place of C. passerina neglecta. Whether the gap
in its range to the northward of Costa Rica is real or only apparent is
an interesting question; if the former, it is quite possible that the
Mexican bird may prove to be subspecifically separable.

Chemepelia buckleyi Sclater and Salvin.

Chame pelia buckleyi SCLATER and SALVIN, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1877, 21 (Santa
Rita, Ecuador; types in collection British Museum; crit.)—BERLEPSCH and
TACZANOWSKI, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1883, 537, 575 (Yaguachi and Guaya-
quil, Ecuador).—TaczANowskI and BERLEPSCH, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1885,
Tir (Yaguachi, Ecuador), 122 (Guayaquil, Ecuador; Tumbez, Peru).—TACcZzAN-
OWSKI, Orn. Perou, III, 1886, 245 (Lechugal, Peru; descr.; syn.), Tables, 518.—
SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI, 1893, 484, pl. Io, fig. 1 (Santa Rita,
Ecuador; descr.; syn.).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I, 1899, 82 (Ecuador; Peru).
—SALVADORI and Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, XV, no. 368, 1900, 35 (Babahoyo,
Vinces, and Balzar, Ecuador).

Columbigallina buckleyi Dupots, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 764 (Ecuador; Peru; syn.).

Columbina buckleyi BRABOURNE and CHuBB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 18 (western
Ecuador).

Description.—Adult male: ‘‘upper parts vinous grey; forehead,
sides of the head, and underparts vinous, paler (almost white) on the
forehead and throat, somewhat greyer on the abdomen and under tail-
coverts; velvety black spots on the outer webs on some of the upper
wing-coverts, of the scapulars, and of the inner secondaries or tertials;
bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills (with the exception of the

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHA®MEPELIA. 581

inner secondaries) brown-black; under wing-coverts and axillaries
black; quills below dark grey; longer upper tail-coverts and upper
surface of the tail grey, the lateral feathers black at the tips, the outer
ones almost entirely black, edged with white at the tips and part of
the outer webs: ‘bill yellowish brown; feet yellow; iris carmine, with
an inner ring brownish’ (Taczanowskt).”’

Female “pale brown above instead of vinous grey; the dark spots
on the wings as in the male; middle of the throat white; rest of the
underparts very pale buffy brown, almost white on the abdomen;
under tail-coverts dusky grey with broad whitish edges; greater upper
wing-coverts edged with white; tail as in the male, only the grey part
with a slight brown wash.”

Measurements.—Male: wing, 89; tail, 69; exposed culmen, 12.7;
tarsus, 18. Female (one specimen): wing, 91; tail, 67; exposed cul-
men, 13; tarsus, 17.

Range.—Western Ecuador, west of the Andes, south into extreme
northwestern Peru.

Remarks.—Of this species I have been able to examine but one
specimen (No. 55,002, Collection U. S, National Museum, Guayaquil,
Ecuador), a female in not very good condition, and am accordingly
obliged to reproduce Count Salvadori’s very full description, con-
verting his measurements for the male into millimeters. Structurally
this species is close to C. talpacoti, possessing a narrow line of feathers
on the outer side of the tarsus, but in general coloration it suggests
C. minuta, differing, however, in its larger size, plain dusky remiges,
and blackish under wing-coverts—all of which characters it shares
with C. talpacoti.

It was described by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin in 1877 from a
pair of birds taken by Mr. C. Buckley at Santa Rita, Ecuador,” and
several years later was met with by M. Taczanowski in the neighbor-
hood of Guayaquil, and subsequently traced southward into north-
western Peru. Its known range is thus very restricted, not approach-
ing that of either C. talpacoti or C. rufipennis. Nothing is on record
concerning its habits, and very few specimens have so far found their
way into collections.

10 This locality does not appear on any map to which I have access, but according

to Mr. C. E. Hellmayr it is in the Guayaquil district of western Ecuador. Unless
confirmed by subsequent work, all of Buckley’s localities are open to question.

582 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Chemepelia talpacoti (Temminck).

‘“Paloma de la roxiza’’ AzArA, Apuntamientos, III, 1805, 20 (Paraguay; descr.;
meas.; eggs).

“Pigeon rougeatre’’ AZARA, Voyages dans |’Amérique Meridionale, IV, 1809, 134
(Paraguay; descr.; meas.; habits).

Columba talpacott TEMMINCK, in TEMMINCK and KNnipP, Pigeons, I, 1808-11, Co-
lombi-gallines, 22, pl. 12 (South America; orig. descr.; type in collection Paris
Museum).—TEMMINCK, Hist. Nat. Gén. Pigeons et Gallinaces, I, 1813, 421
(descr.; geog. distr.), 496 (syn.).—VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., X XVI,
1818, 385 (descr.).—VIEILLOT, Tabl. Enc. et Méth., I, 1820, 385 (descr.; crit.).
—SCHREIBERS, Isis, VII, 1823, 714 (Brazil). LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubletten
Zool. Mus., 1823, 66 (= “ Pigeon rougeatre’’ of Azara).—WAGLER, Syst. Avium,
1827, [259], Columba, sp. 86 (descr.; syn.).—DESMAREST, Dict. Sci. Nat., XL,
1826, 308 (South America; descr.).—LESSON, Traité d’Orn., 1831 (?), 474 (Brazil;
ex Latham and Temminck).—WIED, Beitrage Naturg. von Brasilien, IV, ii,
1833, 465 (Brazil, descr.).—LESSON, Compl. de Buffon, Oiseaux, VIII, 1837, 12
(Brazil and Paraguay; descr.); ed. 2, VIII, 1838, 273.—NITzscu, Syst. Ptery-
lographie, 1840, 157 (wing-characters)—TscHupbI, Arch. f. Naturg., 1844, i,
305 (Peru).—TscHup!I, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845-6, 45, 270 (Peru).—THIE-
NEMANN, Einhundert Tafeln colorirter Abbildungen von Végeleiern, 1845 (?), 57,
pl. 11, fig. 3 (Brazil; descr. eggs).—[RIVOLI?], Catalogue de la magnifique Col-
lection d’Oiseaux, 1846, 30 (Brazil).—SCHOMBURGK, Reisen in Britisch-Guiana,
II, 1848, 490 (sandhill region, British Guiana).—ABEILLE, Catalogue des Oiseaux
composant la Collection, 1850, 41 (Brazil) —EuLEr, Journ. f. Orn., XV, 1867,
189, 190, 196, 198 (Brazil; nesting).—HAGMANN, Bol. Mus. Geeldi, IV, 1904,
227 (Wied’s reference).

Goura talpacoti STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zodl., XI, i, 1819, 136 (descr.; ex Temminck;
“inhabits the middle parts of America’’); XIV, i, 1826, 296.

(?) Columba minuta (not of Linnzus?) WIED, Reise nach Brasilien, II, 1821, 341
(Cachoeirinha I.).

““Talpacoti Pigeon’? LATHAM, Gen. Hist. Birds, VIII, 1823, 93 (South America;
descr.; syn.).

Columbina cabocolo Sprx, Avium Species Nove, II, 1825, 58, pl. 75a, fig. 1 (Brazil;
orig. descr.; type formerly in Munich Museum).—HAGMANN, Bol. Mus. Geeldi,
IV, 1904, 211 (Spix’s reference).—HELLMAyYR, Abhand. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.,
II KI., XXII, 1906, 697 (crit.). ALLEN, Auk, XXV, 1908, 301 (crit.).

Chemepelia talpicoti (lapsus) SELBY, Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library, Birds, IX,
1835, 200, pl. 22 (descr.; habits).

Chemepelia cinnamomina SWAINSON, Class. Birds, II, 1837, 349 (ex Spix).

Columbina talpacoti GOULD, in DARWIN, Voyage of the Beagle, Zodlogy, III, 1841,
116 (Rio Janeiro).—HELLMAyYR, Nov. Zoél., XVII, 910, 416 (Calama and
Maruins, Rio Madeira, Brazil)—HELLMAyr, Abhand. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.,
II Kl., XXVI, 1912, 80 (Peixe-Boi, Para, Brazil; Cayenne; Minas and Rio
Madeira, Brazil), 96 (Para references), 122 (Mexiana I., Brazil, ex Hagmann).—
BRABOURNE and CHuBB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 18 (geog. distr.).

Chame pelia talpacoti HARTLAUB, Syst. Verz., 1844, 99 (Brazil).—Gray, List Galline

_

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH4EMEPELIA. 583

Brit. Mus., 1844, 14 (South America; syn.).—REICHENBACH, Syn. Avium,
Columbariz, 1847, pl. 256, fig. 1424.—HARTLAUB, Ind. Azara’s Apuntamientos,
1847, 20 (‘‘Paloma roxiza’’ Azara).—CABANIS, in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen in
Britisch-Guiana, III, 1848, 744 (Demerara, British Guiana; habits).—REICHEN-
BACH, Syn. Avium, Columbariz, Novit. Suppl., 1851, pl. 253b, fig. 3379.—
LICHTENSTEIN, Nom. Avium Mus. Zodél. Berol., 1854, 83 (Brazil).—Bur-
MEISTER, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras., Végel, II, 1856, 297 (Rio Janeiro, Brazil;
descr.; syn.).—EvuLER, Journ. f. Orn., XV, 1867, 417 (Brazil; nesting).—SCLATER
and SALVIN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1867, 591 (Rio Tocantins, Lower Amazon,
Brazil).—PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 277 (Pombarola, Picuypeon, Rio Janeiro,
Sapitiba, Ypanema, Tejuco, S. Vicente, Forte do Rio Branco, Para, Brazil;
nesting), 450 (Brazilian localities), liv (faunal distr.) —REINHART, Vid. Med. Nat.
For. Kjébenhavn, 1870, 56 (Lagoa Santa, Brazil; campos region generally;
habits) —HamiLton, Ibis, 1871, 309 (Sao Paulo Province, Brazil; habits).—
GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., I, 1872, 636, excl. syn. part (references).—LAYARD, Ibis,
1873, 396 (Nazaré, Para, Brazil; food)—ScLATER and SALVIN, Nom. Avium
Neotrop., 1873, 133 (Brazil; Paraguay; Bolivia) —GARrRop, Proc. Zoél. Soc.
London, 1873, 468 (carotid arteries), 639 (ambiens muscle); 1874, 250 (number
of rectrices)—BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXII, 1874, 247 (Santa Catharina
Province, Brazil; descr.; references).—ALLEN, Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, 1876, 82
(Santarem and Rhomes, Brazil).—ScLATER and SALVIN, Proc. Zodél. Soc.
London, 1877, 22, in text (Bolivia; crit.)—ScumipT, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London,
1880, 314 (duration of life) —ForsEs, Ibis, 1881, 357 (Pernambuco, Parahyba,
etc., Brazil) —WuiTeE, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1882, 626 (Oran (Salta) and
Concepcién (Misiones), Argentina; habits)—Satvin, Cat. Birds Strickland
Coll., 1882, 547 (Brazil).—ScLATer, List Vert. Animals in Gardens Zoél. Soc.
London, ed. 8, 1883, 457.—BERLEPSCH and VON IHERING, Zeitschrift d. ges.
Orn., 1885, 176 (Taquara; Picade Tocana; Arroio grande, Province Rio Grande
do Sul; Bahia, Brazil) —TaczANowskI, Orn. Perou, III, 1886, 246 (forests of
eastern Peru; Amable Maria and Guajango; descr.; syn.), Tables, 518.—SALVIN,
Ibis, 1886, 174 (British Guiana, ex Cabanis).—TRISTRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds, 1889,
39 (Brazil; South America).—ScLATER and Hupson, Argentine Orn., II, 1889,
144 (descr.; northern frontier of Argentina).—HarTERT, Kat. Vogelsammlung,
1891, 187 (South America).—KeErR, Ibis, 1892, 147 (lower Pilcomayo River,
Paraguay).—SALVApDoRI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI, 1893, 485 (Quonga,
Annai, Demerara, and Cayenne, Guiana; Ceara, Para, Pernambuco, Nova
Friburgo, Sado Paulo, Bahia, Rio [Janeiro], Raiao, and Chapada, Brazil; Bolivia;
descr.; syn.).—KOENIGSWALD, Journ. f. Orn., XLIV, 1896, 391 (Sao Paulo,
Brazil; Brazil generally; Bolivia; Paraguay).—ScLaTEr, List Vert. Animals in
Gardens Zodl. Soc. London, ed. 9, 1896, 465 (South America).—GeLopI, Bol.
Mus. Paraénse, I, 1896, 351 (Rio Tocantins, Brazil), 356 (Para, Brazil, ex
Layard).—Lioyp, Timehri, XI, 1897, 4 (Guiana).—Satvaport!, Boll. Mus.
Torino, XII, no. 292, 1897, 33 (Caiza, Bolivia [or Argentina?]).—GcLpI, Ibis,
1897, 164 (Lago Grande do Amapa, “South Guiana’’ [= north Brazil]).—
PINDER, Rev. Mus. Paulista, II, 1897, 165 (Sao Sebastiao and Villa Bella, Brazil).
—Rust, Katalog systematischen Vogelsammlung des Provincial Museums in
Hanover, 1897, 77 (South America).—voN IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, III,

584 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

1898, 400 (Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; Brazilian references).—HOLMBERG,
Segundo Censo de la Republica Argentina, I, 1898, 553 (Brazil; Bolivia; Para-
guay; Oran, Misiones, and Chaco, Argentina; descr.).—NEHRKORN, Katalog
der Eiersammlung, 1899, 184 (Paraguay; eggs).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I,
1899, 82 (Venezuela [?]; Guiana; Brazil; Peru; Bolivia).—SALvaport, Boll.
Mus. Torino, XV, no. 378, 1900, 14 (Urucum, Brazil).—FORBES and ROBINSON,
Bull. Liverpool Mus., II, to900, 141 (Brazil; Bolivia) —EuLER, Rev. Mus.
Paulista, IV, 1900, 98, 142, 143, 144, 147 (Cantagallo, Brazil; nesting).—von
IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV, 1900, 163 (Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo,
Brazil), 282 (Brazil; nesting)—Ga@tp1, Aves do Brazil, II, 1900, 379 (Rio
Janeiro, Brazil; descr.; habits; nesting).—KerrR, Ibis, 1901, 234 (Waikthlating-
mayalwa, Paraguay).—Ge«Lp1, Bol. Mus. Paraénse, III, I901, 230 (southern
Guiana).—LILLo, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), I, 1902, 217 (Rio Sali,
Tucuman, Argentina).—VvON IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, V, 1902, 326 (Sao
Paulo, Brazil)—Ga@Lp1 and HAGMANN, Bol. Mus. Paraénse, III, 1902, 319
(Para, Brazil).—NIcoLL, Ibis, 1904, 40 (Bahia, etc., Brazil) —Brucu, Rev.
Mus. La Plata, XI, 1904, 249 (Cerrillos, Salta, Argentina)—HAGMANN, Bol.
Mus. Geeldi, IV, 1904, 211 (Spix’s reference), 227 (Wied’s reference), 257
(Burmeister’s reference), 301 (Pelzeln’s reference).—HAGMANN, Zo6l. Jahrb.
Jena, Abth. f. Syst., XX VI, 1907, 42 (Island of Mexiana, mouth of Amazon
River).—PENARD, Vogels van Guyana, 1908, 340 (Guiana; descr.; habits).
—SNETHLAGE, Journ. f. Orn., LVI, 1908, 496 (Tapajoz, Brazil), 516 (Goyana,
Brazil), 538 (Alcobaca, [Rio?] Tocantins, Brazil)—HARTERT and VENTURI,
Nov. Zoél., XVI, 1900, 263 (Oran (Salta), Concepcién (Misiones), Barracas al
Sud, and Posadas (Misiones), Argentina).—CuuBB, Ibis, 1910, 62 (Sapucay,
Paraguay; descr. eggs; plumage; habits).

Chame pelia talpacoli (lapsus) GRAY, Gen. Birds, II, 1845, 475.—HEERMANN, Cat.
Oo6l. Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1853, 23 (Brazil).

Talpacotia cinnamomea BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 79 (Brazil; Paraguay;
Bolivia; descr.; ex Swainson).—BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 22, 220
(Brazil; Paraguay; Bolivia).—BONAPARTE, Icon. Pigeons, 1857, in text to pl. 121
(crit.)—Sousa, Mus. Nac. Lisbona, Columbe, 1873, 21 (South America;
Surinam; Brazil).

Talpacotia godina BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 79 (Brazil; Bolivia; orig.
descr.; type in Paris Museum).—BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 22
(‘du nord-ouest de l’Amérique méridionale et peut-étre méme de |’ Amérique
centrale’’ [error!]; descr.).—GrAy, Hand-List Birds, II, 1870, 240 (Brazil;
Bolivia).—Sousa, Mus. Nac. Lisbona, Columbe, 1873, 21 (South America;
Surinam).—TaczANowskI, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1874, 555 (Amable- Maria,
Peru); 1879, 243 (Guajango, Peru).

Talpacotia godini (lapsus) BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 220.

Chemepelia talpacoti Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columba, 1856, 50 (Brazil;
Para; Bolivia; syn.).—Boucarp, Cat. Avium, 1876, 34 (Brazil; Para; Bolivia).

Chemepelia rufipennis (not of Bonaparte) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe,
1856, 51, part (Cayenne [fide Salvadori]).

Talpacotia gadinaé (lapsus) BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras., Vogel, II,
1856, 297 (Ecuador or Central America [error!]; diag.; ex Bonaparte).

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 585

Chamaépeleia godina REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 16 (ex Bonaparte).
Chamaé peleia cinnamomina REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 15 (Paraguay; Bolivia;
Rio Janeiro, Cabo Frio, and Espiritu Santo, Brazil; descr.; references; ex Wied).
Goura cinnamomea SCHLEGEL, De Dierent., 1864, 208 (Guiana; Brazil; descr.).
Chamepelia godina PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 450 (Brazil; ex Bonaparte).—
GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., I, 1872, 634 (references).—SCLATER and SALVIN, Proc. Zodl.
Soc. London, 1877, 22, in text (crit.).
Talpacotia talpacoti Gray, Hand-List Birds, II, 1870, 240 (Brazil; Para; Bolivia)-
Peristera talpacoti SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columba, IV, 1873, 136 (Cayenne and
Surinam, Guiana; Bolivia; Paraguay; Brazil).
Leptopelia talpacoti HEINE and REICHENOW, Nom. Mus. Hein., Orn., 1886, 283
(Brazil).
Columbigallina talpacoti BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 124 (Paraguay;
ex Azara).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., II, 1889, 105 (Lower Beni
{River?], Bolivia)—R1IkER and CHAPMAN, Auk, VIII, 1891, 162 (Santarem,
Brazil).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, 1893, 149 (Matto Grosso,
Brazil) —BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1902, ii, 44
(La Merced and Chanchamayo, Peru).—Dusots, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 764
(Guiana; Venezuela [?]; Peru; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; syn.).—VON IHERING,
Rev. Mus. Paulista, VI, 1904, 341 (Paraguay), 371 (faunal distribution).
—HELLMAYR, Nov. Zodl., XIII, 1906, 47, in text (Surinam).—HELLMAyR,
Abhand. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., II K1., XXII, 1906, 697 (crit. on Spix’s type;
Bahia).—voN IHERING, Aves do Brazil, 1907, 22 (Estado de Sado Paulo;
’Ypiranga, S. Sebastiao e San José do Rio Pardo, Zaboticabal, Brazil; geog. distr.).
—BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zodl., XV, 1908, 295 (Cayenne).—DABBENE, An. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, XVIII, 1910, 193 (Argentina references and distribution).
Chamepelia talpacoti DALGLEISH, Proc. Royal Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, X, 1888-89,
86 (Paraguay; geog. distr.; nesting).
Camaépelia talpacoti VON IHERING, Annuario do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, 1900,
146 (Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil).

Description —Adult male: above, including wing-coverts, tertiaries,
and two middle rectrices, rich vinaceous chestnut or cinnamon vinous;
below similar but slightly paler, fading to nearly white on the chin;
crown and occiput dull plumbeous, becoming much paler and some-
times tinged with vinous on the forehead; primary-coverts and remiges
deep brown or black, the latter sometimes narrowly margined exter-
nally with pale cinnamon; inner wing-coverts, scapulars, and tertiaries
marked on the outer webs with irregular spots of black or dark steel-
blue; axillaries and under wing-coverts black; rectrices (except middle
pair as aforesaid) deep brown or black, usually more or less edged and
tipped with cinnamon vinous, and the inner ones generally more or
less extensively cinnamon vinous toward the base; iris red or rosy;
bill dull green, dusky at tip; feet flesh-color.

Female similar in general, but decidedly duller and paler; above

586 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

olive-brown, more or less tinged with cinnamon vinous, especially
on the rump and upper tail-coverts; crown with little or no plumbeous
tinge; wings and tail as in the male, but duller and with paler, some-
times nearly white, edgings; below dull brownish, more or less decid-
edly vinous-tinged, and the middle of the abdomen, under tail-coverts,
and outer rectrices (externally) often more or less whitish; “iris brown
with fine silver ring’? (H. H. Smith, on label).

In juvenal dress (not seen by the writer) the species is said to lack
the black spots on the wings (fide Burmeister).

Measurements.—Male: wing, 86-91 (average, 89); tail, 62-70 (66);
exposed culmen, II-12.5 (12); tarsus, 16-17.5 (17). Female (four
specimens): wing, 84-90 (87); tail, 60-64 (61); exposed culmen, 12-
1235+(12:1)starsus, 16-17( 16).

Range.—South America, east of the Andes, from northern Argen-
tina and Paraguay north through Bolivia and Brazil to eastern Peru
and French Guiana.

Remarks.—This Dove was first noticed by Azara in 1805, under the

’

vernacular name ‘Paloma de la Roxiza,”’ and three years later was
formally described by Temminck and figured by Madame Knip in
their great work on the Pigeons, wherein it appears as Columba tal-
pacoti, the type being still preserved in the Paris Museum. In 1825
it was re-described by Spix as Columbina cabocolo, which is the basis
of Swainson’s name Chemepelia cinnamomina, applied in 1837.
Bonaparte overlooked or ignored Temminck’s name, and called the
species Talpacotia cinnamomea, after Swainson, and described the fe-
male as another species, Talpacotia godina. The synonymy is thus
somewhat confused.

C. talpacotit seems to be quite constant in characters throughout its
extensive range. It has been attributed to Venezuela, but this is
almost certainly an error, at least so far as specimens and published
records for that country are concerned, which pertain to C. rufipennis
instead.

Chemepelia rufipennis rufipennis (Bonaparte).

Chame pelia talpicoti (lapsus) (not Columba talpacoti Temminck) JARDINE, Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), XX, 1847, 374 (Tobago).

Talpacotia rufipennis BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 79 (Carthagena,
Columbia; orig. descr.; type in collection Paris Museum?).—BONAPARTE,
Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 22 (Carthagena, Colombia; diag.), 220.—BuR-
MEISTER, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras., Voégel, II, 1856, 297 (Colombia; diag.;

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH4EMEPELIA. 587

ex Bonaparte). —BONAPARTE, Icon. Pigeons, 1857, pl. 121 and text (Colombia;
crit.).—-Gray, Hand-List Birds, II, 1870, 240 (Trinidad; Cayenne; Colombia).
—Sousa, Mus. Nac. Lisbona, Columbe, 1873, 21 (Carthagena, Colombia;
references).

Chemepelia rufipennis Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columba, 1856, 51, part
(Trinidad; west coast of America; Colombia).—Boucarp, Cat. Avium, 1876, 34
(Trinidad; Colombia).—ErnstT, Primer Annuario Estadistico (Caracas), 1877,
310 (San Esteban, Venezuela). —DEARBORN, Field Mus. Orn. Series, I, 1907, 80
(Los Amates and San José, Guatemala).

Chamapelia rufipennis SCLATER, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1857, 19 (Bogota, Co-
lombia).

Chamepelia rufipennis SCLATER, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1858, 359 (Comayagua,
Honduras).—MooreE, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1859, 61 (San Pedro, Honduras;
Peten, Guatemala).—ScLATER and SALVIN, Ibis, 1859, 223 (Comayagua, Hon-
duras).—TAyYLor, Ibis, 1860, 227 (Comayagua, Honduras).—ScLATER and
SALVIN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1864, 370 (Lion Hill, Panama; crit.).—SALVIN,
Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1867, 159 (David, Panama).—ScLATER and SALVIN,
Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1868, 629 (San Esteban, Venezuela).—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., IX, 1868, 139 (San José, Costa Rica).—FRANTZIUS,
Journ. f. Orn., XVII, 1869, 372 (Orosi, Costa Rica).—SALVIN, Proc. Zodl.
Soc. London, 1870, 217 (Chitra, Calobre, Bugaba, and Mina de Chorcha,
Panama).—Wyatrt, Ibis, 1871, 383 (Ocafia, Bucaramanga, and Magdalena
Valley, Colombia).—G1EBEL, Thes. Orn., I, 1872, 635 (references).—SCLATER
and SALvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 133 (Venezuela; Colombia; Central
America to Guatemala).—Boucarp, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1878, 43 (Pun-
tarenas, Costa Rica).—ScCLATER and SALVIN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1879, 544
(Medellin, Colombia; nesting).—SALVIN and GopMaNn, Ibis, 1880, 178 (Santa
Marta, Colombia).—ZELED6ON, Cat. Aves Costa Rica, 1882, 28 (Costa Rica).
—BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXII, 1884, 317 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).
—TRISTRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds, 1889, 39 (Tobago).—SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., XXI, 1893, 487, part (British Honduras; El Paraiso, Duefias, and Retal-
huleu, Guatemala; La Libertad, Salvador; Chinandega and Matagalpa, Nica-
ragua; Costa Rica; Bugaba, Mina de Chorcha, Chitra, Lion Hill, and Chepo,
Panama; Santa Marta, Medellin, and Bogota, Colombia; San Esteban, Vene-
zuela; Trinidad?; descr.; syn.).—UNDERWOOD, Avifauna Costarriquena, 1899, I5
(Costa Rica).—SaLvapori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, XIV, no. 339, 1899, 9
(Punta de Sabana. Panama).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I, 1899, 82, part
(Central America; Colombia; Venezuela).—Davtmas, Mém. Soc. Zoél. France,
XIII, 1900, 144 (Tobago).—ForBES and ROBINSON, Bull. Liverpool Mus., II,
1900, 141 (Cumana, Venezuela; Tobago).—SALVIN and GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, III, 1902, 253, part (Central American localities and references;
descr.; crit.) —PENARD, Vogels van Guyana, 1908, 340 (Guiana; descr.; habits;
crit.).

Chamaépilia rufipennis LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1861, 301
(Panama R. R.).

Chamaépeleia rufipennis REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 16 (Carthagena, ex Bona-
parte), 163 (Central American references).

588 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Chame pelia talpacoti (not Columba talpacoti Temminck) HARTLAUvB, Isis, XLI,
1848, 407 (Tobago; ex Jardine).—TAyLor, Ibis, 1864, 94 (Ciudad Bolivar,
Venezuela).

Chamepelia rufipennis LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1865, 178
(David, Panama).—LEoTAup, Oiseaux Trinidad, 1866, 366 (Trinidad; descr.;
habits).

Peristera rufipennis SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbe, IV, 1873, 136 (Guate-
mala; Colombia; Caracas, Venezuela; Guiana).

Chamepelia talpacoti rufipennis NUTTING, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 408
(‘‘La Palma,’’ Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica; habits).

Leptopelia rufipennis HEINE and REICHENOW, Nom. Mus. Hein., Orn., 1886, 282
(Costa Rica; Caracas, Venezuela).

Columbigallina rufipennis ZELEDON, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 112 (Costa
Rica).—ZELEDON, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, I, 1887, 127 (Las Trojas, Costa
Rica).—RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 215, part (diag.).—RIDGWAY,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1888, 584 (Truxillo, Honduras).—CHERRIE, Expl.
Zool. en Costa Rica, 1891-2, 1893, 53 (Brunka, Terraba Valley, Costa Rica).—
Cory, Auk, X, 1893, 220 (Tobago).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
VI, 1894, 74 (‘Indian Walk rest-house,”’ Trinidad; song).—ROBINSON, Flying
Trip to the Tropics, 1895, 117, 154 (Barranquilla and Honda, Colombia).—
ROBINSON and RICHMOND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1896, 651, 660 (El
Valle, Margarita I., Venezuela).—PHELpPs, Auk, XIV, 1897, 366 (Cumanacoa and
San Antonio, Venezuela).—BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XII, 1898, 132
(Santa Marta, Colombia).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 128
(Bonda, Masinga Vieja, and Cienaga, Colombia).—BANGs, Proc. N. Eng. Zodl.
Club, II, 1900, 15 (Loma del Leon, Panama).—Bancs, Auk, XVIII, I9o01, 25
(San Miguel I., Panama), 257 (crit.), 358 (Divala, Panama).—DvuBoIs, Syn.
Avium, II, 1902, 764, part (Mexico to Panama; Colombia; Venezuela; Guiana;
syn.).—BERLEPSCH and HArRTERT, Nov. Zodl., IX, 1902, 119 (Altagracia, Cai-
cara, Ciudad Bolivar, and La Union, Venezuela).—CLark, Auk, XIX, 1902, 261
(El Valle, Margarita I., Venezuela).—RipGway, Condor, VII, 1905, 154 (Pigres,
Costa Rica).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 280 (Bonda,
Colombia; nesting). —HELLMAYR, Nov. Zo6él., XIII, 1906, 47 (Caparo R. and
Seelet, Trinidad; Cumana, Venezuela; Tobago; Bogota, Colombia; crit.).

Columbigallina rufipennis rufipennis BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., XX XIX, 1903,
142 (Ceiba, Honduras).—THAYER and BANGs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., XLVI,
1905, 148 (San Miguel and Saboga Is., Panama; crit.).

Chemepella rufipennis rufipennis BANGS, Auk, XXIV, 1907, 292 (Boruca, P6zo del
Rio Grande, and Barranca [de Puntarenas], Costa Rica).

Columbina rufipennis CHERRIE, Sci. Bull. Mus. Brooklyn Inst., I, 1908, 370 (Pointe
Gourde and Carenage, Trinidad).—BRABOURNE and CuHussB, Birds S. Am.,
I, 1912, 18 (Colombia; Venezuela; Guiana).

Chemepelia rufipennis rufipennis CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 399
(Pigres, Puntarenas, Cachi, Miravalles, El] P6zo, Boruca, and Buenos Aires,
Costa Rica; Costa Rican references; habits).

Chamepelia rufipenis (lapsus) RODRIGUEZ, An. Mus. Nac. Salvador, IV, 1910, 282
(Guatemala).

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 589

Description.—Similar to C. talpacoti, but wings extensively rufous.
Adult male: above, including wing-coverts, tertiaries, and two middle
rectrices, rich vinaceous chestnut or cinnamon vinous; below similar
but paler, fading to nearly white on the chin; crown dull plumbeous,
becoming much paler and sometimes tinged with vinou on the
forehead; remiges rufous chestnut, tipped with brown, and the
secondaries also often clouded with brown; primary-coverts rufous
chestnut with black tips; inner wing-coverts, scapulars, and tertiaries
marked on the outer webs with irregular spots of glossy black; axil-
laries and inner under wing-coverts black; outer under wing-coverts
rufous chestnut; rectrices (except middle pair as aforesaid) black, the
outer pair tipped and edged externally with vinaceous chestnut, the
pair next to the middle often also extensively of this color; iris red or
pink; bill dull olive or drab, dusky at tip; feet flesh-color.

Female similar, but decidedly duller and paler: above olive-brown,
usually more or less tinged with vinaceous chestnut, especially poster-
iorly; wings and tail as in the male, but the former with the outer
webs of the remiges more or less extensively brown; outer web of outer
rectrices paler, white or whitish; below pale brownish, with more or
less of a vinous tinge, the throat white or nearly so, and the under tail-
coverts edged with white or vinaceous cinnamon.

Immature birds (7. e., those in first winter or first nuptial dress)
may be distinguished by their generally duller coloration, and by the
greater extent of the brown area on the wings, the inner secondaries
being largely brown. In juvenal plumage the young bird closely
resembles the female, but the feathers of the back, scapulars, wing-
coverts, and anterior under parts are narrowly tipped with buffy,
giving a squamate appearance, and the black spots on the wings and
scapulars lack gloss.

The sexual differences in this species correspond to those of C.
talpacoti, while females average more brown on the wings than males.
If the sexing of certain specimens can be trusted, it would appear that
some females approximate the males in general intensity of color.
Three females from the Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama, agree in being
much browner below than the average of specimens from other locali-
ties—a fact which may be of some significance as indicating the.
existence of an insular form, although no difference in the males is
evident."

41 It would seem that Messrs. Thayer and Bangs could not have compared their

590 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Measurements—Male: wing, 85-90 (average, 88); tail, 60-70 (64);
exposed culmen, 11.5-13 (12.5); tarsus, 16-17.5 (17). Female: wing,
83-89 (86); tail, 57-68 (62); exposed culmen, 12-13.5 (12.3); tarsus,
16-17 (16.5).

Range.—Northern South America, from Guiana, the valley of the
Orinoco, and central Colombia north through Central America to
Guatemala; a straggler in Yucatan and Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Remarks.—Curiously enough, this very distinct apecies appears

not to have come to the notice of ornithologists until 1847, when
Jardine recorded it from the island of Tobago, but wrongly identified
it with C. talpacoti. In 1854 Bonaparte described it as distinct, his
type coming from Carthagena, Colombia, since which time the
numerous references from northern South America and Central
America are an indication of how common a bird it is in those regions.
There is not the slightest indication that it intergrades with C. tal-
pacoti, and indeed it is very doubtful if their respective ranges overlap.
Mr. E. C. Taylor’s record of C. talpacoti for Ciudad Bolivar, Vene-
zuela, like Jardine’s earlier one for Tobago, unquestionably pertains
to C. rufipennis. All Guiana skins seen, on the other hand, belong
to C. talpacoti. Messrs. F. P. and A. P. Penard, it is true, give both
species as inhabiting Guiana, but place nearly all their biographical
matter under C. rufipennis, although an examination of the text leaves
the impression that they were really uncertain of the propriety of so
doing.

Chemepelia rufipennis eluta (Bangs).

Chame pelia rufipennis (not Talpacotia rufipennis Bonaparte) SCLATER, Proc. Zodl.
Soc. London, 1859, 369 (Jalapa, Mexico).—LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
N. Y., IX, 1869, 207 (Merida, Yucatan).—SANCHEZ, An. Mus. Nac. Mexico, I,
1878, 105 (Yucatan).—BOUCARD, Proc. Zoédl. Soc. London, 1883, 459 (Yu-
catan).—SALVIN, Ibis, 1889, 378, and 1890, 89 (Cozumel I., Yucatan).—SaL-
vaAborI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X XI, 1893, 487, part (Atoyac, Huatusco, Playa
Vicente, Teapa, Santiago, Tierra Colorada, Acapulco, Tonala, Putla, Izalam,
Peto, Buctzotz, and Cozumel I., Mexico; Mexican references).—LAURENCIO,
Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. ‘‘Altonio Alzate,”’ VII, 1894, 221 (‘‘region caliente del
E. de Veracruz’’).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I, 1899, 82, part (Mexico).—

series of females from these islands very carefully, as they comment on the absence
of any characters peculiar to the island birds. Should additional material show
that their peculiarities are constant and worthy of recognition in nomenclature, I
would propose for them the name Chemepeliarufipennis nesophila, with No. 14,322,
Collection E. A. and O. Bangs (now in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy) as
type.

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH-AEMEPELIA. 591

SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, III, 1902, 253, part (Mexican

localities and references; crit.).

Talpacotia rufipennis MULLER, Reisen in Mexico, III, 1865, 589 (Mexico).

Chamepelia rufipennis SUMICHRAST, Naturaleza, V, 1881, 231 (‘tierra caliente"’ of
Vera Cruz, Potrero, and Omealca, Mexico).

Columbigallina rufipennis R1ipGway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 581, 583
(Cozumel I., Yucatan).—RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 215, part (Mex-
ican localities)—STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1890, 204 (Tekanto,
Yucatan).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1896, 287 (Chichen-
Itza, Yucatan; habits)—Dusols, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 764, part (Mexico;
syn.).—CoLe, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., L, 1906, 117 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan;
nesting; food).

Columbigallina rufipennis eluta BANGS, Auk, XVIII, 1901, 258 (Escuinapa and Los
Robles, Sinaloa, Mexico; orig. descr.; type in collection Museum Comparative
Zodlogy).—MIL-LeErR, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 343 (Escuinapa,
Sinaloa, Mexico).

Chame pelia rufipennis eluta SALVIN and GOpDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, III, 1902,
254, in text (crit.).

Subspecific characters——Similar to C. rufipennis rufipennis, but
general color of male decidedly paler, less rufescent, more brownish.
Female also averaging less rufescent, particularly on the rump and
upper tail-coverts.

Measurements.—Male: wing, 85-92 (average, 88); tail, 59-70 (65);
exposed culmen, II-13 (12.2); tarsus, I5-17.5 (17). Female: wing,
82-88 (86); tail, 57-66 (62); exposed culmen, 11.5-13 (12.1); tarsus,
16-17 (16.5).

Range.—“‘ Tierra caliente’ of Mexico, north to central Vera Cruz
and southern Sinaloa.

Remarks.—This form was described from southern Sinaloa, in the
extreme northwestern part of its range. A series from this region is
appreciably different from another series from the Santa Marta
region of Colombia, close to the type locality (Carthagena) of C. r.
rufipennis, in the respects above pointed out. There is, however, a
wide range of variation in both forms, dependent partly upon age—
younger birds being duller—but partly apparently of a purely indi-
vidual nature. However, after allowing for all this, there still seems
sufficient difference between the two series to justify subspecific
separation. Moreover, with a fairly large series of specimens at my
command I find it quite impossible to distinguish the bird of eastern
and southern Mexico from that of western Mexico by any constant
characters, and I am therefore obliged to assign practically all speci-
mens of the former to the present form. An occasional specimen,

592 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

however (as for instance Nos. 15,268, Field Museum of Natural
History, Achotal, Vera Cruz, 37,053, Field Museum of Natural
History, Yucatan, 38,277, U. S. National Museum, Orizaba, Vera
Cruz, and 106,321, U. S. National Museum, Yucatan), is absolutely
indistinguishable from typical rufipennis, but the Mexican series as a
whole is obviously different. Guatemala birds seem referable to the
southern form, as well as those from Honduras and Nicaragua, while
specimens from Costa Rica and Panama are exactly like those from
Colombia. On the other hand, some of the southern birds are almost
pale enough to be referred to C. r. eluta; they are, however, apparently
all immature birds. Everything considered, this is probably as good
a subspecies as many others which have been admitted to recognition.

TABLE OF AVERAGE MEASUREMENTS.

Males. Females.
Species. | | | |

|Wing.| Tail.’| Bill. | Tars.)| Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tars.
C. passerina passerind............ |86 |62 |11.5|16 | 86.5] 60 TE7)| 25.0
os os POUESCEMS ere eleve teis: estar N87 | SOs5) FL | e526) S055 50 |r keSi sey
es ss OMAGH, AOS ao a 6 ae mae 87 so Wrr.5)| t6.D S69) 57> i inr. 7) | r530
+ *f SOCOVTOCMSISi «sane ees = | 83 56 11.5 | 16 82 56 TES ie LOL?
af 4 PUG ATOM ores ceri CoS oreo € 27 54.5 | 0.2) 15 72 51 II 15
st Be RONG. Mateus tess safe se | 78.4 | 56.6] 11 | 16 Ane ess Ir 16
pe te QUULENSIS As sme Se Oat 84.5 | 59 TL | 1TO.3)// 83-5) eS Ossn een 16.3
* ss BV TSCOLG=A ee Ria aic ho 79 | 55 | 10.7| 16.3} 76 | 51.5.| 10.6) 16.3
ia Me GLOLUTLL Ge ane manta, of anaes | 80 53 Tie2)| 16 79 ic Poop esata aan cya
oe he ONAL UTS oh alle sutton 80 56 12 | 16.8 Choe |G 12 16.7
he ou YOCHILGE eee ere eee | 80. | 57.5 | 11-1) 16 |80 | 56 |nx-3\r5.7
“ © jamaicensis.......... h82 0 Nis6 elma | per Baie lacor ver a ilnees
a s NSULOVIS: «9 ets aveloreiois ease S20 Wis nl tte | 5 sOn|. Sie il Seal era ars
os i LOUIE Nore oat <fael sve) 1s 81 58 EL.2 }/ 15-6) /(83554 57 I1.6| 15.4
ss af bahamensis........... | 81.5|56 | 10.8/15.6|82 |56.5/12 | 15.4
as oh CLUGUC Mea es cers is csnd)a vets 1782552 1 fO:8 15 778-51) 5310) TOsga|erS
GRULIUL CIN UULpetaieieiatetaleiicietete «1 os Oo Ml a52 TO.5°| 25.2) 77-5) 53 || LOs5 | D5ak
se aR ELOOGES, sneer ahas ssi sielol os TA | 50.5|| 10.6) £5.61] 74.7 |, 50 1 20.7 5.4:
Gabuckleyt= Gosden ie cere e e080) 169) || L2t7 \erSn sOle=k0 7 ee 13 a mely7
Cuatal Pacoia nt cacssilteysis esesiereit ee mee 89 | 66 12 E77 wal eOty | MIROL I2.1| 16
Cu VUfipennts TUPLPENNIS «00.2200 o> 88 | 64 L225 17 86 | 62 T2 3 iTOs5
+ aS CULE ees teh Oe oe (88 |65 |t2.2)77 | 86. |62 | pair) 16.5

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CH-EMEPELIA.

List OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED.

593

slalzldl zl sisi glale |
3/9)9/ S15 §| £) 4/6) as 3
Species and Locality. < = 2 2 = 7 : S| a| 8) °.| 3
= | = 5 3 $ | 3 5 2 a | = | : yn
1A} a} | ds] | A 5 | 3 <) s
| a
C. passerina passerina:— |
IN Ole GE CAD seven LAS eG oer Op aicittorho Olnicrs SiG ipicS o. cin Perel [Brel fom feel Woe eee , 3 Her i| (2
foi" AN leer (yA Rey tee ea er ee eee [teal stile mol ose
OLED ASSEN Pele sacra saith. ay tt inexe el | eA,
ICECHT ea Ene pec by ae GIS See Se ree Al [el opel | lle lt Seo Oe lee eed ee ba
BAGONG VOL WSISSIMMIT CC sia. oa /s ahscejnse)<) = ch ecle sulle cl ealllercl keteh Nore teach betel tere ieee ee
WKaISSITAMECVRTVERs — ah, sus siw a's fa ee weld susaecehe cage 2
lL SIE LG Giese near Oe Amen Ocoee ooeoD meccl |e 3
BUVeSLch ey ene ane vee ceayel vohorhaira si Gleb eterahe aie teyena allies I
(Palathcats oper ke Mae te ee ee seal ee | mele
VET COO Seetales rotens oe rete ee ote Sretnerecres| Are 3 8 cae
Oak Lodge (opposite Micco)............... 2|.
SSI Tae ho eter ok re toy sexe avay 8 oliate Pena cud Wiel shen et hell =e Fallacies 5) o-a|\esalle a lieees mie I
ING Wo SHAY IILA cctools ever airs tees aie inkaperepey sicko. & seen © Eye Le panel lfsted| eel eel evie' [rated avell ler-ei |<
TN AME RY Stee cree cnc te Sei onal ches aha exerni dies = cienere IS lierl| aie
PaAStasiaa LSAT aaa segsiabe erscine er ees ore Reh sfeicet Ae ede) |
MierrnGtis Inlet oan cyctnieis avciorers wien) ets stekeie leer ae ZITA te
SEAMISUSHINE Ss seen con nieve cra e walter vaiencns 2 wie ge Tie eile
ASV GUAR AK Crate Nercae fovea tcf otace acta slate te rel sy Wenerenesore nll I
TVCTATIO laypetn euee etn ehs este din, Sine eiees orcrsrs whe aie aS
MS OLDELUS aie loci cack lenen tials acrels (oh ayers avavers)< tees ioe I
Driggs’ Landing, Kissimmee River......... ata\lherstlboes |feee I
PERC R YT atest a cy erecta cfs are oe ais 6) ol. che beolsiie: cilere cSt [reve [ar ater | ete Pevoil tarred ere [fevalie e hes)s I
OUUR GAL CIEh ccpenetetavet teh yetetalstecaeasrarel svc refaue svereiliacelpevel lean erotics | areliareihecstone lee | ere 3
PE ACTATATIC Op OUILE Yseliseren creas the evalay one nics fo eneleso| ,eilleaireze|terell ce sees eesl ms ecsl tee fee | atte 2
Suwanee River, Lafayette County.......... ial [ bane lees otel| CN eet rel eosl eltee'| Slr
eM ATE REV SH Me seared toacleianctotstte fer.ccsTares Aullsall dh Shc Gil igs
AGameSvAlleis stress cde eenereihe O tee ctatoiofonttedstovens Al falelevole Relais
IIPS Soimil go Vee wo ano eo ond obo Ue. Ome Belles) fordlec||s Ts | Poeal| redl (tet ev
DALISIVIATCOMLS puetacie cletensistote sv cierstarcte chert Mopesst cis eects ae :
MS EOEPELOW En ra mec taicscle oi oiefeletsisiclcceltekal scllctors ales 6]. I}. .
Ui ALOE LUE Sa treet te Steieh actions ola tafatayelle folie tallote ale
izAiwachret OO bhilae eh Airc op Mae COS Bee Oom & 4|.
IAT ClOLC rye] sree te heraiate in A susterclicr cael ctetctetersteleteellla.c Selo sllelleolloallooliee|| ele
PTC AP ESLANLC ero cna eiicrelSicmnceie ois foyfclayokel aac otel'eteio Solel ls alle cllsalieel| el leslie he i
PACSOMIUUl Omer tcbae toro rcicrelsetafe-c, aie ftesclicts fe tetevare tal lerolienai| tere 'orel| nek a. s)|z Si{tn'< [iste TD ers!|taas
Ge yao) 3 ovata Gh Bee Seni CAME OIG AGH OTRO OO keen feed eee lene ae" Gi ene| hee
IM BETTS hot Beet BiG SI OE SCR cae RENE OEE RoR 4|. 110 os
Vira TiC tee Wee cue eters ten ater ctey steer ape reietaicte otetsteteveael| te. aifietellisceilierslra cilia ilies] o:0)| «= le
LOMA AMIN CU Sie severe teuslicrersisice cf hela stetersrosste wllehefellis-s||icre|/sisilters'||« I0O}..| =
EREVE WIESE threes "oral Ate solete: oer oharei anckesal'sievehev elevates I}. Bal | ae
GVEISAT OOS, Ae Mader al sreveiey siaisiets! isis art latetefatetera’e' el) 6 Atte Venir
Taig Spans! «ole Honor OnbonaOOnOe Sale toisl Sy fe ieee al 4 ley | Sec ea fo :
PUNE eI G RoR EI ORO OC ICIP EOL Cae atin P| | kev | kena feed CS) feo eal Peal ke) Oe
EUTICAN CASS ere Pot ct theese cel o/c Veise) Afonatefons 1s eVeres Zi ||:
HT OL CMIVEVEkG eaters che viavclent,cnewsiais\ + cvoyalayetete tess e's.'e erellte 5|. 3 -|-
ESTES LISS we ate tte fea teh ver lalate) oliscefats: siete) <io%si sere 4}. ele
WVESE MEP ILECIar6 by ia) Chobolays oi chn vveus oluleiiel o{efece/s"0)« Ti. |

594

List OF SPECIMENS

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

EXAMINED.—Contlinued.

Species and Locality.

C. passerina passerina:—

Florida: Orange County
N. Brevard County
INOtSpeciiied ee iar.r Scitteote Secs oe are storms
Georgia: Savannah
McIntosh County
BrorovNeckecs is oe cotecuence teaete ene Gow abe ie hemes
Sapelo Island
Giumberlandulsland sem sect c hier eee
South Carolina: Frogmoré
TWeadiyslsland 55s epspe 0 sastas se Oats Ore eel aaceunt
St. Helena Island
Port Royal
Danfuskie Island
Mount Pleasant
Gharlestoms A weceissic oket he eceese eens, She «meine
Maryland: Broad Creek
* District of Columbia
Not specified

C. passerina pallescens:—
Texas: Brownsville
Cameron County

Sauz ranch, Cameron Cows... > ceases ee AY ales ea

ETA Lal Oy ce tic eel as cc Wesco ere ena dies oe Stayeitee Ohare cles
TOT te larly is leles isvereucice oleicuste ewsyss Gurenes orate ays tay s
Corpus Christi
Carrizo

Rio Grande City
Arizona: Tucson
Forte Wer ery hci e Aeroiete aoe cotcteia eicretacodeteasuscece
UIIMACA CONM ences ea tee ae een eto tereteneaeths i
PA Gemiscee acs fee Pete fone Hate os See ere retold tolens
25 mi. S.W. of Ehrenberg

Santa Cruz River, west of Patagonia Mts....|..|..|. a ; :

Big Sandy Creek
Calabasas iz. Maras cciiiie ates euanarste states setter ets
Fort. Lowell Sic vocrsers ehele ner ae aie ter skotaene
Lower California: La Paz
Gape:- Sanlbucas.. eicetek, o nebo caste sists wie chalet
San José del Cabo
San Ignacio
SRPIVITIN O's, oe seed save cerbirevegans eEevene tere teue ete ehekoneh arenes
Santa Anitate. ii 2io0 die. hk) s atanel che iementeterere es ore
Tamaulipas: Victoria

Field Mus.

a fa. faweieile, ce e\ehel we elenepeeie se, oi|leixs:

"Dwight Coll,

Brewster Coll.

Fleming Coll.

|

Brooklyn Inst.
BOS ENES
Phila. Acad.

.|I4

Carnegie Mus.

Bishop Coll.

0) uD se siliteste

| Mus. Comp, Zoél. |

Amer. Mus.
U.S. Nat. Mus.

TGolag Oo on -

NH

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 595

LIST OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Continued.

|

ees rmailicsil) eels 9 S
lS) =o] 2) Blo] Sle <4 Heed fe
“1 O! 21-3] 8) oO] al SiaiN 3
53/5/O/O]4| >] 8/4! 8) ala
S|] wl 5] | S/d] 2/9] eal

Species and Locality. leg] S] 8S] 2] Sa] .| So] OB) |
Pics | ROR] seat SER Tad Tiere: | ed]! OES OH hilt
o|'s| &| = Olel =] £FI\S1Ol ge
= Zz @| vo] 6] 2) 8] 3] 4) ~| & a
QO) | | B) A] A] OG] RR] S| sy]

—
| s! —

C. passerina pallescens:—
Mamaulinass Matamoros ¢..sc02 oc secre ahs were Boake Nias eka au lteaell welsh | LOL, |, D
MAMIE PIC Opty of chet rial: sieate ters Laas Ghekdhlefelats afolete 7M) 0 Al hetell co. Neuss|| oes ea] eel 87-1 lest ltl Pec
SSELTIMEVEE TANI Olea) sis, crsin, es etere s kueis late tv vols ateletelere Pcl hovel eel Peake Peel Weis Rees Pesaedl Wesel ie ttl (ear
CaMangOn nt nce Panos ales wise Paton wiSagohres sl (col [co esol Levee be el Neer eee (eau eck Wl [ear
(PARI VO create costo 5 ena (acctserehd ova ae atelehibereleloe Vt Sol neal Rs Gl Peel (eal Neen eee lester fea Peace [lee
RIOR EUON ANT yevatecs, Sescicre Sec yd ave Sereraye WAS Repel: 3 GN lexedl he Fal estes ical |Socal Pes Pees (asics el ie
INGUISDECIEE Bacto cris tas kerehiva, cei state leletcte terehene sulle: hotell oa | hese lors eval Bea eel keel Poses | Sa
INiievonieon= Winares'. 0 cre < cris o sx shciotele crete Bl fe | ha el Sel eel | cel heal teal fis Pew oncs| fees
WEONECKEY Asc cse coer cfe wussat tars. he Sendred AS te RMT lle elle cil beta Ned eal 2 ns | 4 Ree Pec fee
Sac Cle slo uMtains cecscre. «sci aid clave erate ehclenere acc ead cted elie lhe ito (eect oat agen ite

Ra rater yt aye cates cre Sh cies cher baci oe Aare? ott cio “ly AUS AOR Ne ie a a

AG THAIN A Seen secs op chert sesso ates eet chehotent Aatstenat Re llerol rel eLetters lletoleke diame ses [etait
IB ACOACIIRL ae aes en ny ace rae tek Votan oer cher Fed Sees] | ieee | 8 nh ha ege ecaeal aes Peel lel

ESCIIM apa arae es icle Cierra Sonera one 5 El lecll Sallie aoal kes al Ral Ney (ens Neen Wee) fe
SOUDHERMISINAlOd 2.) asain oa cites si sioers ate 3 el alla ellis lho Ol ho-cHl [oun | hey ell cael erie eed here
lige Srity ls hase sa5 see pGic oo ane ORe Oem Aalst eal ee lee lie ell evolve licwenltece
ManiaeViadreslslandhie cies toe cs ie. ee PP eS les celtgpe lel eae lead e-< lheaM ers || WL
alisco-MeapBarcas -. hla ee oe es bello: cSt ene aval eal hosel Fes lee leigh leven hee
Guerrero sheiala cy vero arate meta ot orci ners oe oR Alleco! lecol oslo
TIOSTATIONOS= sles ae cre shel aie cacteieteisie stetsiac.«: Fel Salltedl sole
Oaxnca= Meliiantepeci. snice ieteee eheciicis ce < e Fe (eal eel es
Mountains near Santo Domingo............ Beeler: rales
Chiapass.Comitans sri srt ee oe lasers solivokers yal cece eral lok
sinrxtlaGirtierreZatsts eis sista tosses eck Sal heral lapal lesa lace
CampechesiCampeches: 2. scrjsckh eee cea. Bal eyed | cal Lee hee Ei Petes bel sl lrsees| tees | hes
WWilCa tasits hemaxe 4 wet Meer tek vce ecto sta 4 Yah \icetl be Sallie cliche Metacal emes Peeves] Pere (seal (eset (im
Chichem=Ltzavers, <a a rice a shoe attei Pebedeccts eel hea. Pelle Gall a eee hese Ree aed Ne ie ee ee

mRWNN HR:

IN OPPS PCIE tard potest a cig ciclo creiets, olcboto, o¥e esses Ete (ore etal ofenlterei|lers!lisvs,) cee [teas eS
Brush Hondurass Doledoy c,h .n. oss sacs |e] ore] oes evel fee) (© a feos Pe fre few hee
Manatee agzoon.s ct as cies os 4 «sleeves 0.8 ee [ape ete lieve: keaceil eaccll tov et laf tae rss sil ae
WiranlateesDIStriGes. sn adele doleei< asic shelels | dL ER Wl ia el se WT IS 0
Guatemala Gualane see. dactcroec eee ccs oss PH ORE | elle torial [eal Keral o eel (orc
BakepAtitianere riers rticc aside erelowis, cs Bi syle are lsroif snails | etellege [eral ol se

C. passerina neglecta:—
VUCALATy MUCTEG akira ais alas \e7otele <1 4,4 wloteleie ales ale [oe [is « icc Vee eke] be 2 |e FSi] Pot PS fee I
GEA Paes 25 fated ease cet o/s foals ‘nie soe» |, < |la's Hos [rated Pave Pov=i='|ta'< ise |) Bt EE

596 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

List OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Continued.

Be ey Re Rah enna Ip
|| "S| 9] 2] o)s/ 3] S/S] 4/5
£)5)/9/9) =| 2) 8/2) 8] ssl %
Species and Locality Ale] Pe Ele) else Bl ales
pecies and Locality. 0/2) 2/3 a a| | S| 8| ¥|Z
B) S| 8] 2) Oo) S|] a] FIO] gl
ea a TEES ev eT Sn Se eral | pl ej ee
A) | ao} og] AO S| AY S| 5
|
C. passerino neglecta:— ey ||

Guatemala: sMuenase vo. ing eae 4 cise es an ws 56 eal ee tere eee lera| lorliecaiioaltesllatoll 2
MOY alain GUC CH Ere paiciateis sits eieterets rere ele elie Pal dalton tee) oral lose Bl prc!

Honduras: Mouth of Roman River........... a eilte e Heyeifie allt tealks: ills el assis x leaks [An | Cane
Southern boundary, 180 mi. from Pacific} | |
COASER Relea Pcueton eos ine Sore alee raheretets lence I ao

INICATACTIASUCUV als so isrelece of criets waeicrsaislenehelcts re sis te co Thats cee] halal eves a ob fecal eamred toncol| ete Oe
Ometeperirnc cur sencirstdc chert stuns <iee Sere eka sens ere Bose lhe Pasay este! | ss | Paes Reco ewes Poeed eed |
SantRataeldeluNorteii scr csieaepenteie es cic ele Srelesrsi| spell | sj| sete tbcetod| trast Peers eurod [Ree A ee
Miatagallpa:: a stsciss i dryers oulomieere wars 6 ste Sy cil steal etie | ve acd) trod Poy | ame ete | eae (Re

Costa Rica Pigresl soos nieces wisi. waist occ enaiens Ae, | eae este | cel altar eee er oooy fool carer he
SanpllOseh cdi sorcerer neem ine a1 ees eee lesa ed femelle apt CON) GO)
TeosmGuadrosidewirazile cite eee ee ctoce I
Coralillo sige enea's alo passetegers esse casateve seve ek, a0 ais 2
MEMOVIO; cys btolgcacetalte ate ohcionsteea, tee ete eas eee cane ralens I
Alea ite] aie nat owe tual eeate ebay eaent eis tees sete Gielaea ter sierecs Jails collared] to o pexced|kests4| cee fenced | ene] |teugel | Psat
IM PAN ATES raaveva ie: cy onmtte Seal entity ohers! arene saueheiiererisietia.c Pied Neca) | ees wed ome sera chee ee teed Moa hen, Vin
FESPALU Als, gicresvece cusea tere eeheuaierscs citi acs Gohan terse a) one aval fojroi| eee |ken i vesred| = ted ke deg Gongs ome [Remade
INOt«SpeCifiedss7.1.\. ecsrs.o sieucters aiane sisters ere wterene ol lere stale. Sil te all ar clllene lieuell eral ete lle hese) Me
, . C. passerina socorroénsis:—

Mexico: Socorro Island...... Peta oNsie Te lol Fel chetauetel (jens 2 rail 'encd| ot lesrea|fertel|keoted| Oke tty antes ee
PressMariasiislamds 29. tesism seis aietee wis a).oiereie lat cell ancl veel eee es I
Mazatlan ein tere rey.ee ,csierte aveucvo ys Bears eiePere cere teswienell lays cites: hs bes [kell saat} Sil Paseal loge Houet| eet [fae

C. passerina parvula:—
Golombiam Hondas, <x. sioec sonic conn ese weal eke al icallieca iterate else lea letell eH RE e
C. passerina nana:—

GolomibiataimencZrreeacns heroes eis Shotesth asta ailell leis aries esl cll txrad| ateil cateed| NB Hemel AE oe toe
AtUN COLA ey seciiins fe eres oieanals Ghats S.scaielera' aie sileiais (lee 5 ol s:co"| fas 03] faice!ffoxcot [apa | Seach Pato elt Rettel [kets
Palmira, - S500 tieulews clecieie seis os care ailles syed spat {ol este co eet lee abel etted [Hees [ete
@aldas2000sfeCeti re cine aiaact sche: is she nis .o) wieil bes Aer kee leo teat altxaitieralh Slo

C. passerina quitensis:—

Ecuador: Cumbaya (near Quito) .............].. stelle ‘oll owel| acc, feve' SQ lheecsl esl teeet |p|
Riobam ba setstiveads ts caactee te etololvehe shote.cietar elias Bei esecs eec eec(OG (egsy (sees Leen hades S| 28
Chambo,(Chimborazonek «sete ee sles si el| = ail aie |Sa:c0)| deol ocelot] o- Dillons, ededl cael betel | eke
QUItO ss sierekeetees Renee ania aoe aralote cieke ctoreiral ers SMD | atccll oceil wesc 2c [uel tell eee lieeEsl eee
Zambiza\(neariOuito) eee eine creer enaliee 2| 8

C. passerina griseola:—

Guiana: Demerara. < otesels siete ate cee fe mialaveneus teatsil ote J alleeell cures ariel yell tone feces tenes retell tere
Georgetown « ai.ie cfelsccrale ic cy Motelarectteerslavetetsleretars 2 Fhe Paul tae ;
SULINAIMN:, ic his salad Meet eee eter eactctereee telah eis aves] Sei face] batieil a valli 4ecL'|lelra| orell Sorel halal tee
Brazile: Santarenii..%.ecnmce eer A eta Oe ES I 1
POIAMANCINGA 25, ok. ts lg w/ ora fo letohaveretare erohateret sis stehel shell ae 4
Rihomes¥Plantation\.c. cletscetinerhereoenerte tetera ete I
PATMAZON IRAVE). sas, s ele a iecs win iofele cle evelareerayetsiave iene I

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHASMEPELIA. 597

List OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Continued.

| > *
2) 8/5) 9) 5) 8] 8] 2/3) 51 2|
a : | o!| ol 5] | 3| |e el |
Species and Locality. |) €| S| 210) 5 bo) &) Bl vl
Sl s| S| S| Sidi s| 2) 3/9] gl%
BIAlS| £| fiaia| sia] al a\%
Saal Salle als aE Bie
C. passerina albivitta:—
NPEUPeeld =| CALaCady 045 feos saline wdle'd ctieiecgels 5311S | (ae ae ee I
(GaiGRigh As Rae Anh Ocean CaS BRO DECI Pare Rca Kae tes kee ecb ular |
Gin dadebolivats -penete yer eter cvelore ron evelene aie Pleas eel ay 2] I
Agua Salada de Ciudad Bolivar............ tlhe ollesllée| tepals tole aa
Potro ali cain sweet a Fi ar octets chases rateketa dete els {o|jie)/Gey ole (Wks ae iol) eee I
PROCUIYO; SE SLAdOVEALar crore ciel ells elaivicl erste sietcic 35||e-5|)c°a| (ro| fetal erect | enol oscil lool ac
CHT EMO CocoénodoonomodnuanacHooObDOr ae |Keae | 36] a Wale
PUIG GAM AO a oreo eases = cial cicheks ove) eva, cyeisierel e)eVends = Bee AN alle
Wiareatitar Uslandiy ccractorecreneteiercrererer cloner 5]. 2
Rorlamar, Margarita Island............... U\c |
PROTEUS TSANG ye rsis ncichs rele aes el ehetereiefaele stoic Bills eet
Los Hermanos Islands.......... OPO TOS Siecle feel
Orchillagislande ssc Bio hc crecs wie evels/er oel sy ekere e abe TO} eral Bilt
Blanquilla: lolaridise- arcs os cies el eere PoOuOc Thee Alle
IEOSYMESUISOS SIANGS <feacte acres) aint tener ile cher ors wAe le ellie
BNOG SPCCHEG co Grevexs-c chsistere vies ayavelecaywiere ere eins Salts Til
Duteh West Indies? Aruba... 636% sets ee 14].
ROMAINE Cierra teeta ic ie cas orstcisisiniefols oiglecs sis ececeneieles 9. 7
ITA CAO erae obra lt aree nici ay vere int srel ic fav ei stioltei Gust ees FANS | love bond lowe fee kcal (oneal le less
Sawowets CuracaOkrats .1cwisere cto sie sievole etic ctove Pal ltokes eel eeeallece lle. |lekel Sil Jes
SEs ALIIC Ky CULACAO io cele oileycr ets: letsheters cl eic) ore aioi| arell eye all eel esa|
Colombia BONA cc claccrte we «sere epeve! ciecateroleve. acts Braillo el aol ker cl Koes eel ee heel bee 1 Pee)
Sanita Wiattaees arse aber tee enierarsi onsite re ioteoere 2a||96||o olla'olfoallon| logllo.a| {oral toa | et
Santa Marta Mountains... ........0000.006 2 ae |e Pl
1.14 Ce: a I Re a Oa eR Pepa iibos ter weevelaie 21 eal al uel
ETCH ALA ye tte eT Ae ie een Be | oes rate oe etre eee liev| Pes secalienesdis |
Raramo de Macotamia<ic sc «jc <3 icine js sieves rales (Peale ele te calla baal ye
Cartagena tres elerial sere ete etal aba oFe} sie atsieuey ok etoiens 5:0]| cto] lol esol fa-c'| |oscl lewall oral bee oka loon bees)
Sava mill ay ees srerayorctclesats: ators oveiavolocevalel ash ovec overt F lee|\ X
IN OR SPECIE iets ci ctsre cx onery oh lei Naisyole chore wiecerei are lexi
C. passerina antillarum:—
Grenadatots Georee sae ciclaieeieiaei oe nGdoC Ono OlOoe Bee lieke
INGE SPeCCINeE ds perciate =e \eroey a cies crestor ere Sd0000% o|| Cll: Elicc|h2
Caracol BOSIES as) scls jefelveinie cie\scieicinle «ole ee : Tike
Belair cin sbicne Hac Got SAD Oot a AB Ga Ake 2}.
Elanvey: Vales dco: dere 's sjsies css ces ogstatat ech eters Sie
(ntonTslandh ci) acsissjorsciee-e © sie AHOOC OLS oe |ae | 3]-
Mustique........ be cas eres Se eee Ae eee
Bequia sINGustryn 106s) eieicie o> SDE OCEOOGSE alee ite
Spring, Batate. voc cciccic ote ees fevers site cel ohsiick otis eile 2). |
Not specified......... eapnlans Aare CAS Blfas (ealesoleels oe [treats
St. Vincent: Kingstown........... 56 see Bee ee (ee Pe lester baalecclie.ch Stet [acs
Base of Soufriere......... SET Torito clsteroreve ty s)|(ave Vonlereleet bee beets! Tl cjei's's
Chateaubelair....... peer: Persea TOP ; Ue I|..|--
Cumberland Valley.............. 522 ba et al He ONC ME a a ae
Ic SUCEMERE I earn e toale sca 5 wns s\e0'n > 6. ad Racoce

598 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

List OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Continued.

. . . ~ -| qe) n
é| i 3] 3| 8] 2) 3/2] e18| gs
2/0 O|)O] 4) 2 By A! 5 ais =
| o} wo] #] S| S| <a] o| bi
Species and Locality. | | 2) 3/2) 2) 3] bo] | B] 2 2
Biel | 8] sles el el Ones
| Blo] Steal | eM Netehl | Colles ISH leas
=O) mB] 5) A) mo) §) a 3 nis
| 1
| | ined]
C. passerina antillarum:—
Barbados:sB ath Sheba crater. eo1e.5 1s seusye ete teleliore stiar ate pla Mealtts [toes EO
Martinus Bay.) a. Ge wa efoto swine © etter neal oe sel eaten | au ieee level eset ees (mel
SIMIGMETESREV OLE sie t,.d nie ere on se wo clene octets Crane aets bags Piss | a4l ss raed feed toed een ane] Te
BellesPlaine wissen etek Mae eee Ba ale |
| |
C. passerina trochila:— | | ie a
Santa Wuciaw. cia citigaal say, deeuves sie an See 6. | elec eae ale
Martinique sc). cers ota t onli aee oe een eee oe BH = Eccl ellbene dl bated ee | en ee | ee
DominicasRoseat: Deatenactaer ei cere seca Fae |e | Sees eae fe ee te ==
Notespecifieds aS: peiame stse beet eters eae | ee Sie ical
Guadeloupe: «fi cen ceesesite Wine ort haute tena s 1 Helle alae
Désiradesss ue tees en ene 5|. Bae lbolls.
ATIC GUA’: fe cistueketeusve be Gtcitia emche ake eseeen eee ake Sais 2) ellie | 9
Barbuda: 2. 6 hircdeneceyess tae tapins fecal SMe apate cian aeheyene al ASie | 8
St. Bartholomew as orci s stl ctcee siete aoe uoieeieheken 1 ie | ae
Sty Ghnristophers(Sts iatts) i ons cic cee © eve creneyene OP alee lle somal T
Stabbustaciuss haces orsdicGiaboemosmea tele oucsane 8 Byes ete ate exe eel | | 2
SG OrOluxiy tai s.t wocteyty 2 ets ens aweh eunve to hereuciegerecsue tn cyeseure Tl wf
Salbal sterctste atevaas ency note rer eae se eaaie hee katevextyes cuteness Ath I
INU Beco Aamo oom oda Od oo YOu ban aoe Tl: | I
ARO COLA Gf votsas eke aid, Waals eve tate. ote otouslaewncen tet ansrting cy fee (ec Pete heen fees (aed fiat] ey (cas feed hc
Var oing Gorda eiaticicad eee amis Sere cee 7] ae a ee (eel Me et ee ea (ee keel
Sty ADROMaASa te aetkais s ot lonsus eis ioitne misceke: ocueeonsae oneal Bele seca eel er |feseer| Pest) ec fests fase 3) @
StslOW mye nsyc eae ons sueie ote kere eae betchagepeituepaneiaeiene eictlichoas| toed | Bread terse. Ral atten een Seca ee ee
Porto Rico: San Jans ac. .'acch sent bdie eased Pole Ale Vile at FAIA, | ales
Cay CV Oe ea tele temnlhetercih epost ones ns een neat Pee ete | ee (i 8 kegel tr Petes Pd Inge lfc
ES VE VGUITN CU Cerra peteusvedete sens fetstersts leeketeel eRe ershen stele leach eer eed ea fetal peel ake onsitasols olf EE
Martins Re tans ticriasrs peeks beta eae a tetenio ta Bs Al ete ean Peel Wea al lel cal OR clés citar
Lec ill Ome serehe sie tans ehodcve eo siene meueconeie icy oids| cs Alle velf 2 fice edtieat] esse eel koe | eves aed fee
ING AITO Y. CSI er sale mic ispove he cha ya Res Luese rate heme sieve eel eel| seat aealoraleee| a
SATA SC Okra: tien sactict a aie Sus Secs wie, fe oey stout feted oreaes se a: I
RiosPiedrass: wae eel ace tere iceman e nee 4. Salhe
SOUZA ss fe) avatates leyiey Slots 6 ray Mloesltctsk austen ore sesean eg onePeNoue sere Emel Wee
Haj ardor ian ce est eee ernie min tenietee os ctey peal gel teen egal eset een ae
GUAY AMA, fi ise ellsre ive: wus) eset e tte oesl sonar Gone lapels Seal le toll este elkexsi|istellbecll) gal
Santa: Tsabeletne i) eee po eee gue ul. hile
Wit adorscwscu) Mobs cuc a psuess vedo oretretonementiote etienenel| ovellceei|( 2 fosent ssi] te pee 4\.
Manat: 20 eee siete ienstortes hase ioctens skenes ae Sih oils
Salinast..o 2 %.0 wee vscepeneotehevsiese wove rote ee eeeeiels 18 ale
GUANICA NS 4 kre dye ste wake a Basaran toteretenene one the Stree) bs
IMATICON S, snuri Biroheue mpeteuciie Ghetto Geert veka ce eeaillicy allies Apa eal
GabuGoa. css. a.<)se acest ter ee eee A ee ele llealtaalecale sl eric
Gulebrax tec... 8 sos ae + Overs Cher aekoae oy Menererete ma oe =teel care scei fees ten Wezie
VEG UTES RN. telecasts oc Shake re tno Bhan atone eaehe tate en sel eradl eval auld Tomales lerelle Pas |
INOtrspecifieds f-5Me Subs tay ect ser eee 4|. heed Blige ipo
|

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA. 599

LisT OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Continued.

| 7 ni

| | | a ;
- 5 ‘ 10 wi
|S] Sl Ss] al ool] SI] Ol eS
al! Oo} | Sl alo al SisiNi sis

SIO) O1 Ol) >i O41 5) cla
a | -| iy | =| < ¢ ~ |e >
= F P = bo} & Ee) 2 al A Ee a
Species and Locality. | tol & |) 0! 3| “bo S15) sles
= Aal= ae am | C1] vid tn
=) A) |) O = 5
= —

|

C. passerina jamaicensis:—
PATRI Cel MII COA tie faveccl hetaieleteiavsiavoyene isha oat suatie: site Sncol Wo 8sl oer ental Hea Rta (el hee levied ea ai be
PARICSUMMAM SHRIVER Sig, cAonens sis. eydeeicisla silo diel oaks PD allbsvalloxel ld od lcs Ore ol fo rea ren PO) SE Pec
EUG DERG ANCONS S15 Sen cre fe ews cclePeiisle sien dueie Bred | emeevl ez)Nh tesel steal st vl lemee | etre vented bate fe | ee
PL be ae Vater haves cave sk are, svete) © al a. ohm ves eho Or cle « Sle lV Se Medea ed Rea fs Si ee be [ee ee
Lea / 2 Woh} 81 Ca A gis cae ee ereciae Bren Orie ene |S icell cea ibea | eves lero bea | crcl Fee ees Veen hea
Syoiev Glo. TPG) 2 Woe elven a ar aE ae ae too uo 5h ote nalts ol] calla] hata Gr |lGiq| fee Pec) Pe pee 22
INES e Se a Aes EN ere Ai Bt oo Shim crn sl eaecerl estoy abel eee Fares 6

C. passerina insularis:—
Grand: Gayman se. ; Ogos le erage toy oeuslereperc + one Diiligalls lio ellaalloolec Mos |oelpealto c
JE EOE arith ee nee omnia rama to cau dame cod 21 ol esc (Sieh lon] (ocean lor Money Meee fc foe
Caymang Brae peor tree coe ratio ins WED epee etticeealle et eyas|ior,|t-. oileetiods Leese

wn

C. passerina aflavida:—
SantopMomimngos Catarern a. eo nee tiem eros Allc-allnlolheral Bieter tn lel ke
le Kot oVc hike ca pies Sen eee erry ore Reena ee ne ea CON cel ae eo as aoe Pee (eee |e
SaniGheze cepa Prats ain pe eee tel SIG ia eile. 5 fer eal Roectecne Ponca Palette S| anon lee

Seiaiive) IDyoyarhay-eoln Ss.ae ns ae obo cacy oO dae c Si lfeseel fea lee | Pencil kewell eee lionel enalie elf se
Rvertarb lata tetany ts ee ee eee | tS lla hos allt olor] he Smee oral (atl Nene hee
ING tISpeci feds je. Fer to ore ere en ae lh cll Wee (ic eons be lees | 2
Eat elma Gime sete ie Sone Sa etek Se SAN alles ell Bl fecal feo lest Reel fewer eeel [ene kee
ISCCOUD MMe ics ee ie oie LT er ee tae rte tent ae is Bl 8 oll cecallié.c | oer | ten fede fol Patel fetal Popo bee
12toy ec hie) etic n eR an eo aes S eRA On neta le Xa | ews ered event ceed Pace eames Sea) (aoeeet pee fe?
Ciba sh olouinivae a ererte tt eet er ee ees are 50] | yet roles lee heel Ponca hes Pee fe ao ee! Jee
San Diego de los: Banos=-- ss. ss sac sees ses Tel ieee es 3s he Gl es | pea [eee eee ens eel kee |
HV ETHECIOS sort coe sor Sines sana ORR ia ohn wo A 2 MSs bese eels 3 bee meal Rese (i lies Neue
Ladi sFene (abel Ra toe ats Sony eee ee ASS EA cr CRORE In aie hee ictal beste besees estat al Peed Pereesl Pee Weare Pevecal Fue &
Ba CGatehinai(nean sactia) earl is aietersiis ale: BeAr tel leee | eealtcreslReosiltere'|paue [ten onl mal
NT OMEECR MCEGG oe pact fat aie tee tere eons ee atelier 5 Sl foe hes Bl Mave pesca Pehves| Lae Vice Pee fener
SM AM AID see oppor eet en ne ea eR Ne eee all Or 35 lise ks al hes eal ere Pesce bea bese lc Nese ke
CETTE ST ERY ieee eee ce eat cs a eT of 6

Santiago dex@tbare asa se oie sc sient omen snratiere =| eco Reto eal ee ele
GiantanamovBay. |e see. oe se. eS ee ia Petre scelieral a | ave em
1B] hl Gro! py a halen en aeseiaene er, ERE eae se ea 5c eval | es Seal ic os eves Foal Fk Pec Pe Ps
IN OUISPECLHEG cra. Siscersiesecname cists ie Piele Slalisfue Fo Ss +15) lens fates (orel hora iets Fad hoe
Pslerorep ines: |UCALOM sa as says .'ss2 vs aeleie ane nase Ee eal tealtene ey ot eral hate lisesi sec
LOSE AN a jeuetes rare ert orev ens ctn, sromiiafsrctete rnp aie .\2 £0l foc) fecal fated | coral heel herd Ione fac :
INTIOWAMGELONa, CLGes a cia schecieisiea cictete 05.0 ste oN Neale Bil ieves| fore Hove seca We bal A ae
SARUM LICE tapeeee tec s ar Peay, gM ketueevoi iui S oasvas'e'® 1s el ed (eel |e baie

mMaHwW-:

WRN

wn:

WamalCaceISinestOnens «sh si be ee ae ow ge eines | sl fae Re acy estos board Recs lee
ING SPCCLICU errs ieeter eh orc, cteicevssiemdre.s wate ave Min e| eel siefes|osts [or], Le e]aed ae

600

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

List OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Continued.

| ef ioal os a 8 ay | rel les Es 4

2358/2 Haag

Species and Locality. = =! a © 5 B . “Se 8 5 | e 7

fe aes SSS eS ee See ee ee
C. passerina bahamensis:— |

GreatsBahamaraaccciconte sande ccc ie eee ee 2 i as

VaN oPeKeVONe cts cick SAP a ERED CRE MECN SACLOR IER SED on EPCS eee Ne | 3

Greens Gayeen ma tit crore Bie meine CRATE eather Alt | Ball 23

OV ObEOS Gnd Ga.8 vin aoees POO ORO UTE een io Benoa OD. c Gile | Ralf ec

INews Providence’ NaSSalisisics ccisec s reels Sicaie rs 4). | 2) [-+|--|20] 2].
BU eRHIIISe Pet Roo teicae ne cee ee allel ier (Pallaatlesltao
INCESpeCified!. 0 2.0 his kine cnt a ees eens eee al hee eee eels {ig ave

Hleutherak trick see ten see ee ert on ea Ell ae Bia lai, oss

Currentasland isk .1-ter.5 cisco organ clei helen ern re lie Lifer

Gat Tish aia Gs oh eave sevens Meant vate Some nen eworeriotc ne ram te seme 2

Wrathines: Iclasidis oss crcrateete susie ste castecsnteneneear te alle | 3

Bird PROCk irs orc ow here obec ene eit ere I}. |

Maracuanayactrys crbreis sone eck cele Someta Tile Welle

GreateGiuanay ay eos arent Recrui hrs ol ke et nee | Tye

Great salei@ayviry Sovetcue waters ee oan eee mle We tel ios

Goncepcionplslandiiw. sicceaeteasr ter esntee ecm te crea: silo cess etal atl alisha | | one

ISG aot Oke higoarier teats Ah ese nye ac oer Beara tr mCRE CRRA Irie erat. | .|14

Gaicossislandst.eeaneieerc te lon te ee I ke Watt lbawe

seb ahatiasl slat Sugemeen ee ie teaches ete leur | S| I

Bermudastseamil tomer. vareternie ater oers cherie eieeet ee = tails Aer (ere
INGESD EGU ee lie Mset hereto cnsto cee alert te aja ote ll ea tats lect Rene)ltseell eae | 2| Pie ices pr

C. passerina exigua:—

Great Inacua:s Mathewtown. 226 oe vu cme oe J tell eee ated evel keel ig Pate
(AliredtSoun diese. net de maociees eiee leeaie ae I
INGtspecitiedita.(: on seltte hvnsi ete seen lom le 2! | ote

INGOT aes ar ep eee vem pan hsworeteia taxol state: oe ree ee ibe 15]. 3

C. minuta minuta:— | | |

Brazil RB alalalnmemcepsee citys ces sieetekeceie eiere co crsesaeee|ioceullare Mae ee Pea Per chee toratltcnol eS 2
Chapadase Matto GrossOm.: caiericee ees ele [sca lhena’| Seeley leech peel |e fewer etd
INOtSpecihied cease wpe tstee es oPadeeste nS 45 creo = aie lio fae lc | x

GuianasGeorgetowmesies) sce ee je cease eee | Bidens Sail so llece tered tate! etal ere tered lems
SUED CTI Re ee tree nt epee ee 2 APA Ale ole ea [ieecs acre

Venezuelas!Giudad! Bolivaresacece: s2.0- o 0 os seal rel liseli eel eet eke era

J ECV a biead Ba taetclal acy RIEL Ae noe ORO Eee DanC er (sete ene le salle | 2
Calla Ga RGe etme Aig act eens cette MOR sx

INOtS DeCified Ween knaete perce esto Resse ce shone as |

C. minuta eleodes:— | | | |

Colombia Bogota nets mtr terncuse toni aceon chee este leer tae | rseeall rel cell apes hs T)..

INGt Specified buat ncecercmiaitiens ee eet tar eee ee ealleeglie 2

Panatmas Corozale aes ce ace ee eee Mo acien ies a fe ool een
VATMEVITIA Sc ste sel scaler tebe dene one toes eminent Renee eal oueneenouees Srl vecoallssconlps: cod Rescodl toute All eye Nee
Gatiinie sees oS ohooh piawsads eke eeee Oe Ee ore ea Re Sele alles wilh
PanamawRatlrOad cree «co is/ecesene ope eich eterelons HPralt ecolorodle Re 2].
Rig ndion@iear Gatun) eye sae cries ce I}. | |

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAMEPELIA, 601
LisT OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Continued.
|] o13| #| 2) 5] a! 8) al 3
g/O/S/O/a/ 6] S216 ale
Species and Locality. s% z 5 2) | ; a Els c
=| 2| S| 2} 8) S14] €] 2/9) Ela
‘ Mapa Wicd aol ==) (tl am) end =e
. | = |
C. minuta eleodes:— |
RAM AIA SHINO’ SPCCIOEG \ occ rcisi's « sve wlecio a elope Sie 5.8] lenal ihe ee las ee I
Gosta Rica: Buenos Aires); <0. 6.5 ste ec ccisie yell al eget ie Rae ee
IBASOUNGal BONU Cal rerce wateicns S076 ts) sue keke isl eralomeye Mall eaeil a Ltt. Slit 3| 4
Guatemala: Los Amates. . 5... fie cle eee Fra eee etetete [erealetey ecto [eens Ta clea vareihs
British Honduras: Toledo District............ alta sl rel alice Sloe ieee bel ms fe
RWiamIACEGIDISLIICE. wecrele cede oss tise Setattintet ac ee Se el herall acl ica onal I
Gampeche = Campeche ~ 1. <n. aj.) steiseis feiss il S Alle placed (Sclloalleed]e | a fe
Tabasco: Montecristo................e-e000: Ge ania lee Ihe hs lari
| | |
C. buckleyi:— | |
Ecuador: Guayaquil........... Sec ore ia bro) toro lefea| foc | al elf osc em (eee Peel Fc
C. talpacoti:—
ATARI AVE SADUCAVE ane sis1.12 ote wearer eer alert one Std |srallo-al koe] |Sacl kon ac 2
IN OE SpeCihe dics. teccts s olor stotevive cia ie. wists casctore seeds 4 loved esearch kota bene eae fear Ie I
BOMviaepGMeCKtO SUALEZo cit tere ier -els el eteromet et SE)6 pllocllacloulla oleae
Pro wal Celt sata ete cia 6 cuoteig, @, tr cuociete sis assnye scree Balla. tac esicll kere Nees re lf Bile
DEG were Beni RAVCI rs sisi © . sittss. ssenle ln tne vie che eee ercllamell camel eal lisse arse liens ll lens
Brea eB a avats ok yes aes k dite ia saci cis erect ariel fetes, eeeeeal eoted lectet[peotel lis 2| 3
(SADIE) aor claro 2 aC i a a RR ae A OP ea Le eer teal ee) Onae
SENTLGT Soy ka ee Bc a Bd les te (CT tose Jee Pa ae ayer
EYYATTA ANA CET Abaya erags one Ate. sss td soc estes) wife. ls esmtee. = Wel ebieass| te Salle
MACtOnIA Se SAO AMON aioe claves o- siees +e eche he soil eve? les :
SPE DASLIAO OAORME AU ORE tere e.- teiel cele. «ise nie rs cee 2 atin
Macelo Bay... <. 2). “+, 2onEE Ie One eid Salen eles lea enellexe tsetse 2 ale
BARE AV Ode aa eere fetcis arelrte cceie serait on ieee ces Petal eres ee | iced | 51° Pe ee UI a Re Re
INGERSPECIIeC errr teite tebe ee esi te oes ome ce Sys lee eee eee | pe esiel |pemeetse | |
GilianasGaVvelnes a. mkis 6 tis cene cafes © oe bl bce cerns te [reac eee ere erall ses Ele
SEE TRUCA TIM age Sr Ratt ee eee yee Le os alas ei are de fun Belle |
INDE SpeCihed Sry = see Sas oie rye Seistesecls ais 1 le
C. rufipennis rufipennis:—
ANG OY 55 lors 2.5 ee Oe uo Dis GO OIG ROOT EEO Oar 6]. wali Peale Ti 2
PREVI AGA CALETA RC nee testa eiiey alc orale vets nucle Byers a Papen ey ieee ieee [teres | aaeen|| PE’ leurs |tatei| ras eile
(CADET AiG Lo ee USE eit y BdU0.4 Coop o ter Si le.c) feo] [dl lor rele-al poral level inl ee
TOVITICELOWIN a in eieioie ekche terete ete seceuoks eidnate. ots 5 Sl kost oi hosel cect kero heel Rexel leaker
INO EIS DECINE Cet a a, <sevtele eas wale Gravois Byes eLeyer eis pail eeitressiltate lees Al fab:
Menez lela GalCAr aa see stare cree Sele cacieve, sioile sins Selo kocal feel laa llc Me
El Valle, Margarita Island................ 43 |r eae Se lselled 2
ILE Ie WEN ein as Re Seaport GU OO TO era 11 | patel lors tard ke Heres fave age ret
GericttACO dr eet ee oe sia, vie Ce reenscctsi cle, tice lees Hollegl ae el teal fe alle 2\.
SiAvICOMPMLACOW ALA. ter. esis oi ies sien e's: alle 2}.
CALACAS MRS te eae nie oo s sists isis De ass 7. .| ed tae
Amizoatesui, estado Ward. s2.jcocs 6 oe cece s eed ee eae vt he ais
NERA h a hel ICI E Roe lP oe Ween cies Backes a CR RIOIC (IGT Fee | eval ees
WARE AT ACIIE. ie hc Se ance be coe ses ois e's Ea ale |
S2ia JORGE oe bao tno Joe Hee OOO ne ee keolle ol ie al ical ie be El 56
Nolleros (near Mérida).............-.eee0- eee essed I

602

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

List OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Continued.

Species and Locality.

Field Mus.

C. rufipennis rufipennis:—

Dwight Coll
Fleming Coll.

Brewster Coll.

Phila. Acad.
Carnegie Mus.

Brooklyn Inst.
| ~ Biol. Survey.

Bishop Coll.
| Mus. Comp. Zodl.

|

Amer. Mus.

U.S. Nat. Mus.

Venezuela:s@rope; Zuliac. 6. go sic snes cle PHBA eel Lae bare lees feu bea tal Scitic

HcontradosscZuUliass serch oe cicucet cieisiepets teeter Si revert eral ee orl fecea kes] eure ees eal eal
ColombiasgBovotacc a. oct: oie cars ee ener Syed [ee rl eu seco eater [eae etc ees

LONG appa ses ak cortisol Ee Foil fees | abel ke easel ce tome
Ganrcuetatiy yes, faster cies setae ee En atl ascii ee al bapll ted epee
Savanill ae seg once. 28h ah bg uedees cain a merce ee Seeilio chavo henel ee (ker oll Mee aloes
BITE DIOMVACION na Seczees ceteciet or as a ree heen opr eneens J Alcealltealheusd tore eA ores ee
Ghirtaaen 4 tok Gane tek ee a ee 2a SN el] (Pe [elas
[ear Goncepcion;..) wits aerate oa eee ieee Vesela Seice seer eucealtoes| Ned | ees lites
SantarNlartas este ee ere eee Bay TF is VP te Wsaey kn hee
Cauca sVialley: taeda rie cater tasko ee oe keene bess fcses] Wears ees cer | eal fe,
BONGa sj. isc s Dencthacsttomeer ss cyens S aee takers ocaaee onS)| eke Real eal eecia.6

Rio

Miasimga Vile] ain ale Syaerectiasa rep snes outsole 2 ates aso" oc feerl hebe | earl ge ke yates [toca totes |e
Giena Ga 4a heny Acreiee tierra eget eee ee a esse lest ese |e Les eed Vr ledges

Cali

Palmira, (s5ooweet sr js tc.aw ois, cca eken en rien Pe Sel scale ale ae

Kast.ot- Palmira; OSOOMeetanunn.). faeces ole pa eM eal ne

Not

San

Womadel’Leom (lion Hill. ieee salen alee
Rearlblislands ie ies cae neers ler Mee orcas etait Ae ieoc etl heel haat

Rio Indio. (near <Gatun)).... 200 occas ce ee eu aol coral (ced ieee lla ale ally
SPCCIMEl. gaya Seer okcreue snes axed ereee tance nsyona Bae a eal eas hts | nc het ceo far
CostasRicais San Ose ses cst Gee eke Bek enetaceann See 15 |Gesl eas lea eaalcealesealts

Miravallles: fcc aensaa bs ue apace Sees ees EH NGPA (ENG foro oo eae

Not

PI SKES oid citctece She eee cae ae Ae ele SE Uli cis Silt akslyiae ee alee pa
Nicaraguat;@binandegae sways eci-teictarcusicce ei shes Ba Keele sl ses pact rel sc seca ee f
Geronimo nese ane sere eases ia ee een lee |e eae (ee [ciel aarp peel geal APoll'esc
PenayBlancatct a saijeaceh ache ei tevsiseeeiteee ees Fated hed Parsi erel eo coe ae alo
ES matlio'ss.2, sa aes ect i cee Albeo feel Vecesd beeseal fete eel eeiesl Meecal oo hc
Miatagal parc. fo hictus vache my te cha ale abe teeneusacnene Salle locas atl lee tales iaalls <
RiowGrande:.... <.fcaes sara eyes kere ene Fs (esl esd West Vai tet ae lice i
0 OY ih |

San

San

Specified ea. A uerattan tere RM Bree rosea caso 7 es (eres ae Il co tel Hall. p lo’
Panamar Calobre. aa carcrssacts on ening at cwiee ean 5s cll hall steal ghd: | baprcll Monell eee tes tkeeees ered | eae
Vera guax.: < Siich cent cece neon a her He eset Vege Vesna eee | ee eral Py lta
DavidsuGhiniguicabtke ee caer ere eae spilhsva tion. 2 euolliatalleesi te renin [erm
Divala Chinigiutis. ce cei: calede ce crests ee aise Re eeclllene mene [ieee Weseleede
Miigiwel@lislarrclashe.© siereas eucieesenarciatrsteieienen: See,

HWWDNH:

PNWNHHA:

NHR aR:

Topp: A REVISION OF THE GENUS CHAEMEPELIA.

List OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Continued.

Species and Locality.

Field Mus.
Dwight Coll.

|
|
:

C. rufipennis rufipennis:—

FIOHCUPAS® MU TURT IO sie curd a eer tieie. 2 Siete tt Ries ora a [ae Foe Fe Seg

Cratemalas Giualanied..... ume cole cree eps CWE leRltuell cote |e des,
WoseAmates mi zabale wien ty cine Ak deur ee Hes NB al Sees Veet keel lesa Cie Rete
IMIG Sb 0a Sa ed Ra eS 323 so ieeeal eReS| (eee on Nee oc |

WaAnMOSe PEISCUINtlal.§ ci metas clas cage tare ee a [ag es se ca PU UP
INOUE PECINEO). rare ata decrees Sreletc rac chete tie ween sc] he ello hace Sa || C8 I (ees eee aed hae
VOU CALEILOR Aoiend citar ROE otic a ee cits TCH 92s hovel beach | ced |e (eae cts ee eel ec

C. rufipennis eluta:—

@ampeche: Campeche. .< 20. go s6c. 2.28. ce Aes eae kent tac
Tabasco:.San Juan Bautistax G5. 0.0... 2-08 eve Worelletaa tocol toe

Chiapas: Huehuetania ne fic recta «hon eon sacs :

SUF eArT cL QUIN Pes ccrayareretovays cseas Syseach ts See tue A oops eens een alt

IVLOEZOLOUSOR ceases dass tees eel ee nek aes roloret (otal iso teal) eral bead ae
Onze sesnenetas srMas nt eof aaws axe teteyay oie wos os [eerrellfe cotlvezcolll oseal feel ioral eed ezetlt
PMLACOCAl Mati vere iepeturee oe pacts lever sPorcl bets ote eerte,| or Baltcole chat bnioe | ctehee leis
Oaxaca MMIXtEDE Cape Huhta ees te sh tlre Fe hoa heer eee
Guerrero: AcapulcOnge.. co ts Bo eo Bd eee tour aleraltatlss

EE OIC OPINTIGUOR tc iets rele, i Siar clas lta e aearcr ate a elle mralenettevaliats poser val
“eeGolimg: Plaitis of Colima .......:........5../. bol hotel eo fea kel ewe Ieee le
STE LG A S21 05) (cr ee a re Seiler aited fre [eels falta
POSE PIES s< Pekar e e AE AO antes Mescanolllee! eels OR eae el a
ISOSSAtES ies itive: cect Se Ric, Stage neat ok ete lfavellRatosthenallley-cy|betedlieraifiesetl esi|les)|

Miulcavatt aaViega Rty.. ce rman ans ame aan ae a ese eth lyche eles
ozrmel Aslan dik t ances ae Cases ee epee ne ee 155] Loot feof ore hares kobe Deca te eal bees Fi

ME RDECIR CA, Agere tinea ished |e ‘el ess ea PD We

Mus Comp. Zoil.

Brewster Coll.

Fleming Coll.
Brooklyn Inst.
SBiol Survey.
_ Phila. Acad.
Carnegie Mus.
Bishop Coll.

HW HW

Hw

“Hacienda Magdalena’ (Xantus)............ Ve scsl f l Plpereaee (era Nea Need fee tee Be (ge

603

Amer. Mus.
Nat

MLE esa

Ww:
Lal

INDEX.

aberrans, Paradichroplus, 138, 500, 502,
503
Abila, 485
smaragdipes, 96
Abracris, 490
ceruleipennis, 108, 109, 110
chapadensis, 108, 109
conspersipennis, 108, 109, I10, 491
dilecta, 107, 108
meridionalis, 108, 109, III, 491
nebulosa, 108, 109, 491
signatipes, 107, 108, III
Synopsis of the species of, 107
Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, 191
acanthogaster, Deuterodon, 179, 180
Acridiide, 42, 442, 460
Acridium albipes, 63
alutaceum, 495
coxale, 488
cruentatum, 59
dux, 64
ensicorum, 9
flavolineatum, 505
inscriptum, 494
olfersii, 63, 475
(Osmilia) flavolineatum, 505
violacea, I41
violaceum, 505
paranense, 495
(Podisma) arrogans, 132
fraternum, 132
punctatum, 448
sanguinipes, II5
(Schistocerca) columbinum, 492
pallens, 127
peregrinum, 495
semirubrum, 475
serratum, 43
tarsatum, 59
velasquezii, 63
vitticeps, 98
Acridoidea, 423
Acrydium acuminata, 38
acuminatum, 37
zeneo-oculata, 115
alutaceum, 495
carolinum, 457
dentatum, 43

Acrydium flavofasciatum, 126
flavolineatum, 505
punctatum, I5
sanguinipes, II5
serratofasciatum, 43
tarsatum, 59

| acuminata, Acrydium, 38

var. brevipennis, Ccelopterna, 37,
459
Cceloptera, 459
Proscopia, 436
acuminatum, Acrydium, 37, 459
acuta, Orphulina, 21

| acutissimus, Medionidus, 336

acutus, Corydoras, 397, 407
Adelotettix, 484

brunneus, 97, 98

collaris, 97, 98

obscurus, 97, 98

Synopsis of the species of, 97

| Adimantus, 485

ornatissimus, 489
vitticeps, 98
adspersa, Truxalis, 9
adspersum, Decapogon, 390
adspersus, Callichthys, 390

| eneo-oculata, Acrydium, 115

Vilerna, 115

zneum, Hoplosoma, 404

zeneus, Corydoras, 385, 396, 403, 404
Hoplosoma, 404

| equalis, Leptomerinthoprora, 114

zequinoctialis, Craspedoprion, 207
zsopus, Plethobasus, 259, 260, 261
affinis, Diedronotus, 49
aflavida, Chamepelia passerina,
522, 561, 565, 572, 592, 599
Chamepelia, 562
Columbigallina passerina, 562

517,

| African Buffaloes, 381

Agassiz, L., 262
agassizi, Corydoras, 399
agassizii, Corydoras, 409
Agostini, S., 193, 366
Alasmidonta, 278, 280, 294
heterodon, 295, 296
marginata, 297
minor, 295
undulata, 295, 296, 207

604

INDEX.

alata, Proptera, 333, 334
albipes, Acridium, 63
Titanacris, 63
albivitta, Chamepelia, 552, 554
Chemepelia, 533, 552, 554
passerina, 517, 522, 523, 545,
559, 551, 555+ 557) 572, 592,
597
Pyrgitoénas, 552
albojubatus, Connochetes, 193
albolineata, Ophthalmolampis, 476, 477
albopictus, Zosperamerus, 94
Alcamenes brevicollis, 44
brevipennis, 44, 46
clarazianus, 44
cristatus, 44,45 *
granulatus, 44
lobipennis, 44, 45
marginipennis, 46
Synopsis of the species of, 44
Aleuas curtipennis, Tor
brachypterus, 100
gracilis, 1or
lineatus, IOI
vitticollis, 100
Algete brunneri, 41
Allen, Dr. Glover M., 508

Prof. Hamilton Ford, Two Mummy |

Labels in the Carnegie Museum,
218-221
Dr eae 20075055) 551
Allotettix bolivianus, 425
cayennensis, 425
chapadensis, 425, 426
alongibarbis, Dianema, 392
Alota, 446
boliviana, 454
Alter, Dr. David, a nearly forgotten
Pennsylvanian, who was the first
discoverer of spectrum analysis. By
W. J. Holland, 215-217.
altus, Clupea, 373
Diplomystus, 374, 378
alutacea, Schistocerca, 495
alutaceum, Acridium, 495
amazilia, Chamepelia, 574
Chzeemepelia, 575, 578
Pyrgitoénas, 575
amazonus, Paurotarsus, 429
Amblyscapheus, 445
glaucipes, 31
lineatus, 31
Amblytropidia, 23, 445, 450
auriventris, 25
australis, 25, 26, 27
chapadensis, 25, 29, 251
corumbe, 25, 28, 451
costaricensis, 25
elongata, 25

Amblytropidia ferruginosa, 24, 26
geniculata, 25, 26
ingenita, 26
interior, 26, 28, 29, 457
magna, 24
minor, 25, 26
mysteca, 26
robusta, 25, 29
subconspersa, 26
trinitatis, 25
vittata, 25, 29
American Philological Association, 191
americana, Schistocerca, 125, 126
Amethyst geode, 383
amphibelus, Corydoras, 398, 408
Amygdalonaias, 303, 305, 327, 255
cognata, 328
elegans, 328
Anablysis fusco-maculata, 118
pantharina, 118
analis, Diplomystus, 374, 378
Hemigrammus, 163

_ Anchotata, 431

Anchotatus, 430, 432
andeanus, Paradichroplus, 499
angulatus, Diedronotus, 461
Tropidonotus, 50
Tropinotus, 50
angustipennis, Coryacris, 53, 462
Elezochlora, 53, 462
angustirostris, Tetanorhynchus, 435
Anisits, J. D., 384
anisitsi, Hyphessobrycon, 158
annectens, Pheugopedius macrurus, 205,
Anniceris, 485
ferruginea, 491
ferrugineus, 490
Annulus ventralis, 414
Anodonta, 279
cataracta, 293
complanata, 288, 289, 290, 20r
cygnea, 286, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292
decora, 292
grandis, 291, 292, 293
henryana, 291
imbecillis, 291, 292
lewisi, 292
ovata, 292
plana, 292
Anodontine, 224, 226, 227, 230, 273,
278, 285
Anodontoides, 278, 280, 293
ferussacianus, 204
anodontoides, Lampsilis, 346, 353
antillarum, Chemepelia passerina, 517,
522, 555, 557» 563, 592, 597, 598
Chamepelia, 556
Aphyocharacine, I71
apiculata, Quadrula, 254

606

Apioscelis, 431
Apolobamba, 445
pulchra, 452
aquaticum, Paracornops, 85, 482
Archaeological Institute of America, I9I
Arcidens, 278, 279 ;
confragosus, 284, 285
arcifer, Callichthys, 387
arcuata, Eleochlora, 55, 463, 465
ardosiacus, Myiochanes ardosiacus, 209
argentina, Leptysma, 72
argyrotis, Penelope, 213, 214
Pipile, 214
armatus, Callichthys, 406
Corydoras, 395, 396, 406
Arnilia, 77, 79
coccineipes, 80
cylindrodes, 479
gracilis, 79
interior, 81
viridis, 80
Arremonops conirostris canens, 199
superciliosus, 199
tocuyensis, 198, 199
venezuelensis, 199
arrogans, Acridium (Podisma), 132
Dichroplus, 132
Pezotettix (Dichroplus), 132
aspera, Quadrula, 251, 253, 254
Aspidoras rochai, 394
Astroma, 430, 433
Astyanax bimaculatus nove, 175
eigenmanniorum, 179
fasciatus, 164
guaporensis, 176
gymnogenys, 179
intermedius, 178
marione, 175
mutator, 178
paranahybe, 177
ribeire, 177
atavus, Polysarcus, 147, 506
Pycnosarcus, 147, 506.
aterrima, Schistochlamys atra, 203, 204
atkinsoni, Cambarus, 414, 416, 417
atra, Schistochlamys, 203, 204
Tanagra, 204
Atrachelacris, 128
gramineus, 129
unicolor, 129, 133
atricaudus, Myiobius barbatus, 208
atromaculata, Prionacris, 473
Attakeopsis, 185
attenuatus, Diedronotus, 49
Tropinotus, 52
aureipectus, Euchlornis, 211, 212
aurita, Osmiliola, 116
auriventris, Amblytropidia, 25
aurofrenatus, Corydoras, 397, 407

INDEX.

austera, Copiocera, 89, 90, 482

australe, Corydoras, 411
Linoceratium, 20

australis, Amblytropidia, 25-27
Corydoras, 402, 4II
Dichromorpha, 449
Munatia, 47

axantha, Chamepelia, 562

azteca, Oxycoryphus, 447

bahamensis, Chamepelia, 560
Chemepelia, 571
Chemepelia passerina, 517, 522,
568, 570, 572, 573, 592, 600
Columbigallina, 569
Columbigallina passerina, 569
barbatus, Callichthys, 385
Myiobius, 208
Scleromystax, 385
Barr, Albert J., 195
In Memorian.
Holland, 196
basalis, Xiphocera, 47
Zoniopoda, 471
batavus, Unio, 275
Bayet, Baron Ernst de, 187
beadleianus, Elliptio, 266, 268, 260
Belonostomus tenuirostris, 184
beni, Creagrutus, 172
Phenacogaster, 174
bergi, Dichroplus, 496
Pezotettix, 496
Berlepsch, Count von, 545
bermudiana, Chamepelia
570, 571
Chamepelia, 570
Columbigallina, 569
Bibliography: Najades, Families and
Genera of, 360-362
bicarinatus, Cheenothorax, 392
bicolor, Phonipara, 200
bifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon, 156
bihastatus, Tetanorhynchus, 435, 436
bilineata, Hasemania, 148, 150
Orphulella, 16
bilineatus, Orphulella, 16
Stenobothrus, 16
Zonocerus, 16
bilobus, Paradichroplus, 138, 499
bilunata, Eleochlora, 465
bimaculata,Ossa, 38
Parossa, 39
Paulinia, 39
bipunctatus, Paradichroplus, 138, 500
Birds, Descriptions of Seventeen New
Neotropical. By W.E.C. Todd,
198-214
Swainson’s Classification of, 515
bivittata, Elachlora, 465, 467

By Dr. W. J.

passerina,

INDEX.

bivittata Xiphicera, 467
Blochius, 184
bohlsi, Fenestra, 451
Oxyblepta, 82, 481
Stenopola, 82, 481
bolivari, Spathalium, 39, 460
boliviana, Alota, 454
bolivianus, Allotettix, 425
Chlorus, 497, 498
Borellia, 446
carinata, 33, 34
bore'lii, Buchephalacris, 91
Cephaloccema, 441
Chlorus, 137, 497
Masyntes, 6, 8
Paradichroplus, 497
Paratettix, 427
Prosarthria, 441
Tetanorhynchus, 435
Xiphiola, 116
Borscht, Hofrat Dr. Wilhelm von, 192
boucardi, Linoceratium, 20
Boulenger, G. A., 371
brachyptera, Elezochlora, 463, 465
brachypterus, Aleuas, 100
bracteata, Opthalmolampis, 477
Branner, J. C., 372
branneri, Ellipes, 374, 378
brasiliensis, Dichroplus, 133
Hisychius, 67, 68
Masyntes, 6
Scirtomastax, 429
Scyllina, 36
Zosperamerus, 94
brevicollis, Alcamenes, 44
brevicornis, Gryllus, 9, 446
Truxalis, 9, 446
brevipennis, Aleamenes, 44, 46
Eleochlora, 55, 463
Leptomeiinthoprora, 113
Prionolopha, 46
brevirostris, Stiphra, 441, 442
brevis, Hemigrammus, 161
Brochis ceruleus, 394
dipterus, 394
taiosh, 393
Brown, Campbell, 184
Bruner, Lawrence, South American
Acridoidea, 5-147
South American Locusts (Acri-
doidea), 423-506
bruneri, Stirapleura, 455
brunnea, Stirapleura, 37
brunneri, Algete, 41
Ommexecha, 39, 460
Omura, 42
Paradichroplus, 138, 500
Plectrotettix, 456
Pseudostauronotus, 35, 456

607

brunneri, Scyllina, 35, 456

| brunneus, Adelotettix, 97, 98

Chlorus, 137, 497, 498
Bucephalacris, 102, 112

borellii, 91

corallipes, 91, 93

fuscipennis, 91

paraguayensis, 91, 93, 488

Synopsis of the species of, 91
bucephalus, Gryllus, 112
buckleyi, Elliptio, 270

Chemepelia, 512, 513, 514, 517,

580, 592, 601

Chamepelia, 580

Columbigallina, 580
Buffaloes, African, 381
burkhartianus, Oxycoryphus, 9
Burr, Dr. Malcolm, 429
buxtoni, Tragelaphus, 381

cabocolo, Columbina, 582, 586
cerulans, Ommexecha, 41

| ceruleipennis, Abracris, 108, 109, IIo

Mastusia, 86
Omalotettix, 110
Synopsis of the species of, 107
cerulescens, Prionacris, 62, 473, 474
ceruleus, Brochis, 394
Hemigrammus, 162
Callichthyide, 384, 385
Callichthyoidei, 384
Callichthys adspersus, 390
arcifer, 387
armatus, 406
barbatus, 385
callichthys, 386
(Hoplosternum), thoracatus, 412
melampterus, 390
paleatus, 411
pectoralis, 390
splendens, 412
taiosh, 392
thoracatus, 389
callichthys, Callichthys, 386
Silurus, 386
Callispiza guttata, 203
Calliste chrysophyrs, 203
guttulata, 203
callistus, Hyphessobrycon, 158
Callonotacris lophophora, 56
Caloscirtus rubripennis, 66
Camaépelia, 510
talpacoti, 585
Cambarus atkinsoni, 416, 417
cubensis, 416, 417
digueti, 417
mexicanus, 416, 417
pilosimanus, 416, 417
(Procambarus) atkinsoni, 414

608

Cambarus williamsoni, 416, 417
A new species from the Isle of
Pines. By A. E. Ortmann,
414-417
canadensis, Lampsilis, 351
cancellata, Schistocerca, 125
canens, Arremonops conirostris, 199
canonicus, Homalosaparus, 90
capax, Lampsilis, 333
capseformis, Truncilla, 355, 350
Carcharias (Scoliodon), 183
cardinalis, Tropidacris, 64
carinata, Borellia, 33, 34
cariosa, Lampsilis, 352
Carnegie, Andrew, 4, 187, 191, 195, 379,
380, 418
Carnegie Institute, Founder of, 381
carnegiei, Diplodocus, 379
carolina, Dissosteira, 457
carolinum, Acrydium, 457
carolinus, Gryllus, 457
Carriker, M. A., Jr., 1, 198, 214
Carunculina, 337
parva, Eurynia, 338
texasensis (Eurynia), 339
Cascadura maculocephala, 385, 387
castanea, Obovaria, 321, 324
Obovaria (Pseudoén), 324
cataracta, Anodonta, 293
Caturus, 184
caudata, Columbacris, 77
cayennensis, Allotettix, 425
Cephaloceema, 432, 434, 437, 439
borellii, 441
calamus, 440
chapadensis, 440
costulata, 440
cuyabensis, 440
cerina, Fusconaia, 243
Chemepelia, 500, 510, 513
albivitta, 533, 552, 554
amazilia, 575, 578
bahamensis, 571
buckleyi, 512, 513, 517, 580, 592,
601
cinnamomina, 582, 586
granatina, 533
griseola, 575
minuta, 551, 574, 579, 580, 581
minuta eleodes, 517, 578, 592, 600,
601
minuta minuta, 517, 573, 592, 600
pallescens, 535
purpurea, 532
rufipennis, 513, 581, 584, 587, 590,
592
talpacoti, 513, 514, 518, 581, 582,
584, 589, 590, 592, 601
talpicoti, 582

INDEX.

Chemepelia terrestris, 532
trochila, 556
Chemepelia passerina, 512, 514, 518,

519, 525, 526, 533, 534, 535,
536, 540, 542, 545, 551, 554,
566, 578

aflavida, 517, 522, 561, 565,
572, 592

albivitta, 517, 522, 523, 545,
550, 551, 555, 557) 572, $92,
597, 599

antillarum, 517, 522, 555, 557)
563, 592, 597, 598

bahamensis, 517, 522, 568, 570,
572, 573, 592, 600

bermudiana, 570, 571

exigua, 517, 522, 523, 563, 570,
571, 572, 573, 592, 600

griseola, 517, 513, 545, 548,
555, 557, 592, 596

insularis, 517, 540, 564, 565,
592, 599

jamaicensis, 517, 522, 523, 565,
566, 592, 599

nana, 517, 546, 548, 592, 506

neglecta, 516, 522, 540, 543,
544, 547, 548, 580, 502, 595,
596

pallescens, 516, 522, 531, 534,
535, 536, 538, 539, 540, 541,
542, 544, 550, 565, 572, 592,
594, 595

parvila;, 516; #507115 22;6 5235
592, 596

passerina, 522, 523, 524, 534,
540, 542, 567, 570, 592, 593,
594

perpallida, 553

quitensis, 517, 522, 547, 592,

596 é

socorroénsis, 517, 522, 523,
531, 540, 542, 544, 545, 567,
596, 592

terrestris, 528

trochila, 527, (522; #533. 550;

557, 572, 592, 598
rufipennis eluta, 518, 580, 590, 592,
603
rufipennis, 518, 580, 586, 588,
591, 592, 601, 602, 603
Chemepelia: Bibliography, 510
Key to the species and subspecies
of, 516
List of specimens examined, 593-
603
Revision of the genus.
Clyde Todd, 507-603
Table of references, 508—510
Chemepella, 510

By W. E.

INDEX.

Chaémepelia passerina, 541
Chaémepilia, 510
Cheenothorax bicarinatus, 392
eigenmanni, 385, 395
semiscutatus, 393
taiosh, 392
Cheepelia, 510
chalcostigma, Peristera, 574, 578
Chameopelia, 510
Chamaépeleia passerina, 520
Chamepeleia, 510
passerina, 526, 568
Chamepelia, 519, 510
aflavida, 562
albivitta, 552, 554
amazilia, 574
antillarum, 556
axantha, 562
bermudiana, 570
buckleyi, 580
bahamensis, 565
exigua, 572
granatina, 541, 547, 552, 554, 578
gravativa, 547
griseola, 574, 575, 579
hortulana, 56 , 563
insularis, 564
jamaicensis, 556, 559, 567
minuta, 574, 578, 579
pallescens, 541, 543
passerina, 525, 526, 540, 541, 543,
547, 549, 559, 551, 556, 558, 562,
564, 566, 568, 575
passerina, 560, 567
perpallida, 553
trochila, 559
portoricensis, 559, 561
rachidialis, 575, 578
pumila, 574
rufipennis, 587, 588, 590
socorroénsis, 543
talpacoti, 582, 588
talpacoli, 584
talpacoti, rufipennis, 588
talpicoti, 586
trochila, 556, 558, 560, 566
trochilea, 558
chamezpelia, Columba, 547
Chamaépeleia cinnamomina, 585
godina, 585
rufipennis, 587
Chamaépelia, 509
trochilia, 558
Chameepelea, 510
Chamepilea, 510
Chamapelia, 510
rufipennis, 587
Chamaépilia rufipennia, 587
Chamberlainia, 301

Chamepelia passerina, 525
rufipennis, 588, 591
chapadensis, Abracris, 108, 109
Allotettix, 425, 426
Amblytropidia, 25, 29, 451
Cephaloccema, 440
Jodacris, 105
Masyntes, 6, 8
Omalotettix, 109
Parascopas, 135
Tettigidea, 427, 428
Characine, 171
Characins (new) in the collection of the
Carnegie Museum. By Dr. C. H.
Eigenmann, 164-181
Cherrie, George K., 201
chickasawhensis, Elliptio, 268
chipmani, Orphulella, 12, 16
Chlorohippus, 87
roseipennis, 88
Chlorus bolivianus, 497, 498
borellii, 137, 497
brunneus, 137, 497, 498
varicolor, 497
vittatus, 137, 497, 498
Synopsis of the species of, 497
Chrisopsacris, III, 112;
Chromacris, 60, 469
latipennis, 57
miles, 57, 469
stolli, 469
Chrostheipus, 79, 87
varipes, 89
chrysocephalus, Myiodynastes, 210
Myiodynastes chrysocephalus, 209
chrysophyrs, Calliste, 203
Tangara, 202
Chubb, Charles, 508
cinctipennis, Ophthalmolampis, 476
cinerascens, Myiodynastes chryso-
cephalus, 209
cinnamomea, Columba, 511
Goura, 585
Talpacotia, 511, 584, 585
cinnamomina, Chemepelia, 582, 586
Chamaépeleia, 585
Columba, 509
circulus, Unio, 324
Cladoselache, 184
claibornensis, Lampsilis, 349
Clapp, George H., I91
Claraviine, Key to the genera of, 513
Claravis, 513
clarazianus, Alcamenes, 44
Clark, Austin H., 508
clava, Plethobasus, 262
Pleurobema, 264, 265
clintonensis, Ptychobranchus, 308
Closteridea, 445

610

Clupea altus, 373
humilis, 373, 374, 378
(Hyperlophus) spratellides, 374
pusilla, 374
Clupeoid nature of fish remains, 371
coccineipes, Arnilia, 80
Opsomala, 80, 89
coccinuem, Pleurobema, 237, 263, 264
Coccyzusa gracilis, 212
Cocotzin of Mexico, 520
Cocytotettix, 2I, 445
linearis, 23, 24
ceelata, Eurynia, 337
Cceloptera acuminata, 459
var. brevipennis, 37
stalli, 37, 459
Coggeshall, A. S., 1, 379
cognata, Amygdalonaias, 328
collaris, Adelotettix, 97, 98
Copiocera, 483
Gryllus, 475
Gryllus (Locusta), 63
Ommatolampis, 120
Tropidacris, 63, 475
Zoniopoda, 58, 60, 61, 62
colombiana, Penelope, 213, 214
colombina, Schistocerca, 492, 493
colombinum, Acridium, 492
colombinus, Gryllus, 492
Colpolopha obsoleta, 47
latipennis, 461
colubri, Ophthalmolamp’s, 476
Colubus guereza, 381
Columba, 508
chameepelia, 547
cinnamomea, 5II
cinnamomina, 509
godina, 511
grisea, 574
minuta, 511, 573) 775) 578, 582
passerina, 508, 509, 5II, 512, 514,
515, 518, 521, 524, 532, 533, 547)
549, 556, 558, 561, 566, 568, 578
passeris, 558
rufipennis, 511
squamosa, 514
talpacoti, 511, 582, 586, 588
Columbacris, 69
caudata, 77
Columbigallina, 508, 509, 514
bahamensis, 569
bermudiana, 569
buckleyi, 580
griseola, 575
minuta, 570
passerina, 519, 527, 536, 541, 544,
547» 550, 552, 556, 559, 562,
564, 566, 569, 571
aflavida, 562

INDEX.

Columbigallina passerina bahamensis,
569, 570
var. bermudiana, 570
granatina, 553
griseola, 520, 550
insularis, 564
pallescens, 536, 538, 541, 553
perpallida, 552, 553
purpurea, 527, 528
socorroénsis, 543, 559
terrestris, 527
trochila, 556
purpurea, 528
talpacoti, 585
rufipennis, 588, 591
Columbina, 508, 509, 512, 513
cabocolo, 586
grisea, 576, 547
griseola, 515, 521, 547, 549, 553, 578
perpallida, 553
passerina griseola, 515, 550
rufipennis, 588
strepitans, 515 -
talpacoti, 582
Columbogallina, 510
Columbula, 512
compacta, Orphulella, 12, 19
complanata, Anodonta, 288, 289, 290,
201
Symphynota, 281, 282
complanatus, Elliptio, 266, 269-271
compressa, Prionacris, 62, 473
Symphynota, 281, 282, 283
Compsacris, 445
Compsognathus, 183
Compsothlypis pitiayumi elegans, 204
pacifica, 205
pitiayumi, 204
speciosa, 204, 205
confragosus, Arcidens, 284, 285
congrua, Omura, 42
Connochetes albojubatus, 193
conradicus, Medionidus, 335, 336
consobrinus, Lamellidens, 277
conspersa, Plectrotettix, 456
Scyllina, 36, 456
conspersipennis, Abracris, 108, 109, IIo,
491
Coryacris, 462
Omalotettix, I10, 491
conspersus, Diedronotus, 49
Cooke, Prof. Wells W., 508, 551
cooperianus, Plethobasus, 261
Cope, E. D., 373, 382
Copeichthys, 374
Copiocera, 71, 87, 89, 90, 486
austera, 89, 90, 482
collaris, 483
corallipes, Bucephalacris, 91, 93

INDEX.

cordillere, Scirtomastax, 429
coriacea, Osmilia, 104, 490
Cornops, 71
corrugata, Parreysia, 276
corumbe, Amblytropidia, 25, 28, 450
Coryacris angustipennis, 53, 462
conspersipennis, 462
diversipes, 53, 54
Corydoras, 384
acutus, 397, 407
zneus, 385, 396, 403, 404, 405
agassizii, 399, 400
amphibelus, 398, 408
armatus, 395, 396, 406
aurofrenatus, 397, 407
australis, 402, 411
ehrhardti, 385, 397, 407
eigenmanni, 385, 409, 410
elegans, 304, 402
eques, 412
flaveolus, 385, 398, 407
garbei, 385, 400, 409
hastatus, 402, 411
julii, 399, 408
juquiae, 395, 403
kronei, 385, 40I, 400
macrosteus, 385, 396, 404, 410
marmoratus, 410
melanistius, 385, 40$
melanotenia, 385, 395, 404
meridionalis, 385
micracanthus, 385, 399, 409
microcephalus, 385, 400
microps, 396, 403
multimaculatus, 385, 402, 411
nattereri, 385, 395, 402, 412
nattereri triseriatus, 40I, 410
paleatus, 40I, 410
polystictus, 385, 407
punctatus, 398, 408
raimundi, 400, 409
treitlii, 397, 407
trilineatus, 399, 409
triseriatus, 385, 410
undulatus, 385, 410
venezuelanus, 385, 404, 405
virescens, 385, 396, 405
Key to the species of, 394
Corynorhynchus, 432, 440
radula, 433
Coscineuta, 91
coxalis, 488
costalis, Orphulella, 11, 15
Stenobothrus, 15
tettigidea, 428
costaricensis, Amblytropidia, 25
costata, Symphynota, 280, 283
costulata, Cephaloccema, 440
Cowan, Dr. Frank H., 215

coxale, Acridium, 488
coxalis, Coscineuta, 488
Craspedoprion zquinoctialis, 207
intermedius, 207
olivaceus, 207
crassa, Orphula, 447
Orphulella, 19, 447

611

crassidens, Elliptio, 266, 267, 268, 268

Unio, 266
crassus consentaneus, Unio, 276
musivus, Unio, 275
Unio, 275
Creagrutus beni, 172
Crenodonta, 239, 245, 276
heros, 248, 250
hippopea, 246
perplicata, 247
peruviana, 246
plicata, 246
trapezoides, 248, 249
undulata, 246, 248
Crew, R. J., 143
Crimisus patruus, 423
Cristaria, 301
cristatus, Aleamenes, 44, 45
Gryllus (Locusta), 63
cruentata, Zoniopoda, 57, 59
cruentatum, Acridium, 59
cruziana, Eupelia, 512
cubensis, Cambarus, 416, 417
curculus, Obovaria, 323
curtipennis, Aleuas, ror
curtirostris, Tetanorhynchus, 435
cuyabensis, Cephaloccema, 440
Cyclopium sabalo, 421
taczanowskii, 421
vancee, 421
cygnea, Anodonta, 286—292
cylindrica, Quadrula, 251, 256
cylindrodes, Arnilia, 479
Opsomala, 479
Stenacris, 479
Cylindrotettix, 60, 76

cymbiformis, Gryllus (Locusta), 43

Pamphagus, 43
Cyprogenia, 302, 304

irrorata, 312, 313
Cyrtacanthacridez, 42, 442, 460
Cyrtacanthacris inscripta, 494

munda, 132

Decapogon adspersum, 390
urostriatum, 3855 391
verissimi, 385, 391

decisa, Orphulella, 11

decisum, Pleurobema, 265

declivis, Uniomerus, 272

decora, Anodonta, 292
Euchlornis, 212

612

dentatum, Acrydium, 43
dentatus, Diplomystus, 373, 374, 378
depressus, Protomachus, 42
desiliens, Schistocerca, .126, 495
Deuterodon acanthogaster, 179, 180

pinnatus, 180
Dianema longibarbis, 392
dichroa, Ophthalmolampis, 476
Dichroatettix, 445

viridifrons, 451
Dichromorpha, 444

australis, 449

viridis, 449
Dichroplus, 134

arrogans, 132

bergi, 496

brasiliensis, 133

exilis, 132

fuscus, 130

gracilis, 130, 134

olivaceus, 133

punctulatus, 132, 496

robustulus, 133
Diedronotus, 47

affinis, 49

angulatus, 48, 50, 51, 461

attenuatus, 49

conspersus, 49

discoideus, 48, 51, 52, 462

fuscipennis, 48; 51

gracilis, 49, 52, 53

guarani, 49

levipes, 49, 462

laufferi, 49

lineatus, 40, 53

mexicanus, 48, 51

modestus, 49

regularis, 49, 52

rosulentus, 48

scabripes, 49, 52

schulzi, 48

strigatus, 48, 50, 51

Synopsis of the species of, 48
digueti, Cambarus, 417
dilecta, Abracris, 107, 108
Dinosaur Peak, 380
Diplodocus, 2, 191, 380

carnegiei, 379
Diplomystax, 374
Diplomyste, 374
Diplomystes, 374
Diplomystus, 371, 376, 377

altus, 374, 378

analis, 374, 378

dentatus, 373, 374, 378

eocenus, 378

goodi, 375, 378

humilis, 374, 378

longicostatus, 374, 375, 378

INDEX.

Diplomystus pectorosus, 374, 378
pusillus, 378

dipterus, Brochis, 394

discoideus, Diedronotus, 48, 51, 52, 462
Tropinotus, 462

Dissosteira carolina, 457

| diversipes, Coryacris, 53, 54

dolosus, Paraptera, 331
Unio, 331
domesticum, Grypotherium, 182
dorsalis, Leptysma, 72, 478
Mesops, 72, 478
dorsatum, Paracornops, 84
douglasiz, Nodularia, 229
Douglass, Earl, 2, 380, 382
Dromus, 302, 304
dromas, 314, 315, 317
duragenys, Hyphessobrycon, 155
dux, Acridium, 64
Gryllus, 64, 475
Tropidacris, 475
Dyck, Geheimrat Prof. Dr. von, 192

Eastman, C. R., Jurassic saurian re-
mains ingested within fish, 182—
187
Tertiary fish-remains from Spanish
Guinea in West Africa, 370-378
ebena, Fusconaia, 245
edentulus, Strophitus, 299
Editorial Notes, 1-4, I91I-195, 379-383
ehrhardti, Corydoras, 385, 397, 407
Eigenmann, Dr. C. H., 3, 148, 193, 373,
383, 384, 393, 413
New Characins in the collection of
the Carnegie Museum, 164-181
On two new species of fishes col-
lected by Miss Lola Vance in
Peru, 421-422
eigenmanni, Chenothorax, 385, 393
Corydoras, 385, 409, 410
eigenmanniorum, Astyanax, 179
Elzochlora angustipennis, 53, 462
arcuata, 55, 463, 465
basalis, 465, 467
bilunata, 465
bivittata, 465, 467
brachyptera, 463, 465
brevipennis, 55, 463
fruhstorferi, 346
granulosa, 464
hilaris, 464
humilis, 54, 55,464
hymeneza, 55, 464
jucunda, 465, 467
longispina, 55
parvispina, 464
picticollis, 464, 467
psittacina, 464

INDEX.

Eleochlora pulchella, 54, 55, 463, 465,
466
scabra, 464
spoliata, 464
trilineata, 54, 55, 464
viridicata, 54, 55, 4603, 464, 465
Synopsis of the species of, 463
eleodes, Chamepelia minuta, 517, 578
elegans, Amygdalonaias, 328
Compsothlypis pitiayumi, 204
Corydoras, 394, 402, 449
Orphulella, 16, 440
Xiphocera, 43
Ellipes, 372
branneri, 374, 378
riacensis, 374, 378
ellipsis, Obovaria, 321, 324
Obovaria (Pseudoén), 323
Unio, 324
Elliptio, 240, 262, 265, 272, 273
beadleianus, 266, 268, 269
buckleyi, 270
chickasawhensis, 268
complanatus, 266, 269, 270, 271
crassidens, 266, 267, 268, 269
gibbosus, 266, 271
jayensis, 266, 270
popei, 266, 271, 272
productus, 266, 270
spinosus, 269
Ellis, Mrs. Marion Durbin, 176
On the species of Hasemania,
Hyphessobrycon, and MHemi-
grammus collected by John D.
Haseman for the Carnegie Mu-
seum, 148-163
The Plated Nematognaths, 384-412
elongata, Amblytropidia, 25
Orphulella, 11, 14, 448
elongatus, Oenoscopus, 185
eluta, Chemepelia rufipennis, 518, 580,
592
emarginata, Zoniopoda, 58
Enchodus, 372, 377; 378
ensicornum, Acridium, 9
Entomostraca, 370
eocenus, Diplomystus, 378
Eocene mammals, 382
Epacromia selecta, 37, 459
Epigrypa, 432
Epiprora, 87
Episcopotettix sulcirostris, 90
eques, Osteogaster, Corydoras, 412
erosa, Prionacris, 62
Euchlornis aureipectus, 211, 212
decora, 211, 212
festiva, 211
Eujivarus, 144
fusiformis, 145, 146, 147

613

Eujivarus meridionalis, 145, 146
Synopsis of the species of, 145
Eumastacide, 5, 420
Eumastax tenuis, 6
Eumastusia, 71, 86
koebelei, 85
Euparnops, 71
Eupelia cruziana, 512
Euplectrotettix, 446
ferrugineus, 34
scyllinzeformis, 34
Eurotettix femoratus, 135
minor, 135
robustus, 135
Synopsis of the species of, 135
Eurynia, 303, 305, 355
ceelata, 337
fabalis, 337, 338 339
glans, 339
iris, 341
lienosa, 340
nashvillensis, 344
nasuta, 343
novi-eboraci, 341
parva, 337, 338
picta, 342
recta, 337, 338, 344, 347
subrostrata, 344
texasensis, 339
trabalis, 340
vanuxemensis, 342
vibex, 340, 341
var. negrina, 340
Eusitalces, 142
vittatus, 143
eusticta, Tangara guttata, 202, 203
Eutryxalis, 443
excavata, Lampsilis, 352
exigua, Chamepelia, 572
Cheemepelia passerina, 517,
523, 563, 570, 571, 572, 573
exilipes, Zoniopoda, 58, 60, 61, 62

522,

| exilis, Dichroplus, 132, 496

expandens, Orphulella, 11, 16, 448
Stenobothrus, 16, 448

Expedition to Utah, 194

Explanation of Plates, 163, 180, 187, 378

exsul, Schistocerca, 127

fabalis, Eurynia, 337, 338
fabricii, Tropidacris, 64

| fallaciosa, Lampsilis, 347

fasciatus, Astyanax, 164
femoratus, Eurotettix, 135
Fenestra, 23, 445
bohlsi, 451
ferruginea, Anniceris, 490, 491
Jodacris, 105, 106, 108

614

ferruginea, Euplectrotettix, 34, 35
ferruginosa, Amblytropidia, 24, 26
ferussacianus, Anodontoides, 294
festee, Hisychius, 68
festiva, Euchlornis aureipectus, 211
filiformis, Leptysma, 72, 73
Opsomala, 72
fimbriata, Paraptera, 332
Fish-remains (Tertiary), from Spanish
Guinea in West Africa. By C. R.
Eastman, 370-378
Fishes (two new species) collected by
Miss Lola Vance in Peru. By
C. H. Eigenmann, 421-422
Undescribed species of, 383
fissicauda, Zoniopoda, 58
flaveolus, Corydoras, 385, 398, 407
flavigularis, Machetornis rixosa, 2210
flavipennis, Vilerna, 161
flavipicta, Poecilocloeus, 484
flavofasciata, Schistocerca, 126
flavofasciatum, Acrydium, 126
flavolineata, Osmilia, 505
flavolineatum, Acrydium, 505
Osmilia, 505
flavovittata, Leptomerinthoprora, 113
florentina, Truncilla, 355, 359, 360
foremanianus, Ptychobranchus, 308
formosa, Schistocerca, 127
forshei, Quadrula, 254
fossulatus, Prototettix, 427
fosteri, Paraleuas, 103
franciscoénsis, Phenogaster, 173
frater, Paraleuas, 103
fraternum, Acridium (Podisma), 132
Frauenhofer lines, 216
frenata, Henia, 481
frenatus, Gryllus, 481
Frick, Childs, 2, 192, 193, 381
Frierson, L. S., 248
Friersonia, 303, 304
iridella, 318, 319
fruhstorferi, Eleochlora, 463
Fuertes, Louis, A., 545
furcillata, Jodacris, 105, 106, 107
fuscipennis, Bucephalacris, 91
Diedronotus, 48, 51
fusco-maculata, Anablysis, 118
Fusconaia, 239, 240, 263
cerina, 243
ebena, 245
kirtlandiana, 245
lananensis, 244
rubiginosa, 241, 242
subrotunda, 244, 245
trigona, 241
undata, 241
fuscus, Dichroplus, 130
Gryllus, 130

INDEX.

fuscus, Pezotettix (Trigonophymus), 130
fusiformis, Eujivarus, 145, 146, 147
Paradichroplus, 138, 139, 140, 500

garbei, Corydoras, 385, 400, 409
Garrett, John W., 379
Gelius, Herr Ph., 192
geniculata, Amblytropidia, 25, 26
Ophthalmolampis, 476
geniculatus, Paradichroplus, 138, 500
Geographical Society, National, 382
germari, Ommexecha, 39
gibbosa, Stiphra, 442
gibbosus, Elliptio, 266, 271
Gibson, Walcot, 370
giglio-tosi, Ommexecha, 460
Glandulocauda inequalis, 168, 169
melanogenys, 168, 170
melanopleura, 168, 170
glans, Eurynia, 339
Glaphyracris, 89
glaucipes, Amblyscapheus, 31
Glyphacris, 482
Gnu, White-bearded, 193
godina, Chamaépeleia, 585
Columba, 5II
Talpacotia, 511, 584, 585, 586
godini, Talpacotia, 584
Gomphocerus (Hyalopteryx) pagana, 9,
447
pelidnus, 448
Gonzalez, Dr. J. V., 380
Good, Rev. A. I., 370, 382
goodi, Diplomystus, 375, 378
Goura, 508, 514
cinnamomea, 585
griseola, 575
minuta, 574
passerina, 524
talpacoti, 582
gracilicornis, Leptomerinthoprora, 114
Orphula, 448
Tettigidea, 428
gracilis, Aleuas, Ior
Arnilia, 79
Coccyzusa, 212
Dichroplus, 130, 134
Diedronotus, 49, 52, 53
Leptysma, 71, 72
Leptysmina, 78, 79
Orphulella, 11, 14
Paraptera, 330, 331, 332
Tetranorhynchus, 435, 437
gracillima, Inusia, 481
Grea, 38
graminea, Parorphula, 21
gramineus, Atrachelacris, 129
granatina, Chepelia, 533
Chamepelia, 541, 547, 552, 554, 578

INDEX.

granatina, Columbigallina passerina, 553
Pyrgitoénas, 552
grandis, Anodonta, 291, 202, 293
Gryllus, 64
Tropidacris, 64
granulatus, Aleamenes, 44
granulosa, Elzochlora, 464
Tettigidea, 427
gratissima, Schistocerca, 128, 495
gravativa, Chamepelia, 547
Gray, J. E., 514
grisea, Columba, 574
Columbina, 576
griseola, Chamepelia, 574, 575
Chemepelia, 575, 579
passerina, 517, 523, 545, 548,
555+ 557
Columbigallina, 575
passerina, 520, 550
Columbina, 515, 521, 547, 549, 553)
578
passerina, 515, 550
Coura, 575
Pyrgitoénas, 575
grossa, Leptysma, 74
Orphulella, 12, 18, 19
Grylloidea, 5, 423
Gryllus brevicornis, 9, 446
bucephalus, 112
(Bulla) serratus, 43, 461
carolinus, 457
colombinus, 492
dux, 64, 475
frenatus, 481
fuscus, 130
grandis, 64
(Locusta) carolinus, 457
(Locusta) collaris, 63, 475
(Locusta) cristatus, 63
(Locusta) cymbiformis, 43
(Locusta) linea-alba, 489
(Locusta) lineatus, 496
(Locusta) miles, 57, 469
(Locusta) scutatus, 43
pallens, 127
punctatus, 496
punctulatus, 132, 496
serratulus, 39
serratus, 43
violaceus, I4I, 505
Grypotherium domesticum, 182
guaporensis, Astyanax, 176
guarani, Diedronotus, 49
Tropinotus, 52
guatemale, Orphula, 447
guereza, Colobus, 381
guianensis, Astyanax, 177
gundlachi, Masyntes, 6
AtayiGe \ryen203

615

guttata, Tanagra guttata, 202, 203
guttulata, Calliste, 203
gymnodontus, Psalidodon, 165, 166
gymnogenys, Astyanax, 179

haitensis, G2dipoda, 459
Sphingonotus, 459
Hamet, Raymond, Sedum carnegiei, a
new species of the family Crassulaceze
from the herbarium of the Carnegie
Museum, 418-420
haplochroma, Sporophila, 200
Haseman, John D., 148, 164, 423
hasemani, Xestotrachelus, 469
Hasemania bilineata, 148, 150
maxillaris, 148
melanura, 148, 149
Hasemania, Hyphessobrycon, and Hem-
igrammus collected by John D.
Haseman for the Carnegie Museum.
By Marion Durbin Ellis, 148-163
Hassars, 384

- hastatus, Corydoras, 402, 411

Hawks, Red-shouldered, 194
haysiana, Truncilla, 356, 357
Heinz, H. J., 382
Helionotus, 55
Hellmayr, C. E., 200, 564, 581
hembeli, Margaritana, 235, 236
Hemigrammus, 393

analis, 163

brevis, 161

ceruleus, 162

levis, 162

lunatus, 162

marginatus, 159

microstomus, 163

ocellifer, 162

orthus, 163

rodwayi, 162

schmarde, 163

ulreyi, 162

unilineatus, 162
hempeli, Zoniopoda, 58, 59
Henia, 70

frenata, 481
Henochilus, 166
henryana, Anodonta, 291
heros, Crenodonta, 248, 250
heterodon, Alasmidonta, 295, 296
heterorhabdus, Hyphessobrycon, 159
heterostomus, Probolodus, 164, 165
hilaris, Eleochlora, 464
hippopaza, Crenodonta, 246
Hisychius brasiliensis, 67, 68

festa, 68

minor, 68

nigrispinus, 67, 68

Synopsis of the species of, 67

616

hitchcocki, Stenomylus, 193, 3690
Holland, Dr. W. J., 191, 370, 371
Dr. David Alter, a nearly forgotten
Pennsylvanian, who was the first
discoverer of Spectrum Analysis,
215-217
An autograph letter of Lieutenant-
General U. S. Grant to the Hon.
Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of
War, 188-189
In Memorian: Albert J. Barr, 196
Homeosaurus, 186, 186
Homalosaparus canonicus, 90
sordidatus, 91, 487
Hoplosoma zneum, 404
Hoplosternum, 387, 412
littorale, 388
magdalene, 412
melampterum, 390
pectoralis, 412, 413
schreineri, 385, 390
thoracatum, 412
hortulana, Chamepelia, 561, 563
humilis, Clupea, 373, 374
Diplomystus, 374, 378
Eleochlora, 54, 54, 464
Tetanorhynchus, 435, 436, 437
Hyalopteryx, 9, 443
rufipennis, 8
Hybodus, 184
Hybusa, 432
hydiana, Lampsilis, 349
hymenza, Elzochlora, 55, 464
Xiphocera, 55
(Hyperlophus) spratellides, Clupea, 374
Hyphessobrycon, 148, 393
anisitsi, 158
bifasciatus, 156
callistus, 158
duragenys, 155
heterorhabdus, 159
liitkeni, 159
melanopleurus, 156
parvellus, 153
reticulatus, 153
rosaceus, 159
sante, 158
serpe, 159
stictus, I59
taurocephalus, 151
Hypostomatina, 385
Hypostomatine, 384
Hyriine, 225, 227
Hyriopsis, 301
Hysteronotus megalostomus, 171

Ibex, Abyssinian, 381
Ichthyosaurus, 183
idonea, Schistocerca, 126

|

INDEX.

iheringi, Zoniopoda, 58, 590, 471
imbecillis, Anodonta, 291, 292
incertus, Tetanorhynchus, 435, 439
inequalis, Glandulocauda, 168, 169
infucata, Quadrula, 239

infuscatus, Sitalces, 122, 123, 492

| ingenita, Amblytropidia, 26

In Memoriam: Albert J. Barr.
Dr. W. J. Holland, 196°

inscripta, Cyrtacanthacris, 494
Schistocerca, 494

inscriptum, Acridium, 494

insularis, Chamepelia, 564
Chemepelia passerina,

564, 565

Columbigallina passerina, 564
Orphulella, 10, 11, 16

interior, Amblytropidia, 26, 28, 29, 451
Arnilia, 81
Opsomala, 81, 89, 479

By

517, 540,

| intermedia, Jodacris, 105, 106
| intermedius, Astyanax, 178

Craspedoprion, 207

Staurorhectus, 31, 453
interrupta, Orphulella, 10, 12
intricata, Orphula, 449

Orphulella, 10, 11, 16, 449
Inusia, 70

gracillima, 481

pallida, 481
iridella, Friersonia, 318, 319
iris, Eurynia, 341
irrorata, Cyprogenia, 312, 313
Isonyx, 446

paraguayensis, 33

Jacobs, J. Warren, 508
jamaicensis, Chameepelia, 556, 559, 567
Chemepelia passerina, 517, 522,
523, 505, 566
jayensis, Elliptio, 266, 270
Jennings, Dr. O. E., 382, 420
Jivarus, 144
Jodacris chapadensis, 105
ferruginea, 105, 106, 108, 105, 106,
108, 490
furcillata, 105, 106
intermedia, 105, 106
nebulosa, 108, 491
Synopsis of the species of, 104
Jordan, President D. Starr, 3,
374
jucunda, Elezochlora, 465, 467
julii, Corydoras, 399, 408
juncorum, Zoniopoda, 58
juquiaz, Corydoras, 395, 403
Jurassic dinosaurs, 380
Jurassic saurian remains ingested within
fish. By C. R. Eastman, 182-187

372,

INDEX.

Kirby, W. F., 5, 69

kirtlandiana, Fusconaia, 245

kleiniana, Quadrula, 239

Kleinschmidt, Captain F. E., 194

Knap, Charles, 188

Knightia eocena, 378

kcebelei, Eumastusia, 85
Mastusia, 85

kronei, Corydoras, 385, 409

lachrymosa, Quadrula, 251, 253, 254
Lactista australis, 457

pulchripennis, 457, 458
levifrons, Rhytidochrota, 141, 505
levipes, Diedronotus, 49, 462
levissima, Proptera, 333, 334
Lamellidens, 229, 236, 240

consobrinus, 277

marginalis, 277
Lampsiline, 224, 226, 227, 230, 300, 301,

303, 309, 315, 316, 320

Lampsilis, 303, 305, 325, 335» 354

anodontoides, 346, 353

canadensis, 351

capax, 333

cariosa, 352

claibornensis, 349

excavata, 352

fallaciosa, 347

hydiana, 349

ligamentina, 353

luteola, 348, 352, 357

multiradiata, 352

occidens, 351

ochracea, 353

orbiculata, 353

ovata, 346, 350, 351, 352

radiata, 349

salinasensis, 332

ventricosa, 350, 351, 352
lananensis, Fusconaia, 244
Lastena, 278, 280

lata, 297, 208
lateralis, Pamphagus, 43
latipennis, Chromacris, 57

Colpolopha, 461

Parorphula, 21
latreillei, Tropidacris, 63
Lauder, Mrs. George, 383
laufferi, Diedronotus, 49
Lee, General Robert E., 189
Leioscapheus, 485
Leiotettix, 132

sanguineus, 134

viridis, 134
lens, Obovaria, 323
Lepidodesma, 301
Leptolepis, 184
Leptomerinthoprora equalis, 114

617

Leptomerinthoprora brevipennis, 113

flavovittata, 113

gracilicornis, 114

modesta, II3

smaragdipes, 113

Synopsis of the species of, 113
Leptopelia, 510, 515

rufipennis, 588

talpacoti, 585

| Leptysma, 76, 77

argentina, 72
dorsalis, 72, 478
filiformis, 72, 73
gracilis, 71, 72
grossa, 74
intermedia, 72
marginicollis, 71
mexicana, 71
obscura, 72, 479
uniformis, 73
Leptysme and allies, Table for separat-
ing the genera of, 69

_ Leptysmina, 69, 76, 77

gracilis, 78, 79
rosea, 78, 79
tenuipennis, 79
Letter (autograph) of Lieutenant Gen-
eral U. S. Grant to the Hon. Edwin
M. Stanton, Secretary of War. By
W. J. Holland, 188-189
Leurocerus, 23, 445, 451
linearis, 24
levis, Hemigrammus, 162
lewisi, Anodonta, 292
lichtensteinii, Penelope, 214
lienosa (Micromya), Eurynia, 340
ligamentina, Lampsilis, 353
Nephronaias, 325, 326
var. gibba, 325
linea-alba, Gryllus, 489
Pheeoparia, 489
linearis, Cocytotettix, 23, 24
Leurocerus, 24
lineatus, Aleuas, Tor
Amblyscapheus, 31
Diedronotus, 49, 53
Gryllus, 496
Tropinosus, 53
Link, G. A., 383
Linoceratium, 444
australe, 20
boucardi, 20
listai, Neomylodon, 182
littorale, Hoplosternum, 388
littoralis, Hoplosternum, 388
lobata, Stiphra, 441
lobipennis, Alcamenes, 44, 45
Locusta (Rutodideres) miles, 57
Locustide, 37, 457

618

Locusts (Acridoidea), South American.
By Lawrence Bruner, 423-506

longibarbis, Dianema, 392
longicorne, Paracornops, 82
longicornis, Staurorhectus, 31, 33

Tetanorhynchus, 437, 438
longicostatus, Diplomystus, 374, 375,

378

longipenne, Paracornops, 82, 84
longipennis, Paraleuas, 103
longirostris, Tetanorhynchus, 435
longispina, Elechlora, 55
Loomis, Professor, 366
Lophacris olfersi, 475

olfersii, 475

velasquezii, 63
lophophora, Callonotacris, 56
Lowe, Dr. Percy R., 571
lunatus, Hemigrammus, 162
luteola, Lampsilis, 348, 351, 352
liitkeni, Hyphessobrycon, 159
lutosa, Metrodora, 425

Macheropeles rostratus, 113

Machetornis rixosa flavigularis, 210

macrosteus, Corydoras, 396, 404, 412

macrurus, Pheugopedius, 206
Pheugopedius macrurus, 205

maculipennis, Schistocerca, 493

maculocephala, Cascadura, 385, 387

magdalene, Hoplosternum, 412

magna, Amblytropidia, 24

magnifica, Schistocerca, 493

Mammals, East African, 381

Margaritana hembeli, 235, 236
margaritifera, 230, 23I, 233, 234,

235, 236 |

monodonta, 225, 233, 236
sinuata, 232

Margaritanide, 222, 223, 225, 227, 230

margaritifera, Margaritana, 230, 231, |

233, 234, 235, 230

marginalis, Lamellidens, 277
Zosperamerus, 94

marginata, Alasmidonta, 297

marginatus, Hemigrammus, 159

marginicollis, Leptysma, 71

marginipennis, Alcamenes, 46

marione, Astyanax, 175

marmoratus, Corydoras, 410

mastacalis, Myiobius, 208

Mastax minuta, 6
tenuis, 6
virescens, 6

Mastusia, 71
ceeruleipennis, 86
koebelei, 85
quadricarinata, 86
spectabilis, 86

INDEX.

Mastusia, Synopsis of the species of, 86
Masyntes borellii, 6, 8

brasiliensis, 6

chapadensis, 6, 8

gundlachi, 6

saurus, 6

tigris, 6, 7
maxillaris, Hasemania, 148
Medionidus, 303, 305

acutissimus, 336

conradicus, 335, 336

parculus, 335

penicillatus, 335
megalostictus, Phenacogaster, 173
metalostomus, Hysteronotus, 171
melampterum, Hoplosternum, 390
melampterus, Callichthys, 390
melanistius, Corydoras, 385, 408
melanogenys, Glandulocauda, 168, 170
melanopleura, Glandulocauda, 168, 170
melanopleurus, Hyphessobrycon, 156
Melanopli, 136, 499
Melanoplus, 496
melanotenia, Corydoras, 385, 395, 404
melanura, Hasemania, 148, 149
Meloscirtus, 446
Menegaux, Dr. A., 508
meridionalis, Abracris,

4901

Corydoras, 385

Eujivarus, 111, 145, 146

Omalotettix, 145, 146 491

Orphula, 447

Orphulella, 11, 15
Mesops dorsalis, 72, 478
metanevra, Quadrula, 250, 251, 255, 250
Metcalf, William, Jr., 188
Metriopelia, 513
Metrodora lutosa, 425
mexicana, Leptysma, 71

Orphulella, 17
mexicanus, Cambarus, 416, 417

Diedronotus, 48, 51

Oxycoryphus, 448

Stenobothrus, 15
Mexico, Cocotzin of, 520
micracanthus, Corydoras, 385, 399, 400
microcephalus, Corydoras, 385, 400, 409
(Micromya), 337

fabalis, Eurynia, 339

iris, Eurynia, 341

picta, Eurynia, 340, 341

trabalis, Eurynia, 340, 341

vanuxemensis, Eurynia, 342

vibex, Eurynia, 340, 341

var. nigrina, Eurynia, 340

microps, 395, 403
microstictus, Phenacogaster, 174, 175
microstomus, Hemigrammus, 163

TOS; LOO Mit.

miles, Chromacris, 57, 469
Miller, Dr. Oskar von, 192
Waldron DeWitt, 508
Mills, Clark, 189
Theodore A., 189, 366
mimicula, Zoniopoda, 58, 59, 60
miniatus, Toxopterus, 23, 449, 450
minor, Alasmidonta, 295
Amblytropidia, 25, 26
Eurotettix, 135
Hisychius, 68
Munatia, 47, 461
Myiodynastes chrysocephalus, 210
Paraleuas, 103
Procolpia, 47, 461
minuta, Chemepelia, 551, 574, 579, 580,

581
Cheemepelia minuta, 517, 573
Chamepelia, 574 °

Columba, 5II, 573, 577; 582
Columbigallina, 576, 579
Goura, 574°
Mastax, 6
Mitraria, 426
Mitritettix productus, 426
modesta, Leptomerinthoprora, I13
Ophthalmolampis, 476
modestum, Zygoclistron, 99
modestus, Diedronotus, 49
Myiobius, 207
monodonta, Margaritana, 225, 223, 236
montana, Penelope, 214
Rhamdella, 421
mortoni, Quadrula, 251, 253
mucosa, Paulinia, 37
multidentata, Parreysia, 276
multimaculatus, Corydoras, 385, 402,
4II
multiradiata, Lampsilis, 352
Mummy-Labels (two) in the Carnegie
Museum. By Professor Hamilton
Ford Allen, 218-221
Munatia australis, 47
minor, 47, 461
munda, Cyrtacanthacris, 132
mutator, Astyanax, 178
Mutela, 224
Mutelide, 223, 224, 227, 360
Muteline, 225, 227
Myiobius ardosiacus ardosiacus, 209
polioptilus, 208
barbatus, 208
atricaudus, 208
mastacalis, 208
ridgwayi, 208
xanthopygus, 208
Myiochanes ardosiacus, 209
polioptilus, 208
Myiodynastes chrysocephalus, 209, 210

619

Myiodynastes chrysocephalus, cineras-
cens, 209
minor, 210

mystacalis, Pheugopedius, 205, 206

mysteca, Amblytropidia, 26

Najades, Anatomy of, 362
Family and _ genera
graphy, 360-362
Glochidia of, 363, 364, 365
Notes upon the families and genera
of the. By Arnold E. Ortmann,
222-364
nana, Chemepelia passerina, 517, 546,
548
Senor Dr. Romulo Naén, rg9r
nashvillensis, Eurynia, 344
nasuta, Eurynia, 343
National Geographical Society, 382
Nautia, 475
ornatipes, 64, 65
vitta-gene, 65
nebulosa, Abracris, 108, 109, 491
Jodacris, 108, 491
Omalotettix, 108, 491
neglecta, Chzmepelia passerina, 516,
522, 540, 543, 544, 547, 548, 580
Nematognaths, The Plated, 384-412
Neomylodon listai, 182
Nephronaias, 303, 305, 320, 32I, 324,
353
ligamentina, 325, 326
var. gibba, 325
perdix, 325, 326
plicatula, 325
sapotalensis, 325, 326, 327
nigra, Unio, 266
nigricans, Sayornis, 209
nigrina, Eurynia (Micromya)
var., 340
nigrispinus, Hisychius, 67, 68
Nodularia douglasie, 229
Nomenclature of Colors, Ridgway’s, 508
Nopsca, Dr. Franz, 183
nove, Astyanax bimaculatum, 175
novi-eboraci, Eurynia, 341
nudus, Sitalces, 122

of. Biblio-

vibex

Oberholser, Harry C., 508

obesus, Parascopas, 135, 497
Scopas, 135

Obliquaria, 302, 304, 312
reflexa, 309, 310

obliquum, Pleurobema, 264

Obovaria, 303, 305, 315, 325,328, 329
castanea, 321, 324
circulus, 323
ellipsis, 321, 323, 324
lens, 323

620

Obovaria retusa, 320, 321, 322
obscura, Leptysma, 72, 479
Orphulella, 10, 12, 448
Sporophila, 200
Truxalis, 72, 479
obscurum, Pellopedon, 37
obscurus, Adelotettix, 97, 98
obsoleta, Colpolopha, 47
Xiphocera, 47
obsoletus, Tropinotus, 47
occidens, Lampsilis, 351
occidentalis, Amblytropidia, 26, 29
ocellifer, Hemigrammus, 162
ochracea, Lampsilis, 353
ochraceus, Troglodytes, 206
(Edalometopon, 64
(Edipoda haitensis, 459
(Edipodide, 37, 457
(Enoscopus elongatus, 185
olfersi, Lophacris, 63, 475
olivaceus, Craspedoprion, 207
Paradichroplus, 500, 502
Psiloscirtus, I4I, 142
Omalotettix, 107, 490
ceruleipennis, I10
chapadensis, 109
conspersipennis, I10, 491
meridionalis, 111, 491
nebulosa, 108, 491
signatipes, 108
omissa, Tiaris bicolor, 200
Ommatolampis, 119
collaris, 120
Ommexecha, 38
brunneri, 39, 460
cerulans, 41
germari, 39
giglio-tosi, 460
serrulata, 39
servillei, 39, 460
Ommexychide, 38, 459
Table for determining the genera of,
38
omnicolor, Zoniopoda, 58, 62
Omura congrua, 42
brunneri, 42
Ophthalmolampis albolineata, 476, 477
bracteata, 477
cinctipennis, 476
colubri, 476, 477
dichroa, 476
geniculata, 476
modesta, 476
pulchripes, 477
punicea, 476
speciosissimus, 477
trochilus, 477
vitta-genz, 477
Synopsis of the species of, 476

INDEX,

Opsomala coccineipes, 80, 89
cylindrodes, 479
filiformis, 72
interior, 81, 89, 479
puncticeps, 82
punctipennis, 9
varipes, 89
viridis, 80, 89
orbiculata, Lampsilis, 353
orenocensis, Saltator, 201
orientalis, Toxopterus, 449
ornatipes, Nautia, 64, 65
ornatissima, Adimantus, 489
Oxya, 480
ornatus, Peeciloclceus, 484, 487
Orphula, 24, 443
crassa, 447
gracilicornis, 448
guatemale, 447
intricata, 449
meridionalis, 447
pagana, 9, 447
pelidna, 448
Orphulella, 9, 444, 454
bilineatus, 16
chipmani, 12, 16
compacta, 12, 19
costalis, T2,-15
crassa, 10, 12, 17, 18, 19, 447
decisa, II
elegans, 16, 449
elongata, II, 14, 448
expandens, II, 16, 448
gracilis, II, 14
grossa, 12, 18, 19
insularis, I0, II, 16
interrupta, 10, 12
intricata, 10, 11, 16, 449
meridionalis, II, 15
mexicana, 17
obscura, 10, 12, 448
pelidna, 448
peruna, 12, 16
punctata, 10, II, 14, 15, 448
scudderi, 12, 17
Synopsis of the South American
species of, 10
Orphulina, 20
acuta, 21
pulchella, 21
Orth, Herr Ingenieur, 193
Orthoscapheus roseipennis, 104, 490
orthus, Hemigrammus, 163
Ortmann, Dr. A. E., 3, 382
A new species of the genus Cam-
barus from the Isle of Pines, 414-
417
Notes upon the families and genera
of the Najades, 222-365

INDEX. 621

Ortolans of Martinique, 510 | Paradichroplus andeanus, 499
Osmilia, 140, 504 bilobus, 138, 499
coriacea, 104, 490 bipunctatus, 138, 500
flavolineata, 505 borellii, 497
violacea, 141, 505 fusiformis, 138, 139, 140, 500
Osmiliola aurita, 116 geniculatus, 138, 139, 140, 500
Ossa, 459 rubripes, 138, 500
bimaculata, 38 steinbachi, 500, 502, 504
viridis, 38 subaquaticus, 500, 502
Osteogaster, 384 Synopsis of the South American
eques, 412 species of, 499
splendens, 412 | paraguayensis, Bucephalacris, 91, 93,
ovata, Anodonta, 292 488
Lampsilis, 346, 350, 351, 352 | Isonyx, 33
ovatipennis, Sitacles, 123 _ Paraleuas, 102
Oxya ornatissima, 489 | fosteri, 103
Oxyblepta, 70 | frater, 103
bohlsi, 82, 481 longipennis, 103
puncticeps, 82, 481 | minor, 103
Oxybleptella, 70, 85 punctipennis, 104
pulchella, 480 paralogistes, Stereotettix, 36, 37
sagitta, 480 paranahybe, Astyanax, 177
Oxycoryphus azteca, 447 paranense, Acridium, 495
burkhartianus,9 + | paranensis, Schistocerca, 125, 127, 456,
mexicanus, 448 495
Oxypelia, 513 Paraptera, 303, 305
Oxyphyma, 69 dolosus, 331
fimbriata, 332
pacifica, Compsothlypis pitiayumi, 205 gracilis, 330, 331, 332
Parula pitiayumi, 205 purpurata, 331
pagana, Gomphocerus, 9, 447 Parascopas, 134, 496
Orphula, 9, 447 chapadensis, 135
Truxalis, 9, 447 obesus, 135, 497
paleatus, Callichthys, 410 sanguineus, 135
Corydoras, 401, 410 Parasitalces, 124
pallens, Acridium (Schistocerca), 127 sexnotata, 125
pallescens, Chamepelia, 541, 543 Paratettix, 426
Chzeemepelia, 535 borellii, 427
passerina, 516, 522, 531, 534, Parorphula, 444
535, 536, 538, 540, 541, 542, graminea, 21
550, 565, 572 latipennis, 31
Columbigallina passerina, 536, 538, pallidinota, 21
541, 553 strigata, 21
pallida, Inusia, 481 Synopsis of the species of, 21
pallidinota, Parorphula, 21 Parossa, 38, 459
Pamphagus cymbiformis, 43 bimaculata, 39
lateralis, 43 Parreysia, 236, 240
serratus, 43 corrugata, 276
panamensis, Piaya rutila, 212 multidentata, 276
pantharina, Anablysis, 118 wynegungaénsis, 276, 277
papilliferus, Spintherobolus, 167 Parula pitiayumi pacifica, 205
Paraculebata, 444 parva, Eurynia, 337, 338
Paracornops, 70 parvellus, Hyphessobrycon, 153
aquaticum, 85, 482 | parvispina, Eleochlora, 464
dorsatum, 84 parvula, Chzemepelia passerina, 517,
longicorne, 82 523
longipenne, 82, 84 parvulus, Medionidus, 335
Paradichroplus, 137 | passerina, Chaémepelia, 541

aberrans, 138, 500, 502, 503 Cheemepelia, 512, 514, 518, 519,

622

523, 525, 526, 533, 534, 535, 536,
540, 542, 545, 551, 554, 566, 578
passerina, Chzemepelia passerina, 516,
522, 523, 524, 534, 540, 542, 567,
570
Chamaépeleis, 520
Chamepeleia, 526, 568
Chamepelia, 525, 526, 540, 54I,
543, 547, 549, 550, 551, 556, 558,
563, 564, 566, 568, 575
passerina, Chamepelia passerina, 560,
567
Chamepelia, 525
Columha, 508, 500, 5II, 512, 518,
521, 524, 532, 533, 547, 549, 556,
558, 561, 566, 568, 578
Columbigallina, 519, 527, 536, 541,
544, 550, 552, 556, 559, 562, 504,
566, 569, 571
var. bahamensis,
570
var. bermudiana, Columbigallina,
570
Goura, 524
Peristera, 520, 536, 541, 552, 559,562
Pyrgitoénas, 536, 563, 566
passeris, Columba, 558
patruus, Crimisus, 423
Paulinia, 38
bimaculata, 39
mucosa, 37
Paurotarsus, 428
amazonus, 429
pectoralis, Callichthys, 390
Hoplosternum, 412, 413
pectorosus, Diplomystus, 374, 378
pelidna, Orphula, 448
Orphulella, 448
pelidnus, Gomphocerus, 448
Stenobothrus, 448
Pellopedon, 446
obscurum, 37
Pena, Dr. Roque Saenz, 4, 379
Penelope argyrotis, 213, 214
colombiana, 213, 214
lichtensteinii, 214
montana, 214
penicillatus, Medionidus, 335
penita, Truncilla, 357
perdix, Nephronaias, 325, 326
peregrina, Schistocerca, 127
peregrinum, Acridium, 495
Peristera, 510
chalcostigma, 574, 578
passerina, 520, 536, 541, 552, 559,
562, 566
rufipennis, 588
talpacoti, 585
perpallida, Chaemepelia passerina, 553

Columbigallina,

INDEX.

perpallida, Chamepelia passerina, 553
Columbigallina, 553
Columbigallina passerina, 552, 553
Columbina, 553

perplexa, Truncilla, 358

| perplicata, Crenodonta, 247

peruna, Orphulella, 12, 16
Peruvia, 444

| peruviana, Crenodonta, 246

Peterson, O. A., 2, 193
A group of Stenomylins recently
prepared and exhibited in the
Carnegie Museum, 366-369
Pezotettix bergii, 496
(Dichroplus) arrogans, 132
punctulatus, 132
robustulus, 133
varicolor, 497
Pheoparia linea-alba, 489
phaseolus, Ptychobranchus, 306-309
Phasgoneuroidea, 5
Phasgunurids, 423
Phenacogaster beni, 174
franciscoénsis, 173
megalostictus, 173
microstictus, 174, 175
Pheugopedius macrurus, 206
annectens, 205
macrurus, 205
ruficaudatus, 206
mystacalis, 205, 206
Phonipara bicolor, 200
Piaya rutila panamensis, 212
rutila, 212
rutila, 212
picta, Eurynia, 342
Zoniopoda, 58
picticollis, Eleochlora, 464, 467
Xiphocera, 467
pictorum, Unio, 229, 274. 275
Picuipinima, 521
pilosimanus, Cambarus, 416, 417
Pilsbryoconcha, 301
pinnatus, Deuterodon, 180
Pipile argyrotis, 214
pitiayumi, Compsothlypis
204
Pittsburgh, University of, 191
Plagiola, 303, 305
securis, 329
plana, Anodonta, 292
Plated Nematognaths, The, By Marion
Durbin Ellis, 384-412
Plates, Explanation of, 163, 180, 187,
362-365, 378
Plectrotettix brunneri, 456
conspersa, 456
Plethobasus, 239, 266
esopus, 259, 260, 261

pitiayumi,

INDEX.

Plethobasus, clava, 262
cooperianus, 261
Pleurobema, 236, 240, 261, 266, 273
clava, 264, 265
coccineum, 237, 263, 264
decisum, 265
obliquum, 264
pyramidatum, 264
riddelli, 262, 263
plicata, Crenodonta, 246
plicatula, Nephronaias, 325
Podewils-Diirniz, Count von, 192
Peeciloclceus flavipicta, 484
ornatus, 484, 487
polioptilus, Myiochanes ardosiacus, 208
Polysarcus, 505
atavus, 506
polystictus, Corydoras, 385, 396, 407
popei, Elliptio, 266, 271, 272
portoricensis, Chameepelia, 559, 561
Post-Triassic fish fauna, 371
Potamalosa, 374
Prentice, Sidney, 186, 219
pressus, Symphynota, 281
Prionacris atromaculata, 473
cerulescens, 62, 473, 474
compressa, 62, 473
erosa, 62
Synopsis of the species of, 62, 473
Prionolopha, 43, 45
brevipennis, 46
serrata, 43, 461
Probolodus heterostomus, 164, 165
Procambarus, 414
Procolpia minor, 47, 461
producta, Scaria, 428
productus, Elliptio, 266, 270
Mitritettix, 426
propinquus, Tetanorhynchus, 435, 436
Proptera, 303, 305, 329
alata, 333, 334
levissima, 334
purpurata, 334
Prosarthria, 431
borellii, 441
Proscopia, 431
acuminata, 436
radula, 433
ruficornis, 433
striata, 436
subparallela, 436
Proscopide, 430
Synopsis of the genera of, 431
proterapodes, Siluride, 384, 385
Protomachus depressus, 42
Prototettix fossulatus, 427
Psalidodon gymnodontus, 165, 166
Pseudanodonta, 286, 289, 290
Pseudostauronotus brunneri, 35, 456

PseudoGn, 321, 323, 324
Pseudospatha, 301
Pseudunio, 232
Psiloscirtus, 141
olivaceus, 141, 142
psittacina, Elechlora, 464
Ptychobranchus, 303, 304, 305, 315, 317
clintonensis, 308
foremanianus, 308
phaseolus, 306, 307, 308, 309
subtentus, 308, 309
woodwardianus, 308
pulchella, Elechlora, 54, 55, 463, 465,
466
Orphulina, 21
Oxybleptella, 480
pulchra, Apolobamba, 452
pulchripes, Ophthalmolampis, 477
pumila, Chamepelia, 574
punctata, Orphulella, 10, 11, 14, 15, 448
Truxalis, 15, 448
punctatum, Acridium, 15, 448
punctatus, Corydoras, 397, 408
Gryllus, 496
Tetanorhynchus, 434
puncticeps, Opsomala, 82
Oxyblepta, 82, 481
Stenopola, 82, 481
punctipennis, Opsomala, 9
Paraleuas, 104
punctulatus, Dichroplus, 132, 496
Gryllus, 132, 496
Pezotettix (Dichroplus), 132
punicea, Ophthalmolampis, 476
purpurata, Paraptera, 331
Proptera, 334
purpuratus, Unio, 331
purpurea, Chemepelia, 532
Columbigallina passerina, 527
var. Columbigallina passerina,
pusilla, Clupea, 374
pusillus, Diplomystus, 378
pustulosa, Quadrula, 251, 252
Pycnosarcus, 505
atavus, 147, 506
pyramidatum, Pleurobema, 264
Pyrgitoénas, 510
albivitta, 552
amazilia, 575
granatina, 552
griseola, 575
passerina, 536, 562, 566
trochila, 566
Pyrgomorphide, 41

quadricarinata, Matusia, 86
Quadrula, 236, 263, 276
apiculata, 254
aspera, 253, 254

624

Quadrula coccinea, 237
cylindrica, 251, 256
forshei, 254
infucata, 239
kleiniana, 239
lachrymosa, 251, 253, 254
metanevra, 250, 251, 255, 250
mortoni, 251, 253
obliqua, 237
pustulosa, 251, 252
pyramidata, 237
refulgens, 251, 252
var. schoolcraftensis, 251
sparsa, 251, 256
speciosa, 254
spheerica, 251, 252
tuberculata, 251, 254
Quevedo, Dr. S. Lafone-, 380
quitensis, Chaemepelia passerina, 517,
522, 547
rachidialis, Chamzpelia, 575, 578

radiata, Lampsilis, 349
radula, Corynorhynchus, 433
Proscopia, 433
raimundi, Corydoras, 400, 409
rangiana, Truncilla, 355, 358, 359
recta, Eurynia, 307, 337, 338, 344, 347
reflexa, Obliquaria, 309, 310
refulgens, Quadrula, 251, 252
Regan, C. T., 384
regularis, Diedronotus, 49, 52
Tropinotus, 52
reticulatus, Hyphessobrycon, 153
retusa, Obovaria, 320, 32I, 322
Rhabdoscirtus, 116
vittatus, 117
Rhachicreagra, I4I, 142
Rhamdella montana, 421
Rhincoderma, 473, 486
Rhinoceros, White, 192
Rhomalea latipennis, 57
miles, 57
Rhytidochrota levifrons, 141, 505
turgida, 141
riacensis, Ellipes, 374, 378
ribeiree, Astyanax, 177
Ribeiro, Alipio de Miranda, 384
Richmond, Dr. Charles W., 508, 539
riddelli, Pleurobema, 262, 263
ridgwayi, Myiobius, 208
Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors, 508
Riley, Joseph H., 508
rixosa, Machetornis roxosa, 210
Robinson, Lieut. Wirt, 545
robusta, Amblytropidia, 25, 29
Xestotrachelus, 470, 471
Zoniopoda, 58, 60, 460, 470
robustulus, Dichroplus, 133

INDEX.

robustulus, Pezotettix, 133
robustus, Eurotettix, 135
Sitalces, 121
rochai, Aspidoras, 394
rodwayi, Hemigrammus, 162
Roosevelt, Colonel Theodore, 192
rosaceus, Hyphessobrycon, 159
rosea, Leptysmina, 78, 79
roseipennis, Chlorohippus, 88
Orthoscapheus, 104, 490
rosenbergi, Scirtomastax, 429
rostratus, Macheropeles, 113
rosulentus, Diedronotus, 48
Rotundaria, 239
rubiginosa, Fusconaia, 241, 242
rubripennis, Caloscirtus, 66
rubripes, Paradichroplus, 138, 500
rufescens, Saltator orenocensis, 201
ruficaudatus, Pheugopedius, 206
ruficornis, Proscopia, 433
rufipennis, Chemepelia, 513, 581, 584,
587, 590, 592
Chemepelia rufipennis, 518, 580,
586, 588, 501
Chemepelia eluta, 590, 592
Chamaépeleia, 587
Chamaépilia, 587
Chamepelia, 587, 588, 590
Chamepelia talpacoti, 588
Chamapelia, 587
Chamepelia, 591
Columba, 511
Columbigallina, 588, 591
Columbina, 588
Hyalopteryx, 8
Leptopelia, 588
Peristera, 588
Talpacotia, 511, 586, 591
rugulosa, Vilerna, 115
rutila, Piaya, 212
Piaya rutila, 212

sabalo, Cyclopium, 421
sagitta, Oxybleptella, 81, 480
salinasensis, Lampsilis, 332
Saltator orenocensis, 201
rufescens, 201
sanguineus, Leiotettix, 134
Parascopas, 135
Truxalis, 489
sanguinipes, Acridium, I15
sante, Hyphessobrycon, 158
Santens, Joseph A., 194, 195, 381
Saparus, I16
sapotalensis, Nephronaias, 325, 326, 327
saurus, Masyntes, 6
Saussure, Dr. Henri de, 429
Sayornis nigricans, 209
scabra, Eleochlora, 464

INDEX.

scabripes, Diedronotus, 49, 52

Tropidonotus, 52
Scardafella, 521
Scaria producta, 428
Schistocerca alutacea, 405

americana, 125, 126

cancellata, 125

colombina, 492, 493

desiliens, 126, 405

exsul, 127

flavofasciata, 126

formosa, I27

gratissima, 128, 495

idonea, 126

inscripta, 494

maculipennis, 493

magnifica, 493

pallens, 127

paranensis, 125, 127, 456, 495

perigrina, 127
schistocereoides, Scyllina, 36
Schistochlamys atra aterrima, 203, 204
schmarde, Hemigrammus, 163
schoolcraftensis (var.), Quadrula, 251
schreineri, Hoplosternum, 385, 390
schulzi, Diedronotus, 48
Scirtomastax brasiliensis, 429

cordilleree, 429

rosenbergi, 429

surinama, 429

Synopsis of the species of, 429
Scleromystax barbatus, 385
Sclerotettix, 423

steinbachi, 424

tibialis, 424
(Scoliodon), Carcharias, 183
Scopas, 134

obesus, 135
Scotussa, 134
scudderi, Orphulella, 12, 17
scutatus, Gryllus, 43
Scyllina, 455, 446

brasiliensis, 36

brunneri, 35, 456

conspersa, 36, 456

schistocercoides, 36

smithi, 36, 456

suffusa, 35

uniformis, 35

varipes, 36
Scylline, 454
scyllineformis, Euplectrotettix, 34
securis, Plagiola, 329
Sedum carnegiei, 418-420
selecta, Epacromia, 37, 459
semirubrum, Acridium, 475
semiscutatus, Chznothorax, 393

Corydoras, 393
septentrionalis, Taxiarchus, 430

serpe, Hyphessobrycon, 159
serrata, Prionolopha, 43, 461
Xiphocera, 43
serratofasciatum, Acrydium, 43
serratulus, Gryllus, 39
serratum, Acridium, 43
serratus, Gryllus, 461
Gryllus (Bulla), 43
Pamphagus, 43
Tropinotus, 43
serrulata, Ommexecha, 39

| serrulatum, Spathalium, 39

servillei, Ommexecha, 39, 460
sexnotata, Parasitalces, 125
Shirman, Herr Alexander, 193
signatipennis, Stirapleura, 455
signatipes, Abracris, 107, 108, III
Omalotettix, 108
Siluride proterapodes, 384, 385
Silurus callichthys, 386
similis, Zoniopoda, 59
simplex, Sporophila, 200
Sinipta, 445
sinuata, Margaritana, 232
Sisantum, 448
Sitalces, 491
infuscatus, 122, 123, 492
nudus, 122
ovatipennis, 123
robustus, 121
smaragdipes, Abila, 96
Leptomerinthoprora, 113
Smith; He He; 5
smithi, Scyllina, 456
smithii, Scyllina, 36
Tetaborhynchus, 435, 439
socorroénsis, Chemepelia, 540, 542
Chemepelia passerina, 517, 522,
523, 531, 544, 545, 507
Chamepelia, 543
Columbigallina passerina, 543
socorrensis, Columbigallina passerina,
543
solitarius, Troglodytes, 206
solstitialis, Troglodytes, 206
Sopra Serras, 384
sordidatus, Homalosaparus, 91, 487
South American Acridoidea. I. By
Lawrence Bruner, 5-147
South American Acridoidea. II. By
Lawrence Bruner, 423-506
sparsa, Quadrula, 251, 256
Spathalium, 38
bolivari, 39, 460
serrulatum, 39
speciosa, Compsothlypis pitiayumi, 204,
205
Quadrula, 254
speciosissimus, Ophthalmolampis, 477

626

spectabilis, Mastusia, 86
spherica, Quadrula, 251, 252
Sphingonotus, 458
haitensis, 459
spinosus, Elliptio, 269
Spintherobolus papilliferus, 167
splendens, Callichthys, 412
Osteogaster, 412
spoliata, Eleochlora, 464
Sporophila haplochroma, 200
obscura, 200
simplex, 200
spratellides, Clupea, 374
squamosa, Columba, 514
stalii, Coelopterna, 37, 459
stali, Opsomala, 80
Staurorhectus, 445
brevipennis, 31, 33
intermedius, 31, 453
longicornis, 31, 33
variegatus, 31
Steinbach, José, 198, 423
steinbachi, Paradichroplus, 500, 502, 504
Sclerotettix, 424
Stenacris, 69, 76, 77
cylindrodes, 479
Stenobothrus, 452
bilineatus, 16
costalis, 15
expandens, 16, 448
mexicanus, 15
pelidnus, 448
Stenomylins recently prepared and ex-
hibited in the Carnegie Museum, A
group of. By O. A. Peterson, 366—
369
Stenomylus, 366, 367, 368, 369
hitchcocki, 193, 360
Stenopola, 70
bohlsii, 82, 481
(Oxyblepta) puncticeps, 82, 481
Sterapleura, 13
Stereotettix, 446
paralogistes, 36, 37
Stewart, Douglas, 1, 189
stictus, Hyphessobrycon, 159
Stiphra, 432
brevirostris, 441, 442
gibbosa, 442
lobata, 441
tuberculata, 441
Stirapleura, 446
bruneri, 455
brunnea, 37
signatipennis, 455
stolli, Chromacris, 469
Stone, Witmer, 508
strepitans, Columbina, 515
striata, Proscopia, 436

INDEX.

strigata, Parorphula, 21

strigatus, Diedronotus, 48, 50, 51
Tropinotus, 50

Strophitus, 278, 279, 280, 298
edentulus, 299
undulatus, 299

subaquaticus, Paradichroplus, 500, 502

| subconspersus, Amblytropidia, 26

sublevis, Tetanorhynchus, 433

| subparallela, Proscopia, 436
| subrostrata, Eurynia, 344

subrotunda, Fusconaia, 244, 245

| subtentus, Ptychobranchus, 308, 309

suffusa, Scyllina, 35
sulcirostris, Episcopotettix, 90
superbum, Zygoclistron, 99
superciliosus, Arremonops, 199
surinama, Scirtomastax, 429
Symphynota, 278, 279, 295
complanata, 281
compressa, 281, 282, 283
costata, 280, 283
pressus, 281
viridis, 281, 282
Taczanowski, 581
taczanowskii, Cyclopium, 421
Teeniophora, 476
Teeniopoda, 469
taiosh, Brochis, 392
Callichthys, 392
Cheenothorax, 392
talpacoli, Chameepelia, 584
talpacoti, Camaépelia, 585 é
Chemepleia, 513, 514, 518, 581,
582, 584, 589, 590
Chamepelia, 582, 586, 588
Columba, 511, 582, 586, 588
Columbigallina, 585
Columbina, 582
Goura, 582
Leptopelia, 585
Peristera, 585
Talpacotia, 585
Talpacotia, 510, 515
cinnamomea, 511, 584, 586
godina, 511, 584, 586
godini, 584
rufipennis, 511, 586, 591
Tanagra atra, 204
Tangara chrysophrys, 202
guttata eusticta, 202, 203
guttata, 202, 203
trinitatis, 203
tarsata, Zoniopoda, 57, 59
tarsatum, Acridium, 59
taurocephalus, Hyphessobrycon, 148
Taxiarchus, 432
septentrionalis, 430
tegatus, Vesicatrus, 174

INDEX.

Teleost fish skeletons, 370
tenuipennis, Leptysmina, 79
tenuirostris, Belonostomus, 184
tenuis, Eumastax, 6
Mastax, 6
terrestris, Chamepelia passerina, 528
Columbigallina passerina, 527
Tertiary Teleosts, 371
Tetanorhynchus, 432, 433, 440
angustirostris, 435
bihastatus, 435, 436
borellii, 435
curtirostris, 435
gracilis, 435, 437
humilis, 435, 436+ 437
incertus, 435, 439
longicornis, 437, 438
longirostris, 435
propinquus, 435, 436
punctatus, 434
smithi, 435, 439
sublevis, 435
Synopsis of the species of, 434
Tetragonopterine, 171, 176
tetralasmus, Uniomerus, 272
Tetratenia, 71
Tetrigida, 423
Tettigidea chapadensis, 427, 428
costalis, 428
gracilicornis, 427, 428
granulosa, 427
texasensis; Eurynia, 339
Thiolliére, Victor, 185
thoracatum, Hoplosternum, 389, 412
thoracatus, Callichthys, 389, 412
Tiaris bicolor omissa, 200
tibialis, Sclerotettix, 424
tigris, Masyntes, 6, 7
Titanacris, 62
albipes, 63
olfersi, 475
velasquezi, 63
tocuyensis, Arremonops, 198, 199
Todd, W. E. C., 381
Description of seventeen new neo-
tropical birds, 198-214
A revision of the genus Chemepelia,
507
Toxopterus, 444, 452
miniatus, 23, 449, 450
orientalis, 440
trabalis, Eurynia, 340, 341
trachystictum, Zygoclistron, 99, 490
Tragelaphus buxtoni, 381
trapezoides, Crenodonta, 248, 249
treitlii, Corydoras, 397, 407
trigona, Fusconaia, 241
trilineata, Elzchlora, 54, 55, 464
Xiphicera, 54

|

trilineata, Xiphocera, 54
trilineatus, Corydoras, 399, 409
trinitatis, Amblytropidia,
Tangara guttata, 203
triquetra, Truncilla, 354, 355, 356, 357,
358
triseriatus, Corydoras, 385, 410
Corydoras nattereri, 401, 410
Tristira, 446
Tritogonia, 236, 254
trochila, Chemepelia, 553, 556
Chemepelia passerina, 517,
557» 503, 572
Chamepelia, 558, 560, 566
passerina, 559
Chamepelia, 556
Columbigallina passerina, 556
Pyrgitoénas, 566
trochilea, Chamzpelia, 558
trochilia, Chamaépelia, 558
trochilus, Ophthalmolampis, 477
Troglodytes ochraceus, 206
solitarius, 206
solstitialis, 206
Tropidacris cardinalis, 64
collaris, 63, 475
dux, 475
fabricii, 64
grandis, 64
latreillei, 63
Tropidonotus, 47
angulatus, 50
scabripes, 52
Tropinotus angulatus, 50
attenuatus, 52
discoideus, 462
guarani, 52
lineatus, 53
obsoletus, 47
scabripes, 52
serratus, 43
strigatus, 50
Truncilla, 303, 305
capseformis, 355, 359
florentina, 355, 359, 360
haysiana, 355, 357
penita, 357
perplexa, 358
rangiana, 355, 358, 359
triquetra, 354,°355, 356, 357, 358
Truxalide, 8
Truxalis, 24, 443
adspersa, 9
brevicornis, 9, 446
obscura, 72, 479
(Orphula) pagana, 9, 447
punctata, 15, 448
sanguineus, 489
viridula, 9

25

522,

628

Trybliophorus, 476
Tryxalide, 442
Synopsis of the South American
genera of, 443
tuberculata, Quadrula, 251, 254
Rotundaria, 258
Stiphra, 441
Unio, 275
tumidus, Unio, 275
turgida, Rhytidochrota, 141

ulreyi, Hemigrammus, 162
undata, Fusconaia, 241
undulata, Alasmidonta, 295, 296, 297
Crenodonta, 246, 248
undulatus, Corydoras, 385, 403
Strophitus, 299
unicolor, Atrachelacris, 129, 133
Obovaria, 323
uniformis, Leptysma, 73
Scyllina, 35
unilineatus, Hemigrammus, 162
Unio, 236, 240, 273
batavus, 275
circulus, 324
crassidens, 266
crassus, 275
consentaneus, 276
musivus, 275
dolosus, 331
ellipsis, 324
(Elliptio) nigra, 266
pictorum, 229, 274, 275
purpuratus, 331
tumidus, 275
Uniomerus, 240, 262, 273
declivis, 272
tetralasmus, 272
Unionide, 223, 224, 236, 336, 382
Unionine, 227, 230, 236, 273
University of Pittsburgh: One hundred
and twenty-fifth anniversary, I9I
Uropelia, 513
urostriatum, Decapogon, 385, 391
Utah, Expedition to, 194

vancee Cyclopium, 421
varicolor, Chlorus, 497
variegatus, Staurorhectus, 31
varipes, Chrostheipus, 89
Opsomala, 89
Scyllina, 36
velasquezi, Titanacris, 63
Acridium, 63
Lophacris, 63
venezuelanus, Corydoras, 404, 405
Corydoras venezuelanus, 385
venezuelensis, Arremonops, 199
ventralis, Annulus, 414

INDEX.

ventricosa, Lampsilis, 350, 351, 352
verissimi, Decapogon, 385, 391
Verrill, A. E., 571
Vesicatrus tegatus, 174
vibex, Eurynia, 340, 341
var. nigrina, 340
Vilerna zneo-oculata, 115
flavipennis, 116
rugulosa, II5
violacea, Acridium, 505
Osmilia, 141, 505
violaceus, Gryllus, 141, 505

Mastax, 6
virescens, Corydoras, 385, 396, 405
Mastax, 6
viridicata, Eleochlora, 54, 55, 463, 464,
465

Xiphicera, 54
viridifrons, Dichroatettix, 451
viridis, Arnilia, 80

Dichromorpha, 449

Leiotettix, 134

Opsomala, 79, 80

Ossa, 38

Symphynota, 281, 282
viridula, Truxalis, 9

| vitta-gene, Nautia, 65

Ophthalmolampis, 477
vittata, Amblytropidia, 25, 28
vittatus, Chlorus, 137, 497, 498

Eusitalces, 143

Rhabdoscirtus, 117
vitticeps, Acridium, 98

Adimantus, 98
vitticollis, Aleuas, 100

Walton, Captain H. J., 418

| Wattenwyl, Carl Brunner von, 433

Weber, Dr. H. L., 382

White Rhinoceros, 192

williamsoni, Cambarus, 416, 417
Woodward, Dr. A. Smith, 185, 371
woodwardianus, Ptychobranchus, 308
wynegungaénsis, Parreysia, 276, 277

xanthopygus, Myiobius, 208
Xestotrachelus hasemani, 469
robusta, 470, 471
Xiphicera bivittata, 467
trilineata, 54
viridicata, 54
Xiphiola borelii, 116
Xiphocera basalis, 47
elegans, 43
hymenea, 55
obsoleta, 47
picticollis, 467
serrata, 43
trilineata, 54

Zebras, Group of, 381
Zittel, Karl von, 185
zonatipes, Zosperamerus, 94
Zoniopoda basalis, 471
collaris, 58, 60, 62
cruentata, 57, 59
emarginata, 58
exilipes, 58, 60, 62
fissicauda, 58
hempeli, 58
iheringi, 58, 50, 471
juncorum, 58
mimicula, 58, 59, 60
omnicolor, 58, 62

INDEX. 629

Zoniopoda picta, 58
robusta, 58, 46, 470
similis, 59
tarsata, 57, 59

Zonocerus bilineatus, 16

Zosperamerus, 485
albopictus, 94
brasiliensis, 94
marginalis, 94
zonatipes, 94

Zygoclistron modestum, 99
superbum, 99
trachystictum, 99, 490

Publications of the Carnegie Museum Serial No. 70

ANNALS

OF THE

CARNEGIE. MUSEUM

Mote VIbR Nosh.

December, 1911.

For sale by Messrs. Wm. Wesley & Sons, 28 Essex St. Strand, London, England;
Messrs. R. Friedlander u. Sohn, r1 Carlstrasse, Berlin, N. W. 6., Germany; and at
the Carnegie Museum, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S. A.

rit
ae fe

Craan

III.

CONTENTS.
Editorial22<2%¢ ‘ i ‘

° °

South American Acridoidea. By LawrENCE BRUNER

On the Species of Hasemania, Hyphessobrycon, and
Hemigrammus Collected by J. D. Haseman for
the Carnegie Museum. By Marton Dursin ELuis

New Characins in the Collection of the Carnegie
Museum. By C. H. EIGENMANN

Jurassic Saurian Remains Ingested within Fish By
Cy Ry HASTMAN. « ‘ :

2

An Autograph Letter of Lieutenant-General U. S.
Grant to the Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary
of War. By W. J. Hotianp ‘ ‘

a <

~ 182

188

PUBLICATIONS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum SERIAL No. 72

ANNALS

OF THE

CARNEGIE MUSEUM

V.0OEWFILIe=-Not 2;

W. J. HOLLAND, £attor

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE
BoarD OF TRUSTEES OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE
MAy I912

»

~~.

SA

oS

Vi
VII.

VIII.

XII.

e

CONTENTS.

Editorial Notes
In Memoriam: Albert J. Barr

Descriptions of Seventeen New gues Birds.
- 198

By W. E.

Dr. David Alter, A Nearly Ratwottsn pegneyivinian:

CiyDE Topp

who was the First Discoverer of Spectrum Analysis.

By W. J.

Two Mummy-labels in the Carnes Miecaus By
. 218

HOLLAND

HAMILTON ForD ALLEN

Notes upon the Families and Genera of the Pair

By ARNOL

p E. ORTMANN

- 1g!

e

A Group of Stenomylins Recently eee and Ex.
By. On A.

hibited in the Carnegie Museum.

PETERSON

Africa.

By C. R. Eastman

196

cars

222

: : : : . 366
Tertiary Fishaemaines from Spanish Guinea in West

+ 370

Publications of the Carnegie Museum Serial No. 73

ANNALS

OF THE

CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Vou. VIII. — Nos. 3-4.

March, 1913.

For sale by Messrs. Wm. Wesley & Sons, 28 Essex St. Strand, London, England;

Messrs. R. Friedlander u. Sohn, 11 Carlstrasse, Berlin, N. W. 6., Germany; and at
the Carnegie Museum, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pa., U. S. A.

Wad

Watt
i

oe

CONTENTS.

““ Editorial Notes .. ee ieee ce

weciT.

XIV.

XV.

XVI

XVII.

XVIII.

The Plated Nematognaths. By Marion
DuRBIN ELLIS. ; : : ; - 394-413
A New Species of Cambarus from the Isle of
Pines. By A. E. ORTMANN. ~ , ~ 414-417
Sedum Carnegiei, a New Species of the Family
Crassulacee from the Herbarium of the Car-
negie Museum. By Raymonp Hamer » 418-420
On Two New Species of Fishes Collected by
Miss Lola Vance in Peru. By C. H.
EIGENMANN é 4 é : : . 421-422
South American Locusts (Acridoidea) II.
By LAWRENCE BRUNER : : : - 423-506

A Revision of the Genus Chemepelia. By
W. E..CiypE Topp. . ; : : - 507-603

Index : : : : : : : 605

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